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Quantum Physics

The document discusses the history and key concepts of quantum theory. It introduces some of the scientists involved like Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrodinger. It also covers important experiments and models that helped develop an understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics, including Planck's blackbody radiation law, Einstein's photoelectric effect, de Broglie's matter waves, and more.

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88 views23 pages

Quantum Physics

The document discusses the history and key concepts of quantum theory. It introduces some of the scientists involved like Einstein, Bohr, Heisenberg, and Schrodinger. It also covers important experiments and models that helped develop an understanding of atomic structure and quantum mechanics, including Planck's blackbody radiation law, Einstein's photoelectric effect, de Broglie's matter waves, and more.

Uploaded by

scorpzguy
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Learning Objectives

Who was involved? Which experiments were used to help us


understand? What are atomic line spectra? Which models were used to represent the atom? Which equations are fundamental? Which ones are handy to know?! What have been the successes of quantum theory? What are the future applications?

Free powerpoints at http://www.worldofteaching.com

Albert Einstein 1879-1955


We believe in the
possibility of a theory which is able to give a complete description of reality, the laws of which establish relations between the things themselves and not merely between their probabilities ... GOD DOES NOT PLAY DICE.

Niels Bohr 1885-1962


Einstein, DON'T TELL
GOD WHAT TO DO!

Those who are not


shocked when they first come across quantum mechanics cannot possibly have understood it.

Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976


We have to remember
that what we observe is not nature itself but nature exposed to our method of questioning.

I, at any rate, am
convinced that HE IS NOT PLAYING AT DICE.

Erwin Schroedinger 1887-1961


I do not like it, and I
am sorry I ever had anything to do with it.

Had I known that we


were not going to get rid of this damned quantum jumping, I never would have involved myself in this business!

Prince Louis de Broglie 1892-1987


Electrons should not be
considered simply as particles, but that frequency must be assigned to them also. (1929, Nobel Prize Speech)

Max Planck 1858-1947


Physics is finished, young
man. It's a dead-end street. (from an unknown teacher to Planck considering Physics at the turn of the 20th century!)

THE ULTRAVIOLET CATASTROPHE 1900 - Rayleigh


This was a CLASSICAL prediction, first made in the late 19th century, that an IDEAL BLACK BODY at thermal equilibrium will emit radiation with INFINITE POWER. Max Planck resolved this issue by postulating that electromagnetic energy did not follow the classical description, but could only oscillate or be emitted in DISCRETE PACKETS OF ENERGY proportional to the frequency. He called these packets QUANTA.

E = h
Note:

h = 6.626 x10 34 J .s

THE PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT 1905 - Einstein


The emission of electrons from a surface (usually metallic) upon exposure to, and absorption of, electromagnetic radiation. The photoelectric effect was explained mathematically by Einstein who extended the work on QUANTA as developed by Planck.

KE = h

MILLIKANS OIL DROP EXPERIMENT 1909 - Robert Millikan


This experiment determined the magnitude of the electronic charge, and that it was QUANTISED. This value is approximately

1 .6 x10 19 C

Note: An electron volt (eV) is the amount of energy it takes to accelerate one electron through a potential of one volt. Thus, 1eV 1 .6 x10 19 J

DE BROGLIE WAVELENGTH Prince Louis de Broglie - 1932 De Broglie discovered that all particles with momentum have an associated wavelength.
=
h h = p mv

What is the wavelength of a human being, assuming he/she weighs 70 kg, and is running at 25 m/s?

NUCLEAR ATOM STRUCTURES 1898 - Thomson

1911 -Rutherford

1913 - Rutherford/Bohr

Atomic Line Spectra

General expression: Lyman: Balmer: Paschen: Brackett: Pfund:


1 1 = R 2 2 n 1 1 1 1 = R 2 2 n 2 1 1 1 = R 2 2 n 3 1 1 1 = R 2 2 n 4 1 1 1 = R 2 2 n 5 1

hcR En = 2 n

n>1 (ultraviolet) n>2 (visible) n>3 (infrared) n>4 (infrared) n>5 (infrared)

SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT EQUATIONS

Energy and frequency: The photoelectric effect: De Broglie wavelength: Angular frequency:

E = h =

hc

KE = h

h h = = p mv

= 2 f

Equations of interest (non-examinable!)

Plancks constant:

h = 2
k = 2

Wave vector:

2 2 Schroedinger: i = + V t 2m

Richard Feynman 1918-1988


Anyone who has not
been shocked by quantum physics has not understood it.

The word 'quantum'


refers to this peculiar aspect of nature that goes against common sense.

Groucho Marx 1890-1977


Very interesting theory it makes no sense at all!

QUANTUM THEORY
Uses Explains

LASERs Semiconductors Transistors LED Night Vision Goggles CCD MRI / PET

Tunnelling Radioactive decay Periodic table


(Pauli Exclusion Principle explanation to Mendeleevs chart)

THE FUTURE OF QUANTUM?

Dot LASERs Logic gates Computing Cryptography / Encryption Cloning Teleportation

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