MODULE 1

INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTS

Plumbing is defined as the art and • Master Plumber John F. Hass became the
science of installing pipes, fixtures, first Chief of the Division of Plumbing
and other apparatus to convey and Construction and Inspection.
supply water in buildings and to • Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No. 6541 otherwise
dispose and discharge wastewater known as the
and other liquids, gases, and other “Building Code of the Philippines" was passed with the "National
substances out of the building in a Plumbing Code
safe, orderly, healthy, and sanitary of 1959" as referral code in full text.
way to ensure the health and sanitation of Source: REVISED PLUBING CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES
life and property.
OBJECTIVES OF PLUMBING
INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTS To supply water to different
• In Prehistoric times of a thousand years ago, parts of the building.
man left traces of plumbing works. To remove and discharge human
• These primitive water supply and waste wastes and other substances out
disposal methods, offered proof that even of building into the public sewer
early man realizes the importance of septic tank.
plumbing.
• These crude devices were considered as the
forerunners of modern plumbing. CONDITIONS FOR AN EFFECTIVE
WATER SUPPLY IN BUILDING
INTRODUCTION AND CONCEPTS To provide sufficient amount of water to supply each fixture.
• The concept and importance of To prevent back flow of used water
plumbing however, become more into the water supply system.
defined and appreciated only during the DRAINAGE SYSTEM ACCOMPLISH
Greco-Roman civilization. •Fast removal of the waste with a
minimum probability of leakage
• The Romans who considered daily bathing as a must, elevated and stoppage of drains.
bathing to the level of a daily ritual. •To prevent the entry of house
• Their almost fanatical demand for a constant supply of clean vermin and obnoxious gases into
water, the house from piping system.
found its expression in the ingenuity of the now famous Roman MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS
Aqueduct, a water system that continuously challenge the skill FOR A DRAINAGE SYSTEM:
of the •All plumbing design and
present crops of Engineers. installations are govern by a set of
rules and limitations prescribed by
IMPORTANT TERMS the National Plumbing Code of the
Philippines or R.A. 1378 “ Plumbing
PLUMBER Law”
WATER
is a title given to a Combination of two elementary substances, hydrogen
person who is skilled in and oxygen. It appears in its natural state.
the field of sanitation. Liquid – 830 times heavier than air.
Solid – Ice
PLUMBARIUS Gas – vapor or steam, 133 times lighter than air.
`
ancient roman word of Weight of water
plumber 3.778 kg / U.S. Gallon
1000 kg / M³
PLUMBUM
CONTENTS / TOPICS
LEAD - Sources and distribution of water
- Water treatment methods
derived from Latin - Water storage and distribution systems (Hot and cold
word which means water)
Lead 2)

A metal used as plumbing SOURCES OF

material by the Romans, WATER
preferred for its twin 1. RAINFALL OR ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
properties of malleability and 2. SURFACE WATER
a. STREAMS
- Those early sewage disposal practice b. RIVERS
were not only harmful to human c. LAKES
health, but also to the environment 3. GROUND WATER
particularly to the more populated a. DEEP WELL
areas. b. SHALLOW WELLS
• Due to the eminent outbreak of epidemics brought about by FROM THE RAINFALL
the worsening unsanitary condition prevailing certain sector Advantages
of the society and the government, introduced programs to Obtained from roofs and watersheds. It is soft pure and good
address the situation. on places where there is an abundant rainfall.
• Massive education on proper sanitation was initiated. Disadvantages
• Water supply systems were constructed in some urban areas. Hard to store for a long time as it will be a breeding place for
• Model toilets were built. mosquitoes, requires big containers for storing big quantities for
• Low-cost concrete water seal closet was introduced to the long uses, roofs may not be clean, bad for places that receives
rural residents backed up by local ordinances, requiring every a
residence to have a sanitary comfort room with proper little amount of rain- fall.
sewage disposal system known as, septic tank. FROM THE NATURAL SURFACE
HISTORY OF PLUMBING Advantages
PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES Obtained from ponds, lakes, rivers easiness of procurements
• The birth of the plumbing and good for locality near such bodies of water.
profession in the Philippines FROM UNDERGROUND
is traced back to the 17th Advantages
century. The “WALLED CITY” Obtained from below ground surface by means of
known as Intramuros was mechanical and manual equip- ments.
established by the Spaniards More water can be obtained depending by equipments used
as a model community. and locality.
• During the 18th and 19th centuries, the Filipino plumbers Disadvantages
were assigned the task of Dangerous because it containes large a·mounts of bacterias,
maintaining, repairing and/or remodeling plumbing systems in organic and inorgan- ic substances of varying quantities.
all "pueblos" or Disadvantages
towns including churches, convents and government buildings. Because of various organic matter and chemical elements
1. CLEAN WATER: All premises intended for human habitation, present, it requires treat· ment of various nature, such as
occupancy or use shall be provided sedimenta· tion, chemical, filtration,
with a supply of pure and wholesome water supplies nor subject to
hazards of backflow or back- DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS FOR BUILDINGS
siphonage. Types:
2. VOLUME AND PRESSURE: Plumbing fixtures, devices and 1. Direct Feed Type
appurtenances shall be supplies with
water in sufficient volume and at pressure adequate to enable them
to function satisfactorily
and without undue noise under all normal conditions.
❖ Used when the pressure in the water main is adequate to supply all fixtures inside the building
with water for 24 hours each day.
TYPES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY
WELLS - Considerations
-Wells that are supplying water for public use should be located at a min. distance of 100m radius from
residential areas.
-There should be no concrete sanitary sewers existing within the 15m radius of the well.
-No Outdoor Privy, Cesspool, Septic Tank or drain fields, shall be located within a 45m radius from the
well.
household wastewater
(toilet, sinks, etc.)
Min. 15m
Min. 100m
Min. 45m

TYPES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

DUG WELLS
are holes in the ground dug by shovel or
backhoe. Historically, a dug well was excavated
below the groundwater table until incoming
water exceeded the digger's bailing rate. The
well was then lined (cased) with stones, brick,
tile, or other material to prevent collapse.

TYPES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

DRIVEN WELLS
Driven wells are constructed by driving pipe
into the ground. Driven wells are cased
continuously and shallow (approx. 30-50 ft /
9.14-15.2m deep). Though driven wells are
cased, they can be contaminated easily
because they draw water from aquifers near
the surface. These wells draw water from
aquifers near the surface.

TYPES OF PUBLIC WATER SUPPLY

BORED AND DRILLED WELLS
Bored wells are shallow wells that are constructed with an auger
that digs until it reaches the water table or encounters a material
such as rock, which restricts or stops the auger and draw water
from sections of the earth above the bedrock.
Drilled wells are deep wells typically created with an air rotary drill,
a good method for drilling into medium-packed to hard-packed
bedrock, to access groundwater. drilled wells are cased in 6-inch
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping or steel casing from the surface
through the first five feet of hard-packed rock.

WATER PUMPS
are used whenever the water supply at its natural pressure cannot be directly
piped to a building, tank or reservoir.
FORCE PUMP
LIFT PUMP
simplest of the reciprocating (to and from) pumps
consists of a piston moving up and down in a cylinder
or barrel, cannot be used to raise water above
7.50-8.50m at a normal Atmospheric Pressure (101 kPa)
due to friction in the intake pipe, loss of efficiency in the
pump and impossible to obtain a perfect vacuum
- used to deliver water at a point higher than the position
of the pump itself. When the plunger descends; the valve
is closed and the water in the cylinder is forced out
through the valve b and up to the storage. When the
plunger is raised valve b is closed and 8 open to admit
water to the cylinder.

RECIPROCATING PUMP
- include that class of pumps in which the piston moves·
to and from either horizontally or vertically.
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
-posses moving parts without valves, revolving around an
axis and centrifugal action is utilized in delivering the
water under pressure. The curved blades and valve
around an axis and traps the water that enters and hurls
it outward by centrifugal Force.

HYDRAULIC RAM
are automatic and require no motor since they depend
for operation upon water hammer that is the surging
back and forth in a pipe when suddenly brought to rest.

HYDRAULIC RAM
are automatic and require no motor since they depend
for operation upon water hammer that is the surging
back and forth in a pipe when suddenly brought to rest.
Air vessel

WATER 3. The pumping unit including the entire installation throughout the
Combination of two elementary substances, hydrogen building occupies valuable
and oxygen. It appears in its natural state. space.
Liquid – 830 times heavier than air. 4.
Solid – Ice It requires stronger foundation and other structures to sustain the
Gas – vapor or steam, 133 times lighter than air. heavy loads of the tank and
` water.
Weight of water BLADDER TANK:
3.778 kg / U.S. Gallon A bladder tank is a water storage tank that
1000 kg / M³ uses a rubber membrane or diaphragm to
CONTENTS / TOPICS separate the inside of the tank from the water
- Sources and distribution of water outside. On the other hand, a pressure tank is
- Water treatment methods a water storage tank that uses compressed
- Water storage and distribution systems (Hot and cold
water)
2)
SOURCES OF
air to create pressure and push water into
your home's pipes.

STORAGE TANKS
SUCTION TANK / CISTERN TANK
-are constructed of riveted or welded steel plate; the larger
tanks often being divided into two compartments. ·They should
be large enough to contain at least one days' supply for the
entire building in case the City main is temporarily shut off.
The suction pipe from the pump to the tank should be across
connected to the City main so that the water may be pumped
directly from the main in case of Fire.
Suction Tanks are used so that the pneumatic tank or other
pumps sucks the water f.torn this suction tank and not from the
Public Main so that, it will not deprive. The neighbor of water
due to pressure.

HOT WATER DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT

INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY

HOT WATER TANK

This is one of the essential requirements for a
domestic hot water ·system. It ·should be strong
enough to resist the high pressure of boiling water
stored in it.
Two Types:
1. Range boiler- small hot water tank.
2. Storage Tank - large hot water tank.

The Range Boiler

-is made of galvanized sheet, steel or capper, built
into cylinder shape with concave ends either
welded or riveted. The range boiler varies in size
from 0.3(>-to 0.60 meter in diameter with a length
of not more than 1.80 meters.
Tank Surface
Hydrastone Lining
Hydrastone lining absorbs and traps water,
which then loses its oxygen and becomes inert,
thus preventing tank corrosion.
HOT WATER DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT
INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY
HOT WATER SUPPLY
Consist of a heater with or without a storage tank, piping to carry the heated water to the farthest fixture and a continuation of this
piping to return the unused cooled water back to the heater. Brass or copper pipe and PPR polypropylene random should always be
used although G.l. pipe is commonly used.
In modern and private applications, single and multi point heaters are used directly on avatories,showers and sinks, which helps
remove grease more conveniently and open pores in skin when taking shower.
STORM DRAINAGESYSTEMStorm drainage are required for roof areas, courts and

courtyards to collect storm water and discharge the

stormwater to an approved point of disposal not in conflict
with other ordinances or regulations.
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
● Storm Drain is that unit of the plumbing system that conveys rain
or storm water to a suitable terminal.
● Storm water is normally discharged into street gutter conveyed by
public drain system and carried to some natural drainage terminal
like canals, rivers, lakes and the like.
● As a general rule, storm drain is not permitted to discharge into a
septic tank or to the main sewer line.
● The collection and disposal of storm water is an important phase of
plumbing system that should not be ignored, otherwise, water
coming from the roof if not properly diverted might create problems
STORM DRAINAGE
SYSTEM
1. Settlement of the structure cause by erosion or washing
away the soil from the foundation
2. Subjecting the basement floor and walls to unnecessary
ground water pressure and possible leakage
3. Rundown water may create walls and window leakage
4. Water may spill on people passing by or approaching
entry door
5. Erode the surrounding grounds and cause disfiguring of
the landscape areas.

REASONS FOR
DRAINAGE
Rainwater collecting on roofs, if not diverted, will run down walls
and can cause wall and window leaks, spill on people who are
approaching entry doors, cause settlement by washing the soil
away from under foundations, subject basement walls to
unnecessary groundwater pressure and possible leakage, and
erode surrounding ground, often disfiguring landscaped areas.

Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo

REASONS FOR
DRAINAGE
For buildings and houses with flat roofs, leaders can be interior and
concealed by the structure or partitions. Sloping roofs usually require
gutters and leaders. Functionally, they can be omitted sometimes in
low, basementless, one-story structures with wide over hanging
roofs. A gravel-filled trench skirting the perimeter and directly below
the edge of the eaves catches the water flowing off the roof.

REASONS FOR
DRAINAGE
INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY
OVERHEAD
For high structures, consist of a
main up-feed supply to a distribution line (Overhead) at
the top of the building from which Downfeed risers are
taken off to feed the several stacks of fixtures. Reasons for keeping paved areas clear of water are obvious. Puddles
THE OVERHEAD FEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM are avoided and contiguous areas of earth and grass are not subjected
1. Water distribution is dependent on the expansion of to erosion and a soft saturated condition. Areas to be drained- including
hot water and gravity. In a closedpipe system water roofs, balconies, terraces, and pavements are usually connected into a
rises to the highest point of the installation when storm drainage system and the water discharged to a stream, dry well,
heated and the nearby gravel bed, recharge basin, or storm sewer.
natural force of gravity return it to .the storage tank. CLASSIFICATION OF
2. Water will circulate even if there may be defect in its. STORM DRAIN
mechanical construction. 1. Inside Storm Drain
HOT WATER DESIGN AND EQUIPMENT This is sometimes located under the basement floor within the walls
INSTALLATION OF WATER SUPPLY of the building. This type of drain is usually found in building s located
SINGLE POINT WATER HEATER along congested business area.
A single point water heater is a small unit that heats 2. Outside Storm Drain
the water close to where it’s needed, such as This is located around each outer wall of building. This type of
shower. It is compact, instant-heating, and has lower drainage could be possible to places where the lot is not totally
energy consumption than other types of occupied by the building.
water heaters. A single point water heater can only 3. Overhead Storm Drain
deliver hot water to a single location, unlike a This type of drainage system is used where the street drainage line is
multipoint water heater that can provide hot water to higher in elevation than the basement floor of the building. It is
more than one location. usually suspended at the ceiling by suitable hangers spaced at close
MULTI POINT WATER HEATER intervals.
Multipoint Water Heater is a compact-sized water Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max Fajardo
heater that can
provide hot water to multiple points at home. A TYPES OF DRAINAGE
multipoint water heater SYSTEMS
usually comes without a tank, so you will not have
much trouble installing SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
it even if you have little space available at home Surface drainage systems remove excess water from the
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP land’s surface through channels or ditches. In some cases, the
is a device which has a hermetically sealed motor ground surface is shaped or graded to create sloping toward
close-coupled to the pump body. the channels. Different types of surfaces drainage systems are
METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND open drains, humps and hollows, levees, and grassed
TREATMENT OF WATER waterways. A cast-in-place trench drain is a perfect example of
SEDIMENTATION a surface drainage system.
1. Sedimentation -articles of matters that are
suspended in the water are allowed to
stay in a container so that they will settle in the TYPES OF DRAINAGE
bottom, then drawing the water out, SYSTEMS
leaving these sediments in the container.
2. Chemical Treatments - water are given chemical SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
treatments to kill the harmful Subsurface drainage systems are implemented beneath
bacterias present and to cure the turbid taste or the top layer of soil. Sometimes referred to as a French
mudtaste, remove clay, salts, iron drain, they work at the root level to remove excess water.
etc. commonly used chemical is chlorine. Dig ditches to install the pipes of subsurface drains.
3. Filtration - water are filtered on various processes, so
as to remove the particles of
vegetable matter, mud, and other particles of matter SIZE OF STORM DRAIN
present in the water, most
commonly used materials are sand and gravel. The size of Storm Drain is determined under the following considerations:
4. Aeration - raw water is made to pass on pipes on tiny 1. Gauging the rainfall over a given period, whether it is constant or
sleeves and exposed to air of exceedingly heavy shower of short duration.
fine mist. 2. Consider the varying roof areas, the slope, and the distance of water
. STORAGE TANKS traveled before it reaches the conductors of the roof
TANKS 3. Water drain faster on high pitch roof. Hence, requires a larger drainage
May be used either for the collection of water without pipe than that of a flat roof
consideration of pressure, or for storing water under air 4. The height of the building, contribute largely to the velocity of water
press falling
under a static HEAD for future distribution by inside a vertical pipe conductor. The velocity fall accelerate the flow of
pneumatic or gravity means. water
A. CYLINDRICAL TANK entering into the storm drain
B. SPHERICAL TANK 5. The used of improper fittings and short offsets that will affect the flow
C. RECTANGULAR TANK CONCRETE AND STEEL RIVETED of
STORAGE TANKS water must be avoided
PNEUMATIC/PRESSURE TANK:
Hydropneumatic tanks are els that hold water GRADE AND CHANGE
and air under pressure. The tanks do not OF DIRECTION
have a bladder and so air is in direct contact The storm drain is installed
with the water. The compressed air creates a providing a slope of not more
cushion that can absorb or apply pressure as than 2% per meter run. A
needed. combination of Y and I/8 bend
or a long radius fitting is
appropriate for any change in
direction.
 STORM WATER DISPOSAL
REASONS FOR
SYSTEMS
DRAINAGE
From various types of roofing
Rainwater collecting on roofs, if not diverted, will run down walls
- Framed Roof Gutters
and can cause wall and window leaks, spill on people who are
- outside / exposed
approaching entry doors, cause settlement by washing the soil
- G.I / Aluminum
away from under foundations, subject basement walls to
- Connected by blind rivets or aluminum screws
unnecessary groundwater pressure and possible leakage, and
- Inside
erode surrounding ground, often disfiguring landscaped areas.
- Stainless Steel
For buildings and houses with flat roofs, leaders can be interior and
- Counter Flashing
concealed by the structure or partitions. Sloping roofs usually
- Concealed
require
- Valley
gutters and leaders. Functionally, they can be omitted sometimes in
low, basementless, one-story structures with wide over hanging
STORM WATER DISPOSAL
roofs. A gravel-filled trench skirting the perimeter and directly below
SYSTEMS
the edge of the eaves catches the water flowing off the roof.
From various types of roofing
REASONS FOR
- Deck Roofing Drain
DRAINAGE
- Waterproofing Requirements
Reasons for keeping paved areas clear of water are obvious. Puddles
- Deck drain
are avoided and contiguous areas of earth and grass are not
- Scupper Drain
subjected
- Roof Gardens
to erosion and a soft saturated condition. Areas to be drained-
To Leaders
including
- Exposed
roofs, balconies, terraces, and pavements are usually connected into
- Concealed / Cladded
a
About roof Leaders:
storm drainage system and the water discharged to a stream, dry
- Ideally positioned on columns
well,
- Not embedded in columns
nearby gravel bed, recharge basin, or storm sewer.
- Observe proper clamping
CLASSIFICATION OF
STORM DRAIN
STORM WATER DISPOSAL
1. Inside Storm Drain
SYSTEMS
This is sometimes located under the basement floor within the walls
of the building. This type of drain is usually found in building s
From Downspout
located
- Catch basin
along congested business area.
- Area Drain
2. Outside Storm Drain
- ideal if the area is paved.
This is located around each outer wall of building. This type of
- Splash Pan
drainage could be possible to places where the lot is not totally
- ideal if the area is unpaved.
occupied by the building.
- Rainwater Collection Cistern
3. Overhead Storm Drain
- refer to National Green Building Code.
This type of drainage system is used where the street drainage line
is
STORM WATER DISPOSAL
higher in elevation than the basement floor of the building. It is
SYSTEMS
usually suspended at the ceiling by suitable hangers spaced at close
To Storm Sewer
intervals.
- Excerpts from Rule IX of NBCP
Source: Plumbing (Design and estimate) Second Edition by Max
- Section 904. Storm Drainage System.
Fajardo
- (a) Rainwater drainage shall not discharge to the sanitary
TYPES OF DRAINAGE
sewer system.
SYSTEMS
- (b) Adequate provisions shall be made to drain rainwater
SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
from low areas
Surface drainage systems remove excess water from the
in buildings and their premises.
land’s surface through channels or ditches. In some cases, the
- (c) The drainage pipe installation and sewerage system
ground surface is shaped or graded to create sloping toward
of any premises
the channels. Different types of surfaces drainage systems are
and/or connection with any public disposal or any
open drains, humps and hollows, levees, and grassed
acceptable terminal shall
waterways. A cast-in-place trench drain is a perfect example of
conform to the Revised National Plumbing Code of the
a surface drainage system.
Philippines.
TYPES OF DRAINAGE
SYSTEMS
STORM WATER SUMPS
SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
AND SUMP PUMPS
Subsurface drainage systems are implemented beneath
The vast majority of both sumps pumps are of the
the top layer of soil. Sometimes referred to as a French
centrifugal kind.
drain, they work at the root level to remove excess water.
Sump Pumps (Ejectors)
Dig ditches to install the pipes of subsurface drains.
There are generally two types of basement water pumps:
SIZE OF STORM DRAIN
pedestal and submersible.
The size of Storm Drain is determined under the following
The pedestal pump's motor is mounted above the pit,
considerations:
where it is
1. Gauging the rainfall over a given period, whether it is constant or
more easily serviced but also more conspicuous.
exceedingly heavy shower of short duration.
The submersible pump is entirely mounted inside the pit,
2. Consider the varying roof areas, the slope, and the distance of
and is specially sealed to prevent electrical
water
short circuits. Although the submersible models are known
traveled before it reaches the conductors of the roof
for quieter operation, they are considerably
3. Water drain faster on high pitch roof. Hence, requires a larger
more expensive. Although there is no considerable
drainage
difference in performance, and both styles are
pipe than that of a flat roof
considered fine for basement water drainage purposes.
4. The height of the building, contribute largely to the velocity of
water falling
STORM WATER SUMPS
inside a vertical pipe conductor. The velocity fall accelerate the flow
AND SUMP PUMPS
of water
Grinder Pump
entering into the storm drain
All solids are ground into fine particles, allowing them to
5. The used of improper fittings and short offsets that will affect the
pass easily through the pump, check valve
flow of
and small diameter pipelines. Even objects that are not
water must be avoided
normally found in sewage, such as plastic,
rubber, fiber, wood, etc., are ground into fine particles.
GRADE AND CHANGE
The grinder is designed not to jam and for minimum wear
OF DIRECTION
to the grinding mechanism. The AMGP
The storm drain is installed
comes complete with a self-contained level control
providing a slope of not more
system, eliminating troublesome float switches.
than 2% per meter run. A
The grinder pump is automatically activated. It runs
combination of Y and I/8 bend
infrequently for very short periods. The annual
or a long radius fitting is
appropriate for any change in energy consumption is typically that of a 40‐watt light
direction. bulb.
The 1 1/4" slide face discharge connection is adaptable to
TYPES OF PIPES any existing discharge piping.
Storm drainage for residential dwelling is either concrete pipe The internal check valve assembly, located on the grinder
or PVC pipe. The more common today is the UPVC pipe. pump, is custom designed for non‐clog,
Polyvinyl pipe and fittings are available in commercial length trouble‐free operation.
of 3.0 meters and also available in schedule 40 and 80. They Units are available with a number of discharge hose
are usually assembled with slip joint fittings and solvent, both lengths to accommodate a wide range of
PVC
in and CPVC
direction, pipes in
change are commonly
pipe size or available in sizes existing tank depths.
considerable change in grade.
Large sewers 1520 mm Ø (60“) or
more in diameter can be entered
for inspection and need fewer
STORM WATER SUMPS
AND SUMP PUMPS
Effluent Pump
Effluent pumps are designed to pump liquid human waste
only, and for that reason they cannot replace standard sewage
or grinder pumps. They are usually installed in a septic tank,
pumping the liquid from the tank out to the leaching bed, or in
any other location where liquid human waste must be pumped
to another site.

STORM WATER SUMPS

AND SUMP PUMPS
Sumps or Tanks
Sewage tanks, unlike storm tanks, must be completely water and air tight
•Only piping that is too low to drain into a building sewer by gravity shall be
drained to a sump or receiving tank.
•Where the sump or tank receives sanitary sewage it shall be water and air tight
and shall be vented.
•Equipment such as a pump or ejector that can lis the contents of the sump or
tank and discharge it into the sanitary building drain or sanitary building sewer
shall be installed.
•Where the equipment does not operate automatically the capacity of the sump
shall be sufficient to hold at least a 24 hours accumulation of liquid

STEPS IN THE DESIGN

OF SEWER SYSTEM
- Preliminary investigation
Needed to arrive at the tentative estimate of cost that will be basis for bond issues or other
procedures for raising funds.
- Detailed survey mapping
- The detailed survey
This includes both underground and surface survey and the compilation of all information necessary
to design.
- The actual design
Covers computation and other works necessary to arrive at grades, sizes and location of the sewer
lines and other appurtenances.
- Preparation of final maps, plans, profiles and other appurtenances
- Correction of plans to conform to changes made during construction.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
ROOF LEADER

Roof Leader is popularly known as

water conductor or downspout
either concealed or exposed type.
It connects the roof terminal to the
storm drain.

ROOF GUTTER

An open pipe, usually at the lower

edge of a roof, that collects and
carries away rain.

STORM PIPE

A pipe which conveys the

rainwater from the roof gutter to
the downspout and discharge it to
the building storm drain.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
SPLASH PAN

A collector of water coming down

from the downspout leading the
accumulated water away from the
house at a relatively low rate of
flow.

ROOF DRAIN

A drain installed to receive water

collecting on the surface of a roof
and to discharge it into a leader or
a conductor.

SCUPPER DRAIN

A drain or spout allowing water on

the deck of a vessel to flow
overboard. An opening in the side
of a building for draining off water.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
MANHOLE

Opening constructed in a sewer of

sufficient size for a man to gain
access thereto for inspection and
cleaning purposes. They areS
VENTILATION AND back-to-back) that discharges into
VENT PIPING SYSTEM sanitary cross fitting.
PLUMBING VENTILATION ● Circuit or loop vent
Ventilation of a plumbing system, is that portion of the Two or more fixture traps are
drainage pipe installation, designed to maintain a installed on a horizontal soil or
balance atmospheric pressure inside the system to waste branch.
prevent problems like: ● Relief vent
● Trap seal loss Installed to ventilate the soil
● Retardation of flow
● Deterioration of the materials
Trap Seal Loss
Trap Seal Loss can be attributed to any of the
and waste pipe and the
connecting branches rather
than the fixture traps.
● Yoke vent
Relief vent installed at 3-5 floor
intervals. Sometimes referred as By-
Pass Ventilation.

●Wet vent
Portion of the vent pipe system
where liquid waste regularly flows.

●Looped vent
Type of ventilation used on fixtures
away from partitions
● Local vent
A pipe connecting to a fixture and
extending to outside air through
which vapor or foul air is removed
from the fixture.
● Utility vent
Type of ventilation component
commonly found on the exterior of
buildings, usually on the roof or
walls. It is designed to allow air to
flow in and out of the building.
TRAPS AND
INTERCEPTORS
PLUMBING FIXTURE TRAPS
Traps used on plumbing fixture is a device scientifically designed to prevent
the backflow of gases coming from the septic tank or sewer line passing
through the outlet of the fixture.
The basic function of the trap in a drainage system is to prevent objectionable
gases from entering the plumbing system.
Traps are only separation between the unpleasant and dangerously unhealthy
gases in a sanitary drainage system and the air breathed by room occupants is
the water caught in the fixture trap after each discharge from a fixture.
PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
The column of
water that is
retained between
the overflow and
the dip of trap is
called Trap Seal or
sometimes to
referred as Water
Seal.
PLUMBING
FIXTURE TRAPS
Water Sealed P-Traps
are Classified into Two:
● Common Seal P-Trap
Has five (5) centimeter
deep water seal between
the overflow and the drip
that will offer resistance
against abnormal
conditions.
Water Sealed P-Traps are
PLUMBING Classified into Two:
● Deep Seal P-trap
FIXTURE TRAPS
Has from 7.5 - 10 centimeters
column of liquid content between
the overflow and the drip.

It is purposely designed for

extreme heat condition, increase
and decrease of atmospheric
condition, and circumstances
7.5 – 10cm where total ventilation cannot be
obtained.
The P-Trap
The P-trap is the most common and practical shape available
in various sizes (32-50mm diameter).

There are various forms of water sealed trap that be used.

However, among various types, some are classified as
Permissible Trap and Objectionable Traps.
Permissible Types of
Traps:
● P-Trap*
● Drum Trap* -- water seal
trap, large in diameter
● Stand Trap
● Brass Trap
● High Hub Trap
● Low Hub Trap
● Extra Heavy Trap
● Sink or Lavatory Type
Objectionable Traps that were found
defective:
● Full S-Trap
● ¾ S-Trap
● Bag Trap
● Mechanically sealed traps
● Light metal partition traps
ADDITIONAL SLIDES
COLOR CODING OF
PLASTIC PIPES & FITTINGS

COLOR MATERIALS / ELEMENTS PIPE CONVEY

BLUE POTABLE WATER

ORANGE
ELECTRIC CONDUIT
LIGHT GRAY

GRAY INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM

YELLOW COMMUNICATION CABLE

ORANGE BROWN SEWAGE SYSTEM

SEWAGE
The liquid wastes conducted away from buildings/structures, also of the storm
water.
SEWERAGE
A comprehensive term, including all construction for collection, transportation,
pumping, treatment and final disposition of waste.
CLEANOUT FERRULE
A metallic sleeve, caulked or otherwise, joined to an opening in a pipe, into
which a plug is screwed that can be removed for the purpose of cleaning or
examining the interior of the pipe.
TRAP
A fitting or device so constructed as to prevent the passage of air, gas, and some
vermin through a pipe without materially affecting the flow of sewage or waste
water through it.
SEAL
The vertical distance between the dip and crown wire of a trap.
ROUGHING-IN
The installation of all pipes in the plumbing system that are in
partitions and under floors.
FINISHING
The setting of Fixtures.
SUMP
A pit or receptacle at a low point to which the liquid wastes are drained.
SHAFT
A vertical opening through a building for elevators, dumbwaiters, light,
ventilation, etc.
SLEEVE
A sheet metal placed when concrete is poured to accommodate future
plumbing pipes.
PIPE CHASE
An opening or space to
accommodate a group of pipes.
DUCT
Opening for ventilation circulation
of air.