UNIT 5: GLOBAL GOVERNANCE

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE 2. Mass migration of people and the flow of criminal

elements
- Various emerging trends brought by
globalization need governance to maintain - The migration of people may result in some
world order. forms of unlawful activities such as sex
trafficking and the pushing of illegal drugs. This
calls for global governance as it needs strong
regulatory policies, international cooperation,
and effective implementation of the law for the
What is global governance and what it does? protection of the citizens.
Global governance 3. Internal events or problems which nation-states
- is a continuous process of balancing different either instigate or are unable to control on their own
interests and initiating cooperative action - One great example of this is the extrajudicial
between different countries. killings in the Philippines. The drug policy of the
- Governments in countries need cooperation and Philippine government or also known as the
integration to have a just system for conflict “war on drugs” has led to mass protests and
resolution. However, there is no such thing as a violence. This calls for intervention
“world government”.
- Set of norms, policies, laws, or regulations are 4. Global problems that a single nation-state is unable
needed to facilitate relations within countries to tackle on their own
and amongst countries, organizations and
- The global financial crisis is an example of a
market. This is an example of global
problem wherein states do not have the
governance.
capacity to solve on their own. This calls for
- Global Governance is needed when a state or a
global governance.
country do not have the capacity to solve
problems on their own. There are cases Another example: The COVID-19 Pandemic
whereby groups of countries have problems
with each other. These countries cannot solve
the problem by themselves. Global Governance
is also needed.

Factors behind the Emergence of Global Governance

ROLES OF THE UNITED NATIONS IN GLOBAL
- With the increasing economic prowess in key GOVERNANCE (un.org)
areas such as energy, food, transport, and
healthcare, global corporations are becoming - There is no “Central Authority” in Global
more powerful. Governance but the United Nations comes close
- They yield a strong influence on many global to being a “Central Authority” to raise and
policies. Global civil society organizations also resolve global issues as they have the capability
have a strong voice and influence on global to involve many non-state actors (governmental
matters as they have established historical and non-governmental organizations, etc).
credibility, relevance, and effectiveness in What is the United Nations? (un.org)
resolving problems in times of conflict or
disaster. - The United Nations is an international
organization founded in 1945 after World War II.
1. Permeability of nation-states to vast flows of things It is currently made up of 193 Member States. It
- Fake news, cyberbullying, invasion of privacy fosters cooperation among nation-states to
and other digital fraudulent activities are the address global problems.
results of easy, fast, and difficult-to-control flow
of digital information through social media. This
calls for global governance because a single
nation-state cannot tackle these issues on their
own.
Main Bodies of the United Nations Secretariat

General Assembly - Secretariat assists the other bodies and

committees while performing varied tasks. It
- General Assembly is the main deliberative,
comprises the Secretary-General and tens of
policymaking, and representative body of the
thousands of international UN staff members
United Nations. It is where all member-states
who carry out the day-to-day work of the UN as
come together to discuss and resolve various
mandated by the General Assembly.
global issues.
- The Secretary- General is chief administrative
officer of the Organization, appointed by the
General Assembly on the recommendation of
the Security Council.

Roles and Functions of the United Nations (un.org)

Security Council 1. Maintain International Peace and Security
- The Security Council has primary responsibility - The United Nations came into being in 1945,
for the maintenance of international peace and following the devastation of the Second World
security. War, with one central mission: the maintenance
- It is composed of 15 members: the United of international peace and security.
States of America, Britain, Russia, China, and - The UN does this by working to prevent conflict;
France as permanent members and ten other helping parties in conflict make peace;
non-permanent members on a two-year term. peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to
Economic and Social Council allow peace to hold and flourish. These
activities often overlap and should reinforce one
- The Economic and Social Council is the principal another, to be effective.
body for coordination, policy review, policy
dialogue and recommendations on economic, 2. Protection of Human Rights
social, environmental, and other related - The promotion and protection of human rights
concerns along with specialized agencies and is a key purpose and guiding principle of the
organizations such as IMF, UNESCO, WHO and Organization. In 1948, the Universal Declaration
etc. of Human Rights brought human rights into the
- It is the United Nations’ central platform for realm of international law.
reflection, debate, and innovative thinking on - Since then, the Organization has diligently
sustainable development. protected human rights through legal
Trusteeship Council instruments and on-the-ground activities.

- The Trusteeship Council provides international 3. Deliver Humanitarian Aid

supervision for eleven Trust Territories to ensure - One of the purposes of the United Nations is to
that adequate steps were taken to prepare the achieve international co-operation in solving
Territories for self-government and international problems of an economic, social,
interdependence. But it suspended its cultural, or humanitarian character.
operations after the last of the trust territories - The organization relied upon by the
attained independence in 1994. international community to coordinate
International Court of Justice humanitarian relief operations due to natural
and man-made disasters in areas beyond the
- International Court of Justice or also referred to relief capacity of national authorities alone.
as the World Court, is the principal judicial body
of the United Nations. 4. Promote Sustainable Development
- It is the only one of the main bodies of the - From the start in 1945, one of the main
United Nations not located in New York, USA. priorities of the United Nations was to achieve
The Peace Palace in Hague, Netherlands international cooperation in solving
provides the venue for countries to settle international problems of an economic, social,
disputes inside a court of law. cultural, or humanitarian character.
- Improving people’s well-being continues to be
one of the main focuses of the UN.
 - Sustainable development promotes prosperity often hesitant to engage less prominent
and economic opportunity, greater social well- stakeholders on issues.
being, and protection of the environment. The
Example: Nuclear Energy policies
organization offers this best path forward for
improving the lives of people everywhere. 3. Indistinct and diffused authority
5. Uphold International Law - States can evade international laws with no
major consequences. They assert their
- The UN Charter, in its Preamble, set an
sovereignty when dealing with international
objective: to establish conditions under which
disputes.
justice and respect for the obligations arising
from treaties and other sources of international 4. Incoherent policies on emerging trends
law can be maintained.
- Ever since, the development of, and respect for - Global Governance is too slow to catch up with
international law has been a key part of the global issues or dilemmas brought by the speed
work of the Organization. This work is carried of technological changes.
out in many ways — by courts, tribunals, - In today’s digital world, the challenge is how to
multilateral treaties - and by the Security mainline the free flow of information while
Council, which can approve peacekeeping having appropriate policies to control cyber
missions, impose sanctions, or authorize the use aggression.
of force when there is a threat to international GLOBALIZATION AND THE STATE
peace and security.
The Relevance of the State amid Globalization
Since 1945, the United Nations has been a champion of
the following global concerns: - Others argue that State is now irrelevant
because it cannot keep up with globalization.
On the other hand, the State is more relevant
today because it can influence the direction of
globalization.
CHALLENGES OF GLOBAL GOVERNANCE IN THE 21 ST - But both arguments miss the point. States’
CENTURY legitimacy is not based on how it can handle
globalization. It is based on how effective it can
 Indistinct and diffused authority
utilize its public goods rather than the other
 Vast disparities in power and influence among
actors in the process of globalization.
state and non-state actors
- There are few cases only where the other actors
 Lack of resources of the UN and other actors
are more effective and competent in addressing
 Incoherent policies of global governance actors
specific issues than the States. Until or unless
 Decentralized and informal self-regulatory
various actors can perform better services than
groups
what the State does now on a macro scale, then
Some Key Challenges the State will continue to be a major force in
globalization.
1. Nationalistic Interests
The Difference between Nation and the State
- The challenging part of getting countries’
cooperation for the sake of global interest is
their differences in terms of national agenda or
preferences. Country leaders always have to
choose between balancing acts or to give-in
unpopular decisions to go against international
norms.

Example: Territorial disputes between China and the The state

Philippines - is a distinctive political community with its own
2. Lack of Consensus or General Agreement government which asserts sovereignty over its
land and people.
- It is difficult to come up with a common vision
and agreed action plan if major powers are
A nation

- is a large group of people who inhabit a specific

territory and are connected by history, culture,
or another commonality.

Nation-State

- is a sovereign institution that governs

individuals sharing a collective history and
culture within a bounded territory. The state is
considered as the representative of “the
people” and the people are the source of the
state’s legitimacy and sovereignty.
 Global South comprises generally of developing or the
least developed countries such as:
UNIT 6
• Regions of Asia
GLOBAL DIVIDES DURING THE COLD WAR
• Africa
First, Second, and Third World
• Middle East
The terms originated during the Cold War when the
world was divided into three classifications based on • Latin America
politics and economics.
Defining the Global South
 First World
- Global South is composed of developing or less
- capitalist and industrialized Western countries.
developed countries. The term emerged to
 Second World
avoid the “poor” stigma associated with the
- communist countries and their allies.
term “Third World”. It reflects
 Third World
underdevelopment and imbalances of economic
- least developed countries that were formerly
and political power between countries.
colonized. Third World which means
“underprivileged people” was coined by a Struggles in the Global South made global
French demographer Alfred Sauvy in 1952.
- Global South can also be a metaphor, implying -
Defining the Third World that the problems of the south like poverty and
environmental issues are getting globalized.
Third World countries

- are also referred to as impoverished countries

because it composed of mostly poor countries.
It is also a group of non-alliance countries from
the first and second world which refused
capitalism and communism during the Cold War.

GLOBAL DIVIDES AFTER THE COLD WAR

Global North and Global South

- At the end of the Cold War, new and simpler

classification was created – the North-South
Divide.
- The previous First World countries became the
Global North and the Third World countries
became the Global South.
- The North-South Divide or Rich-Poor Divide is
the socio-economic and political division that
exists between the wealthy developed
countries, known collectively as “the North,”
and the developing countries or least developed
countries, or “the South.”

Global North comprises of wealthy, industrialized, and

democratic countries such as:

• USA

• Canada

• Western Europe

• Australia

• New Zealand

• Developed parts of Asia

Unit 7: Asian Regionalism order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and
peaceful community of Southeast Asian Nations.
REGIONALIZATION AND REGIONALISM
• To promote regional peace and stability through
Regionalization
abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the
- is defined as an increase in the cross-border relationship among countries of the region and
flow of capital, goods, and people within a adherence to the principles of the United Nations
specific geographical area. Charter.
- It develops from the bottom up through
• To promote active collaboration and mutual assistance
societally driven processes coming from
on matters of common interest in the economic, social,
markets, private trade, and investment flows,
cultural, technical, scientific and administrative fields.
none of which is strictly controlled by
governments. • To provide assistance to each other in the form of
training and research facilities in the educational,
Regionalism
professional, technical, and administrative spheres.
- is defined as a political will to create a formal
• To collaborate more effectively for the greater
arrangement among states on a geographically
utilization of their agriculture and industries, the
restricted basis. Since its main participants are
expansion of their trade, including the study of the
governments, it can be expressed as an artificial,
problems of international commodity trade, the
top-down process.
improvement of their transportation and
Regionalization in Asia communications facilities, and the raising of the living
standards of their peoples.
Regionalization
• To promote Southeast Asian studies.
- helped build bridges among Asian countries.
• To maintain close and beneficial cooperation with
Asian Regionalization existing international and regional organizations with
- is a result of economic activities such as trade, similar aims and purposes, and explore all avenues for
financial transactions, investments, even closer cooperation among themselves.
technologies, labor, and tourist flows that ASIAN REGIONALISM
connect Asian countries together.
What are the challenges?
Asian Regionalization
Regionalization and Regionalism’s
- complemented global relationships and it
became beneficial not only to Asia but also to - main goal is to develop the economy of the
the world. It helped sustain the region’s growth nation. Within its goal, there are challenges that
and contributed to globalization. the nations must face.

ASEAN as a Model of Regionalism • Exclusion of countries that do not belong in the

region.
- The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, or
ASEAN, was established on 8 August 1967 in • A threat to strategic partnerships with countries from
Bangkok, Thailand, with the signing of the other regions.
ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok Declaration) by the
• Compromised financial stability that may result in a
- Founding Fathers of ASEAN, namely Indonesia,
deepening credit crisis and a weak currency.
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand.
- Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Lao PDR, • Expensive and difficult flow of goods because of the
Myanmar, and Cambodia making up the ten threats on and security of a country.
Member States of ASEAN.
• Environmental damages may result in radical changes
Aims and Purposes (asean.org) in economic policies.

- As set out in the ASEAN Declaration, the aims and How can regionalism help Asia grow as a region?
purposes of ASEAN are:
According to the Asian Development Bank (adb.org),
• To accelerate the economic growth, social progress Asia may be able to address the challenges of
and cultural development in the region through joint regionalism by:
endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership in
(1) Linking the competitive strengths of its diverse Globalization in Asia
economies to boost productivity and to sustain the
- is an external push by Western regions such as
region’s growth.
the United States and Europe.
(2) Connecting the region’s capital markets to enhance
Globalization
financial stability, reduce the cost of capital, and
improving opportunities for sharing risks. - is inevitable and irreversible and it will surely
create economic, political, societal, and cultural
(3) Cooperating in setting exchange rates and
transformation in the Asian region.
macroeconomic policies in order to minimize the effects
of global and regional shocks and to facilitate the Globalization
resolution of global imbalances.
- might be a great help for Asian countries but it
(4) Creating regional mechanisms to manage cross- has always challenges. It requires a lot of time
border health, safety, and environmental issues better. for countries to receive the benefits of
globalization and it may lead to instability if not
(5) Exercising leadership in global decision making to
managed well. That’s why high-level decision
sustain the open global trade and financial systems that
making is also important for leaders as global
have supported a half-century of unparalleled economic
issues will emerge from time to time. There will
development.
also be increased competition on the economic
(6) Building connected infrastructure and collaborate on market which will affect wages, labor rights,
inclusive development to reduce inequalities within and employment, and the environment.
across economies and thus strengthen support for pro-
growth policies.

Some factors may hinder the integration of the Asian

region and these are the following:

• Absence of a non-political platform to maintain peace

and stability among countries.

• Lack of liberalization of trade in the region.

• Insufficient support to promote economic growth,

social progress, and cultural development in the region.

• Lack of communication and cooperation in Asian

countries through media.

Definition of Globalization

Globalization

- is a process of interaction and integration

among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations around the
world, a process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by information
technology.

How does Regionalization differ to Globalization?

Globalization

- Countries across the world help each other for

their development

Regionalization

- Countries from a specific region help each other

for their development.
UNIT 8: GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURE The Printing Press

MEDIA DEFINED - Prior to the printing press, the production of

written documents was slow, cumbersome, and
- According to Lule (2014), the world media are
expensive.
tools used to store and deliver information or
- On the earliest civilizations, only a few powerful
data. The term is often used synonymously with
and elite have used papyrus, parchment, and
mass media, but it can also refer to a single
paper for printing documents.
medium used to communicate any data for any
- The rich controlled information. The printing
purpose.
press, however, encouraged the literacy of the
Role of Media public and the growth of schools. It helped
foster globalization and knowledge of
Economic, political, cultural, and social changes and globalization.
needs have contributed to the development of various
forms of media technology. It influenced and shaped Electronic Media
human life through generations.
- Electronic media is an efficient way to
The mass media are today seen as playing a key role in communicate with one another, either by the
enhancing globalization, and facilitating cultural use of media devices or social media sources
exchange and multiple flows of information and images such as radio, television, telephone, and etc.
between countries through international news Scholars have come to call these “electronic
broadcasts, television programming, new technologies, media” because they require electromagnetic
film, and music. energy — electricity — to use.

Evolution of Media and Globalization • Radio was developed alongside the telegraph and
telephone in the late 1890s. It was first conceived as a
In the study of globalization, there are five time periods “wireless telegraph”. By the 1920s, broadcast stations
that usefully capture the study of globalization and were “on the air” transmitting music and news. Radio
media such as quickly became a global medium, reaching distant
 oral, script, print, electronic, and digital. regions without the construction of wires or roads.

Oral Communication • Television is the electronic delivery of moving images

and sound from a source to a receiver. By extending the
- Speech is often the most overlooked medium in senses of vision and hearing beyond the limits of
the history of globalization. Yet the oral medium physical distance, television has had a considerable
— human speech — is the oldest and most influence on society. (britannica.com)
enduring of all media. Despite numerous
changes in hundreds of years, the first and very - With Cable TV, Television became an even
last humans will share at least one thing — the more powerful medium catering to a wide
ability to speak. range of global interests such as arts, adventure,
- In our primitive lives, language and entertainment, education, food, history, nature,
communication is a very important tool in politics, travel, and many more.
enriching knowledge, experiences, and skills in Digital Media
surviving everyday life.
- Digital Media are most often electronic media
Script that rely on digital codes — the long arcane
- This is the stage that explores the brief combinations of 0s and 1s that represent
transition from the oral form of communication information.
to printing. - Digital media is commonly used software,
- As communication travels on distant places and websites, and social media but the computer,
over different periods of time, problems and cellular phone, and the internet are the usual
difficulties emerge because language relies on representations of it.
the capacity of our memory. There emerged the - It is currently the most significant media of
script. influence to globalization. It provides more
- It refers to the very first writing that enables interactive communication, unlike print and TV
human beings to record information across which only provides one-way communication.
distances for a much longer time.
MEDIA AND GLOBALIZATION Though, media is a great help to the exchange and
fusion of culture around the world. There are also
Economy
conflicting views on the impact of globalization on
- E-commerce is becoming a major form of cultural production.
business. Amazon, Lazada, and Zalora are some
● Negative Effect
examples of start-up companies that have
grown into successful global e-commerce - it is a threat to the local economy and it has
platforms. disadvantages for poor countries and small businesses.
- Micro-Entrepreneurs like farmers, fishermen, It can also destroy traditional culture, beliefs, and value
and start-ups are now able to access micro- systems and may result in a loss of cultural identity.
financing using mobile phones or computers.
● Positive Effect
- The media have been essential to the growth of
economic globalization in the world. Indeed, the - it expands global market opportunities and it drives
media have made it possible by creating the economic growth in the poor parts of the world. Local
conditions for global capitalism and by culture enriches when exposed to other cultures. It
promoting the conceptual foundation of the increases the knowledge and understanding of people
world’s market economy. around the world.
Politics

- Globalization has transformed world politics in Globalization has grown due to the advancement of
profound ways. Media is able to spark collective media and technology. With the increased global
public opinion and action towards politics. Even interaction comes the growth of international trade,
during election campaigns, various forms of ideas, and culture. There are positive and negative
media have used by candidates to appeal for points of view and these are not opposites but
public votes and by people to assert their inherently interdependent.
support to candidates.

Education

- The internet is helping democratize access to

affordable learning as open universities, online
courses, and webinars are just one click away
through phones and computers. Media has
made it easy to search for information on the
internet.

Culture

- Media is the primary carrier of culture. There is

now a wealth of exchange and fusion of culture
including fashion, arts, and music through the
use of newspapers, magazines, movies,
advertisements, television, radio, the Internet,
and other forms of media.

LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURAL PRODUCTION

We use, adapt, and create a culture in different ways in

our everyday living, though we may not be conscious of
it.

Examples:

• The way we dress

• The way we communicate

• The way we interact with others