.....PEDAGOGY....

.....BLOOM’s TEXONOMY.....
After long discussions and debates between intellectuals in
several conferences from 1949 to 1953, a theory was presented
to improve the relationship between teachers regarding the
curriculum and examinations, which was named Bloom’s
Taxonomy theory. This theory came to light in 1956. Three
men played an important role in developing this theory.There
are three domains of this which are given below.
The first name was Benjamin Bloom(American). He had worked
on (Cognitive).
The other was David Krathwohl. He worked on Affective.
The third was ANITA HARLOW she worked on Psychomotor.
Then in 2001, this theory was modified.
This theory discourages the rote learning theory. This theory
emphasizes understanding the mental capacity of humans, such
as the ability to think, learn, and understand. According to it,
there are three basic elements to learning.
1‫( ۔ دماغی‬Cognitive)
2‫( ۔ جذبات و تاثرات‬Affective )
3‫( ۔ عملی سرگرمیاں‬Psychomotor)
The most important among the above three domains is
Benjamin Bloom i,e cognitive domain, which discussed below.
COGNITIVE I,e Bloom taxonomy:
Regarding the mind (Cognitive), Bloom believes that there are 6
stages in the construction and formation of language and
thought. Which are serially as follows:
1) Knowledge
The basic stage of learning is knowing and memorizing the
basic concepts, facts, terms of something. Understanding is not
necessary at this stage.
2) Comprehension
Comprehension involves organizing main ideas, summarizing,
translating, demonstrating understanding of facts and ideas.
Comprehending other information in words is the second stage
of learning.
(3) Application
This means that a student, in the light of what he has learned
and understood, creates new examples using facts, techniques
and rules, and solves problems on his own. For example, when
the student understands the rule that every verb in Arabic
occurs, he can use this knowledge and understanding to create
new examples of verbs.
3) Analysis
Analysis involves examining information, making connections,
identifying motives or causes, cataloging, and finding evidence
for facts. Elements analysis, relationship analysis and
organization analysis are its distinctive features. For example, a
task can be done in many ways, so finding the best way through
analysis is called analysis.
(5) Synthesis
Creating something new from different elements and different
ingredients is called composition. It involves unique
connections, planning and creating the perfect thing out of
ingredients. For example, different herbs can be combined to
create a beneficial medicine and potion mixture. Constructing
something yourself using comprehensible information would be
a practical manifestation of synthesis.
(6) Evaluation
Making a final decision by checking the validity and quality of
the information and answering the objections raised in favor or
against it comes under the scope of evaluation.
Abstract
Bloom’s taxonomy theory actually interprets the learning
objectives, which are based on the students’ ability to think. Its
application is essential to develop skills in education. Likewise,
this theory helps teachers to improve their teaching and
learning processes.

The remaining two I,e Affective and Psychomotor is no need to

explain, Because it is not important.
....STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES(OBJECTIVES) SLO....
SLO refers to
There are general and specific objectives for teaching any
subject. For example, the objectives of teaching the subject of
Pakistan studies in class 9 and 10 are called general Objectives.
This subject is divided into different chapters and each chapter
is given separate teaching objectives which are called specific
objectives.

OBJECTIVES
Objectives are the foundation upon which you can build lessons
and assessments and instruction that you can prove meet your
overall course or lesson goals. Think of objectives as tools you
use to make sure you reach your goals. They are the arrows you
shoot towards your target (goal).
There are two types of Objectives one is called General
Objectives and second is called specific Objectives.

GENERAL OBJECTIVES
General objectives refer to broad goals that define the overall
purpose or direction of study.
General Objectives of Pakistan studies:
Pakistan Studies is a subject that aims at enhancing students’
knowledge about history, culture and geography of Pakistan
and to inculcate patriotism in the hearts of students so that
they may become a good citizen.Besides this it inculcate a
sense of gratitude to Almighty Allah for blessing us with an
independent and sovereign state. Underscore the importance
of national integration, cohesion and patriotism,To inform
about the rights and duties,Awareness of social
values,Developing critical thinking skills,Develop positive
thinking,Enhancing knowledge,Cultivating hard work and self-
confidence, Cultivating the dignity of truth, Cultivating
individual freedom and respect for society, Cultivating the
ability to adapt to the environment,To inculcate the habit of
further study, to introduce democratic values,To explain the
importance of social life, to explain natural resources and their
use, to guide them towards suitable occupations, and to make
them realize the importance of hard work GENERAL
OBJECTIVES ARE RELATED TO SUBJECT.

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Specific objectives state the smaller actionable goals that lead
to fulfilling the general objective.

Specific Objectives of Pakistan studies:

The special objectives of Pakistan are to believe in the
sovereignty of Allah Almighty, to create a spirit of brotherhood,
to create a spirit of patriotism, to enable participation in the
construction and development of Pakistan, to create the ability
to protect and properly use natural resources And to have
complete faith in the ideology of SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ARE
RELATED TO PARTICULAR TOPIC OR CHAPTER.

DIFFERENCE AMONG AIMS, GOALS AND OBJECTIVES:

AIMS are prepared at the national level, for example, what kind
of country we want to make Pakistan, what kind of curriculum
we want to teach the children.
AIMS are general and it is for long term like five years and even
hundred years i,e AIMS is done for what kind of country we
want to make Pakistan in the next 100 years.
AIMS are not measurable and it express the philosophy of
country.AIMS are made for whole life i,e broad.

GOALS are made at subject level.And it has a specific duration

for example a year or six months.And in the meantime we have
to achieve these goals.Goals are shorter in duration than AIMs
and longer than Objectives.GOALS are somehow measurable.

OBJECTIVES
Objectives are at class level i.e. what we have to teach a class in
specific time.objectives are SMART. S stand for specific,M for
measurable,A for achievable,R for real and T for time bound.

AIMS are for long term and broad for example all life of me
(Ayaz).

GOALS are for medium term for example my(Ayaz)

Matriculation.Matriculation was my goal.intermediate was my
another goal etc.

OBJECTIVES are for short term for example my only 9th class
education or only my 1st year education etc.

Objectives are made to achieve Goals,and Goals are made to

achieve Aims.

...CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD TEACHER....

1)Knowledge and skills
A good teacher should know what he is teaching.He should
have complete information about what he is teaching.
2) Communication Skills
A good teacher teaches in such a way that children understand
everything.

3)Adaptability:.
The quality of a good teacher is that he teaches children in a
way that children learn easily.He adapt such teaching methods
that students learn easily.

4) Creativity
A good teacher teaches children in a way that develops
creativity of children.They try to find such methods of teaching
to stimulate critical thinking of children.

5)Flexibility
A good teacher has the ability to adapt to unexpected changes
and challenges.

5) Motivational skills
A good teacher motivates children to work hard and succeed.

7)Problem solving skills

A good teacher would make children think creatively to solve
problems.

8)Patience and persistence

A good teacher taught students that learning takes time and
needed hardworking.
They create an environment where mistakes are seen as
opportunities for growth, encouraging students to learn from
their mistakes and try again.

9)Teaching by question and answer:

Another method of teaching is that the teacher puts a student
in front of all the students and asks him a question and that
student answers it in front of all the students.

10)Learning students by doing teacher himself:

A good teacher is one whose words and actions do not
contradict each other.What he tells the children he does
himself first.

11)Teaching preparation
A good teacher prepares first, what he wants to teach in
classroom.

Apart from this, a good teacher is punctual, clean, faithful to his

promises and fulfills all his responsibilities well. Therefore,
students consider him as their ideal.