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36 views9 pagesATP Biology Notes
Please do read
Uploaded by
Kashvi FariyaCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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/ 9
Biology Igcse 0610 ... +
Table of Contents
Drawings & Magnification
Food Tests & Labellings
Precautions & Source of Error
Hazards & Drawing a Graph
Designing an Experiment
Methods, Controls and their Uses
Sample Question
Common Independent Variables
Page no.
2
8 Drawings
General Rules:
- Don’t draw any details. Try to draw only outlines. (Follow instructions)
Take care of any labels that are asked in the question
NO SHADING !
|. Draw the drawing at least 50% larger than the original image provided.
. Don’t use a ruler or a compass to draw, and don't draw broken tines.
Read the question carefully to see if any specific segment is required.
Don't draw individual cells !!
|. Don’t draw the surrounding box of the image.
Magnification:
In IGCSE Biology Paper 6, typical drawing and calculation questions always
follow. You need to know the magnification formula. This Question typically has
2-3 marks, which is pretty simple if you know the formula. (1 mm = 1000 ym)
Magnification = Image Size
Actual Image
If the image size (um) and magnification values are given and ask you to find the
Actual size (um), use the Magnification (X) triangle to see the value:
I
© F/IGCSE Resources 2023 2 Food Tests
Test for starch:
‘¢ Add drops of iodine solution
‘© Observe colour change
‘* Positive result: Blue - Black Coloured Solution
‘© Negative result: Brown Coloured Solution
Test for proteins:
‘Add few drops of Biuret reagent
Observe colour change
Positive result: Mauve or Purple Coloured Solution
Negative result: Blue Coloured Solution
Test for Reducing Sugars:
‘© Add Benedict's solution and heat it
‘© Observe colour change
‘¢ When reducing sugars are detected in a solution, the colour change
happens based on the increasing concentration of sugar so blue — green
— yellow —+ orange —> red
‘© Positive result: Brick-Red Coloured Solution
‘© Negative result: Blue Coloured Solution
Test for fats:
Known as the Emulsion Test
Crush the food sample in a mortar with ethanol
Take a sample in a test tube
‘Add drops of distilled water
Observe a milky-white emulsion showing the presence of fats
Labellings
‘* Labels should point directly to the image or specific part
‘© Use a ruler to draw the label line.
LO FAIGCSE Resources 2023, 3 Precautions
When doing a experiment planning question in the biology paper 6, you
should know all the precautions and how to avoid them:
‘Take readings with eye perpendicular to scale (avoid parallax error)
‘Take readings from the bottom of the meniscus
Leave all test tubes in a water bath to equilibrate
Hot test tube (Use tongs to hold the test tube)
Stir a solution to distribute all the components evenly
‘While taking readings from a measuring cylinder, place it on a flat surface
Wear a lab coat
Stand while performing experiment
Don’t expose an alcohol/reagent to a flame directly; heat it using a water
bath
Use burette/pipette instead of measuring cylinder
‘In photosynthesis experiment, use a heat shield (beaker of water) placed
between the plant and the
lamp to prevent the temperature from changing due to the changing light
intensity
‘© Heat using water bath (often used in Benedict's test for reducing sugars)
‘© While using a knife use a solid surface to cut on, cut away from fingers
Sources of errors
‘The same type of plant/fruit may not be used; use same species
‘Measurement Error (Use a graduated pipette)
Water loss fram tubes was not accounted for; cover the tubes
Reuse of syringe; (causes contamination) use a new syringe each time
A subjective/non-quantifiable variable was measured; measure a more
‘quantifiable variable for accurate results
Subjective Colour Nature (Use a colorimeter)
‘© No repeats; repeat the experiment 3 times and find the average (to
remove anomalies)
‘© Mass/volume/size/shape of pieces is not the same
Uneven crushing; use a mortar and a pestle
‘© Volume of each drop could vary; measure volume used instead of number
of drops
© F/IGCSE Resources 2023 4 Temperature of water may change; maintain water temperature using
thermostatically controlled water bath
Heat may be lost through gaps in lid/cork; make sure lid perfectly fits
container
When a variable (eg potato) is cut into smaller pieces, the smaller pieces
are not measured into equal sizes
Number of bubbles counted; measure volume of gas as the volume of each
bubble may vary
Hazards
These are the stuff you should always took out for when experiment planning,
hazards are not much but they will still get you the point:
Cutting with a knife may injure hand; cut on a surface and away from hand
gloves
‘© H,0; is corrosive; use gloves and goggles while handling it
‘© While exhaling through a tube into e.g. lime water, there is a risk of lime
water being swallowed
lodine solution can stain clothes, ensure gloves and safety goggles are
Drawing Graphs
Use a sharp pencit
Label both axes with units (IV on the x-axis, DV on the y-axis)
Labels should be in the form “quantity/units”
Choose the appropriate scale
Use crosses “(x)" or “2” to mark the data points (for scatter graphs)
Graph should cover at least half the grid
Draw a line of best fit that can fit through most of the points as possible
(for scatter graphs)
Join the points (for line graph)
Designing an Experiment
Coming to the final part of this booklet, how do you design an experiment?
‘The Paper would consist of an example, and they would ask you to design an
[© F/IGCSE Resources 2023, 5 ‘experiment based on the example provided. Combining everything you have
{earned above, | will show you how to do an experiment planning question.
General information:
Independent Variable
Details of Method given/new method z
Constant Variable
Safety Precautions
Dependent Variable
Gas Syringe or Delivery Tube
Method, Controls & their uses:
Measuring the volume of liquids
Ruler to measure the length of foam
produced
Measuring the rate of reaction by measuring the
volume of preduct made.
Cutting plant stem sections every
specified amount of time
‘Measuring the rate of water uptake every set
amount of time
[Counting the number of bubbles
Produced per unit time
‘Measure the rate of reaction by measuring the
volume of gos produced
Mesture the mass of a potato tick
before and after putting in into 2
solution
[measuring the volume of water that is lost and
sained per unit time
Measuring the height a piece of dough
has risen
‘Measuring the rate of reaction in the piece of
dough by measuring is change in height.
Temperature
Thermastatically regulated water bath
pH of the Solution
Using a buffer solution
(© /IGCSE Resources 2023 Consume the beetroot juice at 2 PM everyday
Measure the length of time the athlete can run at their maximum speed
Concentration of beetroot juice
‘Age, Sex, the diet of athlete
Same Environment or Conditions of Exercise
Repeat with the same individuals for many trials
Medical Staff should be present
Marking Scheme:
1 atleast 2 different volumes of beetroot juice ;
2. details of when juice is consumed /ref to fasting / AW ;
3. details of method to measure running time ;
4 _ rest breaks between repeat measurements ;
5,6and7 named constant variables ;;;
eg.
‘© concentration of beetroot juice
‘+ correct detail of consistency in running
‘+ age/stature /sex