PRELIM: UNDERSTANDING THE SELF REVIEWER

1. What distinguishes the Philosophical Self from the Social Self?

o A) Philosophical Self focuses on internal thoughts; Social Self focuses on external perceptions.
o B) Philosophical Self is innate; Social Self is acquired.
o C) Philosophical Self is stable; Social Self is dynamic.
o D) Philosophical Self is conscious; Social Self is subconscious.
o Answer: C
o Rationale: The Philosophical Self refers to stable, enduring aspects of one's identity, whereas the Social Self
reflects roles and identities shaped by social interactions (Rosenberg, 1979).
2. Which theorist emphasized the distinction between "I" and "Me" in understanding the self?
o A) George Herbert Mead
o B) Sigmund Freud
o C) Jean Piaget
o D) Erik Erikson
o Answer: A
o Rationale: George Herbert Mead proposed that "I" represents one's unique perspective and agency, while
"Me" reflects social roles and expectations (Mead, 1934).
3. According to existential philosophy, the Philosophical Self is concerned primarily with:
o A) Social validation
o B) Personal growth and authenticity
o C) Conformity to societal norms
o D) Adaptation to external pressures
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Existential philosophers emphasize the importance of personal authenticity and growth in
defining the Philosophical Self (Sartre, 1957).
4. Which aspect of the self is most influenced by cultural and societal norms?
o A) Philosophical Self
o B) Social Self
o C) Ideal Self
o D) Real Self
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The Social Self is shaped by interactions with others and conforms to cultural expectations
(Markus & Kitayama, 1991).
5. The concept of "Face" in Eastern cultures reflects which aspect of the self?
o A) Philosophical Self
o B) Social Self
o C) Ideal Self
o D) Private Self
o Answer: B
o Rationale: "Face" in Eastern cultures relates to maintaining social dignity and respect, emphasizing the
Social Self (Hwang, 1987).
6. According to William James, the "I" represents:
o A) Socially constructed roles
o B) Personal identity and agency
o C) Collective identity
o D) Cultural values
o Answer: B
o Rationale: William James described the "I" as the subjective aspect of self, encompassing personal identity
and agency (James, 1890).
7. Which psychological theory focuses on the discrepancy between the Real Self and the Ideal Self?
o A) Humanistic theory
o B) Cognitive-behavioral theory
o C) Psychodynamic theory
o D) Social learning theory
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Humanistic theory, particularly Carl Rogers' self-concept theory, examines the gap between
one's actual (Real Self) and desired (Ideal Self) selves (Rogers, 1959).
8. The concept of "self-verification" refers to:
o A) Aligning the Real Self with the Ideal Self
o B) Seeking feedback to confirm existing self-beliefs
o C) Adapting to social roles
o D) Rejecting societal expectations
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-verification theory suggests individuals strive to maintain consistency between their self-
concept and external feedback (Swann, 1983).
9. Which concept reflects the notion of "looking-glass self" proposed by Charles Cooley?
o A) Self-schema
 o B) Self-esteem
o C) Social comparison
o D) Perception management
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Cooley's "looking-glass self" theory posits that individuals develop self-concepts through
imagining how others perceive them (Cooley, 1902).
10. In the context of self-perception, which theory suggests that people infer their own attitudes and emotions by
observing their behavior in social contexts?
o A) Self-determination theory
o B) Self-perception theory
o C) Self-efficacy theory
o D) Self-regulation theory
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-perception theory, proposed by Daryl Bem, suggests individuals infer their internal states by
observing their own behavior in relevant situations (Bem, 1972).
11. The process of social comparison is most closely associated with which aspect of the self?
o A) Ideal Self
o B) Real Self
o C) Social Self
o D) Private Self
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Social comparison involves evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with
others, affecting the Social Self (Festinger, 1954).
12. According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, the development of the self involves resolving conflicts at different
stages. Which stage is associated with the crisis of "identity vs. role confusion"?
o A) Adolescence
o B) Early childhood
o C) Young adulthood
o D) Middle adulthood
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Erikson's theory posits that during adolescence, individuals explore and establish their personal
identity, influencing both the Philosophical and Social Selves (Erikson, 1959).
13. The concept of "self-esteem" primarily relates to:
o A) Social roles
o B) Personal worth and value
o C) Cultural norms
o D) Interpersonal relationships
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-esteem refers to one's subjective evaluation of their own worth and value, encompassing
aspects of both the Philosophical and Social Selves (Rosenberg, 1965).
14. Which aspect of the self is most influenced by feedback and reactions from significant others?
o A) Ideal Self
o B) Real Self
o C) Private Self
o D) Social Self
o Answer: D
o Rationale: The Social Self is shaped by interactions with significant others and feedback received from social
environments (Leary & Tangney, 2012).
15. The concept of "self-concept clarity" refers to:
o A) Maintaining consistency between the Real Self and Ideal Self
o B) Having a well-defined and stable self-concept
o C) Adjusting the Social Self based on situational demands
o D) Balancing individual and collective identities
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-concept clarity refers to the extent to which one's self-concept is clearly defined, stable, and
internally consistent (Campbell et al., 1996).
16. Which theoretical approach focuses on how individuals construct narratives to make sense of their lives and
identities?
o A) Narrative psychology
o B) Behaviorism
o C) Structuralism
o D) Gestalt psychology
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Narrative psychology emphasizes the role of storytelling and narrative construction in shaping
personal identity and the Philosophical Self (Sarbin, 1986).
17. The concept of "self-presentation" refers to:
o A) Maintaining authenticity in interpersonal relationships
 o B) Managing impressions to influence how others perceive oneself
o C) Balancing conflicting aspects of the self
o D) Integrating personal and social identities
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-presentation involves strategically managing behaviors and communication to shape others'
perceptions, influencing the Social Self (Goffman, 1959).
18. Which aspect of the self is most associated with personal aspirations and future goals?
o A) Real Self
o B) Ideal Self
o C) Private Self
o D) Public Self
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The Ideal Self represents the self-concept that individuals aspire to achieve, encompassing
personal goals and aspirations (Higgins, 1987).
19. According to social identity theory, individuals derive self-esteem from:
o A) Personal achievements
o B) Cultural values
o C) Group memberships
o D) Intrinsic motivation
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Social identity theory posits that individuals derive self-esteem from their identification with and
membership in social groups (Tajfel & Turner, 1979).
20. Which perspective emphasizes the role of social interactions in shaping the self-concept through language and
communication?
o A) Cognitive psychology
o B) Social constructionism
o C) Psychoanalysis
o D) Humanistic psychology
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Social constructionism highlights how social interactions and language contribute to the
construction of the self-concept and Social Self (Gergen, 1999).
References:
• Bem, D. J. (1972). Self-perception theory. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (
3.5
You said:
create 20 items multiple choice questions with answer and rationale on the topic "Psychological Self" in relation to the course
Understanding the Self, this is for college students that will serve as their exam reviewer. Include legitimate references.
ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT
Memory updated
Here are 20 multiple-choice questions with answers and rationales on the topic "Psychological Self" for your exam reviewer:
1. Which of the following best describes the Psychological Self?
o A) The self as defined by social roles and expectations
o B) The internal processes that shape one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior
o C) The self as perceived by others
o D) The self as it relates to cultural identity
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The Psychological Self refers to the internal processes, including thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors, that define one's personal identity (Markus & Wurf, 1987).
2. Which psychological theory emphasizes the concept of the "true self" versus the "false self"?
o A) Humanistic theory
o B) Psychoanalytic theory
o C) Behaviorist theory
o D) Cognitive theory
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Humanistic theory, particularly Carl Rogers' work, differentiates between the "true self"
(authentic self) and the "false self" (socially influenced self) (Rogers, 1951).
3. According to Freud, which component of the self is responsible for balancing desires and reality?
o A) Id
o B) Ego
o C) Superego
o D) Conscious
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Freud's model of the psyche includes the Ego, which mediates between the Id's desires, the
Superego's morals, and reality (Freud, 1923).
4. The concept of self-efficacy is most closely associated with which psychologist?
o A) Albert Bandura
 o B) Carl Jung
o C) Erik Erikson
o D) Abraham Maslow
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Albert Bandura introduced the concept of self-efficacy, which refers to one's belief in their ability
to succeed in specific situations (Bandura, 1977).
5. Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-developed Psychological Self?
o A) Inflexibility in thought patterns
o B) High self-awareness and emotional regulation
o C) Reliance on external validation
o D) Dependence on societal norms
o Answer: B
o Rationale: A well-developed Psychological Self is marked by self-awareness, emotional regulation, and
independence from external validation (Goleman, 1995).
6. The concept of "self-concept" refers to:
o A) The beliefs one holds about oneself
o B) The roles assigned by society
o C) The self as seen by others
o D) The unconscious mind
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Self-concept encompasses the beliefs, perceptions, and knowledge one holds about themselves
(Rosenberg, 1979).
7. In cognitive psychology, which process involves attributing one's own characteristics to others?
o A) Projection
o B) Introjection
o C) Identification
o D) Rationalization
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Projection is a defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own undesirable traits to
others (Freud, 1936).
8. According to Erik Erikson, the stage of "Identity vs. Role Confusion" primarily concerns:
o A) Developing a sense of personal identity
o B) Achieving emotional independence
o C) Forming intimate relationships
o D) Establishing career goals
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Erikson's "Identity vs. Role Confusion" stage occurs during adolescence, focusing on the
development of a coherent sense of self (Erikson, 1968).
9. Which of the following is a key component of Carl Rogers' theory of the self?
o A) Unconditional positive regard
o B) Reinforcement
o C) Social comparison
o D) Defense mechanisms
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in fostering a healthy
Psychological Self (Rogers, 1951).
10. The concept of "self-actualization" is associated with which theorist?
o A) Sigmund Freud
o B) Abraham Maslow
o C) Carl Jung
o D) Albert Bandura
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs culminates in self-actualization, where individuals realize
their fullest potential (Maslow, 1943).
11. Which of the following best describes self-regulation?
o A) The ability to adapt one's behavior in response to external demands
o B) The tendency to follow societal norms without question
o C) The reliance on others for emotional support
o D) The avoidance of stressful situations
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Self-regulation involves adjusting behavior, emotions, and thoughts in response to external
circumstances and internal goals (Baumeister & Vohs, 2004).
12. Which term refers to the enduring traits and behaviors that make up an individual's distinctive personality?
o A) Identity
o B) Personality
o C) Temperament
o D) Character
 o Answer: B
o Rationale: Personality is the set of enduring traits, behaviors, and emotional patterns that distinguish
individuals (McCrae & Costa, 2003).
13. In Jungian psychology, which aspect of the self is represented by archetypes?
o A) Conscious self
o B) Unconscious self
o C) Social self
o D) Ideal self
o Answer: B
o Rationale: In Jungian psychology, archetypes represent universal, unconscious elements of the
Psychological Self (Jung, 1968).
14. Which of the following describes "self-compassion"?
o A) A focus on self-criticism and perfectionism
o B) The ability to be kind and understanding toward oneself during difficult times
o C) The pursuit of external validation and approval
o D) The tendency to avoid responsibility for one's actions
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-compassion involves treating oneself with kindness and understanding, particularly in times
of failure or difficulty (Neff, 2003).
15. The concept of "locus of control" is most closely related to which psychological aspect of the self?
o A) Attribution of success and failure
o B) Self-perception of physical abilities
o C) Social role identification
o D) Cognitive dissonance
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Locus of control refers to the degree to which individuals believe they have control over the
outcomes of events in their lives (Rotter, 1966).
16. In Bandura's theory, what is the primary determinant of self-efficacy?
o A) Social feedback
o B) Personal achievements
o C) Role models
o D) Genetic predisposition
o Answer: B
o Rationale: According to Bandura, self-efficacy is primarily determined by personal achievements and
experiences of mastery (Bandura, 1977).
17. The concept of "introjection" in psychodynamic theory refers to:
o A) Internalizing the attributes of others as part of the self
o B) Projecting one's own traits onto others
o C) Resisting external influence
o D) Engaging in self-criticism
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Introjection involves incorporating the qualities or values of others into one's own self-concept
(Freud, 1936).
18. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "self-esteem"?
o A) Believing in one's inherent worth and abilities
o B) Identifying with a particular social group
o C) Adapting to changing social roles
o D) Conforming to societal expectations
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall evaluation of their own worth and abilities
(Rosenberg, 1965).
19. In Erikson's theory, which stage is crucial for developing a sense of competence and self-worth?
o A) Trust vs. Mistrust
o B) Initiative vs. Guilt
o C) Industry vs. Inferiority
o D) Intimacy vs. Isolation
o Answer: C
o Rationale: The stage of Industry vs. Inferiority, typically during childhood, is critical for developing a sense of
competence and self-worth (Erikson, 1968).
20. Which psychological concept refers to the internalized standards we use to evaluate our behavior?
o A) Ego-ideal
o B) Self-schema
o C) Super-ego
o D) Cognitive bias
o Answer: C
o Rationale: The Super-ego, according to Freud, contains internalized moral standards that influence our
judgments and behavior (Freud, 1923).
21. Which of the following best describes the Psychological Self?
o A) The self as defined by social roles and expectations
o B) The internal processes that shape one's thoughts, feelings, and behavior
o C) The self as perceived by others
o D) The self as it relates to cultural identity
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The Psychological Self refers to the internal processes, including thoughts, emotions, and
behaviors, that define one's personal identity (Markus & Wurf, 1987).
22. Which psychological theory emphasizes the concept of the "true self" versus the "false self"?
o A) Humanistic theory
o B) Psychoanalytic theory
o C) Behaviorist theory
o D) Cognitive theory
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Humanistic theory, particularly Carl Rogers' work, differentiates between the "true self"
(authentic self) and the "false self" (socially influenced self) (Rogers, 1951).
23. According to Freud, which component of the self is responsible for balancing desires and reality?
o A) Id
o B) Ego
o C) Superego
o D) Conscious
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Freud's model of the psyche includes the Ego, which mediates between the Id's desires, the
Superego's morals, and reality (Freud, 1923).
24. The concept of self-efficacy is most closely associated with which psychologist?
o A) Albert Bandura
o B) Carl Jung
o C) Erik Erikson
o D) Abraham Maslow
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Albert Bandura introduced the concept of self-efficacy, which refers to one's belief in their ability
to succeed in specific situations (Bandura, 1977).
25. Which of the following is a characteristic of a well-developed Psychological Self?
o A) Inflexibility in thought patterns
o B) High self-awareness and emotional regulation
o C) Reliance on external validation
o D) Dependence on societal norms
o Answer: B
o Rationale: A well-developed Psychological Self is marked by self-awareness, emotional regulation, and
independence from external validation (Goleman, 1995).
26. The concept of "self-concept" refers to:
o A) The beliefs one holds about oneself
o B) The roles assigned by society
o C) The self as seen by others
o D) The unconscious mind
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Self-concept encompasses the beliefs, perceptions, and knowledge one holds about themselves
(Rosenberg, 1979).
27. In cognitive psychology, which process involves attributing one's own characteristics to others?
o A) Projection
o B) Introjection
o C) Identification
o D) Rationalization
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Projection is a defense mechanism where individuals attribute their own undesirable traits to
others (Freud, 1936).
28. According to Erik Erikson, the stage of "Identity vs. Role Confusion" primarily concerns:
o A) Developing a sense of personal identity
o B) Achieving emotional independence
o C) Forming intimate relationships
o D) Establishing career goals
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Erikson's "Identity vs. Role Confusion" stage occurs during adolescence, focusing on the
development of a coherent sense of self (Erikson, 1968).
29. Which of the following is a key component of Carl Rogers' theory of the self?
o A) Unconditional positive regard
o B) Reinforcement
 o C) Social comparison
o D) Defense mechanisms
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in fostering a healthy
Psychological Self (Rogers, 1951).
30. The concept of "self-actualization" is associated with which theorist?
o A) Sigmund Freud
o B) Abraham Maslow
o C) Carl Jung
o D) Albert Bandura
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs culminates in self-actualization, where individuals realize
their fullest potential (Maslow, 1943).
31. Which of the following best describes self-regulation?
o A) The ability to adapt one's behavior in response to external demands
o B) The tendency to follow societal norms without question
o C) The reliance on others for emotional support
o D) The avoidance of stressful situations
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Self-regulation involves adjusting behavior, emotions, and thoughts in response to external
circumstances and internal goals (Baumeister & Vohs, 2004).
32. Which term refers to the enduring traits and behaviors that make up an individual's distinctive personality?
o A) Identity
o B) Personality
o C) Temperament
o D) Character
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Personality is the set of enduring traits, behaviors, and emotional patterns that distinguish
individuals (McCrae & Costa, 2003).
33. In Jungian psychology, which aspect of the self is represented by archetypes?
o A) Conscious self
o B) Unconscious self
o C) Social self
o D) Ideal self
o Answer: B
o Rationale: In Jungian psychology, archetypes represent universal, unconscious elements of the
Psychological Self (Jung, 1968).
34. Which of the following describes "self-compassion"?
o A) A focus on self-criticism and perfectionism
o B) The ability to be kind and understanding toward oneself during difficult times
o C) The pursuit of external validation and approval
o D) The tendency to avoid responsibility for one's actions
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-compassion involves treating oneself with kindness and understanding, particularly in times
of failure or difficulty (Neff, 2003).
35. The concept of "locus of control" is most closely related to which psychological aspect of the self?
o A) Attribution of success and failure
o B) Self-perception of physical abilities
o C) Social role identification
o D) Cognitive dissonance
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Locus of control refers to the degree to which individuals believe they have control over the
outcomes of events in their lives (Rotter, 1966).
36. In Bandura's theory, what is the primary determinant of self-efficacy?
o A) Social feedback
o B) Personal achievements
o C) Role models
o D) Genetic predisposition
o Answer: B
o Rationale: According to Bandura, self-efficacy is primarily determined by personal achievements and
experiences of mastery (Bandura, 1977).
37. The concept of "introjection" in psychodynamic theory refers to:
o A) Internalizing the attributes of others as part of the self
o B) Projecting one's own traits onto others
o C) Resisting external influence
o D) Engaging in self-criticism
o Answer: A
 o Rationale: Introjection involves incorporating the qualities or values of others into one's own self-concept
(Freud, 1936).
38. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "self-esteem"?
o A) Believing in one's inherent worth and abilities
o B) Identifying with a particular social group
o C) Adapting to changing social roles
o D) Conforming to societal expectations
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Self-esteem refers to an individual's overall evaluation of their own worth and abilities
(Rosenberg, 1965).
39. In Erikson's theory, which stage is crucial for developing a sense of competence and self-worth?
o A) Trust vs. Mistrust
o B) Initiative vs. Guilt
o C) Industry vs. Inferiority
o D) Intimacy vs. Isolation
o Answer: C
o Rationale: The stage of Industry vs. Inferiority, typically during childhood, is critical for developing a sense of
competence and self-worth (Erikson, 1968).
40. Which psychological concept refers to the internalized standards we use to evaluate our behavior?
o A) Ego-ideal
o B) Self-schema
o C) Super-ego
o D) Cognitive bias
o Answer: C
o Rationale: The Super-ego, according to Freud, contains internalized moral standards that influence our
judgments and behavior (Freud, 1923).
41. Which of the following is a core concept of Humanistic Psychology?
o A) Determinism
o B) Free will
o C) Classical conditioning
o D) Unconscious drives
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Humanistic Psychology emphasizes the importance of free will and the ability of individuals to
make choices that shape their lives (Rogers, 1951).
42. Who is considered the founder of Humanistic Psychology?
o A) Sigmund Freud
o B) Carl Rogers
o C) B.F. Skinner
o D) Albert Bandura
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Carl Rogers is one of the key figures in Humanistic Psychology, known for his client-centered
therapy and the concept of self-actualization (Rogers, 1951).
43. Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs culminates in which concept?
o A) Self-esteem
o B) Love and belonging
o C) Self-actualization
o D) Safety needs
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Self-actualization is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, representing the fulfillment
of one's potential (Maslow, 1943).
44. Which of the following best describes "self-actualization"?
o A) Achieving external success and validation
o B) Realizing and expressing one's true self and potential
o C) Adhering to social norms
o D) Balancing the Id and Superego
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Self-actualization refers to the process of realizing and expressing one's fullest potential and true
self (Maslow, 1943).
45. Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of which type of regard in the development of a healthy self-concept?
o A) Conditional positive regard
o B) Unconditional positive regard
o C) Negative reinforcement
o D) Punishment
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Unconditional positive regard, where individuals are valued without conditions, is essential for
developing a healthy self-concept according to Rogers (Rogers, 1951).
46. In Humanistic Psychology, which concept is central to personal growth and fulfillment?
 o A) Defense mechanisms
o B) The ideal self
o C) Social conformity
o D) Cognitive dissonance
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The ideal self represents the person one strives to become, and aligning with this ideal is central
to personal growth in Humanistic Psychology (Rogers, 1951).
47. Which statement reflects a key principle of Humanistic Psychology?
o A) Behavior is determined by unconscious forces.
o B) Humans have an innate drive towards self-actualization.
o C) Social norms dictate behavior.
o D) Learning occurs through reinforcement.
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Humanistic Psychology posits that humans are naturally driven toward growth and self-
actualization (Maslow, 1943).
48. Humanistic psychologists believe that individuals have an inherent potential for:
o A) Aggression
o B) Personal growth
o C) Conformity
o D) Repression
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Humanistic Psychology emphasizes that every individual has the potential for personal growth
and self-improvement (Rogers, 1951).
49. Which of the following concepts is NOT typically associated with Humanistic Psychology?
o A) Self-actualization
o B) Free will
o C) Unconscious drives
o D) Personal responsibility
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Unconscious drives are a focus of Psychoanalytic theory, not Humanistic Psychology, which
emphasizes conscious choices and personal responsibility (Freud, 1923; Rogers, 1951).
50. According to Carl Rogers, what is the primary source of psychological distress?
o A) Repressed memories
o B) Discrepancy between the actual self and the ideal self
o C) Lack of reinforcement
o D) Failure to conform to societal expectations
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Rogers believed that psychological distress arises from the gap between the actual self and the
ideal self, leading to feelings of incongruence (Rogers, 1951).
Sociocultural Theory of Self

51. Sociocultural theory emphasizes the role of which of the following in the development of the self?
o A) Genetic inheritance
o B) Social interactions and culture
o C) Biological drives
o D) Individual cognition
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Sociocultural theory posits that social interactions and cultural contexts are crucial in shaping the
self (Vygotsky, 1978).
52. According to Vygotsky, the development of the self is largely influenced by:
o A) Classical conditioning
o B) Social interactions with more knowledgeable others
o C) Innate biological factors
o D) Reinforcement and punishment
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Vygotsky emphasized the role of social interactions with more knowledgeable others, such as
parents and teachers, in the development of the self (Vygotsky, 1978).
53. Which concept refers to the internalization of cultural norms and values as part of the self?
o A) Enculturation
o B) Assimilation
o C) Acculturation
o D) Socialization
o Answer: D
o Rationale: Socialization is the process by which individuals internalize the norms, values, and beliefs of their
culture, shaping their sense of self (Mead, 1934).
54. In the Sociocultural theory, which of the following is considered a primary tool for cognitive development and self-
construction?
o A) Language
o B) Punishment
o C) Operant conditioning
o D) Reflexes
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Language is a primary tool in Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory, facilitating cognitive development
and the construction of the self (Vygotsky, 1978).
55. Which psychologist is most closely associated with the Sociocultural theory?
o A) Jean Piaget
o B) Lev Vygotsky
o C) Sigmund Freud
o D) Albert Bandura
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Lev Vygotsky is the key figure behind Sociocultural theory, which highlights the role of social
interaction in cognitive and self-development (Vygotsky, 1978).
56. Which of the following statements best reflects the Sociocultural theory of self?
o A) The self is a product of biological instincts.
o B) The self emerges from social interactions and cultural context.
o C) The self is determined by unconscious processes.
o D) The self is shaped by reinforcement and punishment.
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Sociocultural theory asserts that the self is constructed through social interactions and the
influence of cultural context (Vygotsky, 1978).
57. According to Sociocultural theory, which of the following plays a crucial role in the formation of identity?
o A) Biological maturation
o B) Social institutions and cultural practices
o C) Cognitive development stages
o D) Defense mechanisms
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Sociocultural theory emphasizes the influence of social institutions and cultural practices in
shaping one's identity (Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1978).
58. In Sociocultural theory, the concept of the "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD) refers to:
o A) The range of tasks that a person can perform independently
o B) The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance
o C) The level of moral development
o D) The stage of cognitive development
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The ZPD is a key concept in Vygotsky's theory, describing the gap between what a learner can do
on their own and what they can do with assistance (Vygotsky, 1978).
59. Which of the following best describes "cultural tools" in Vygotsky's theory?
o A) Inherited traits that influence behavior
o B) Symbols, language, and artifacts that shape cognitive development and self-concept
o C) Genetic predispositions to certain behaviors
o D) Biological factors that determine personality
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Cultural tools, such as language and symbols, are integral to cognitive development and the
construction of the self in Vygotsky's theory (Vygotsky, 1978).
60. In Sociocultural theory, which process involves adopting the values and norms of one's cultural group as part of the
self?
o A) Social identification
o B) Self-actualization
o C) Cognitive dissonance
o D) Individuation
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Social identification is the process through which individuals adopt the values and norms of their
cultural group, shaping their sense of self (Tajfel & Turner, 1986).
61. Which of the following is most closely associated with the biological view of self?
o A) Cultural traditions
o B) Genetic inheritance
o C) Social interactions
o D) Cognitive development
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The biological view emphasizes the role of genetic inheritance in shaping the self, including
personality traits and behaviors (Plomin et al., 2001).
62. The role of neurotransmitters in personality is an example of which perspective?
 o A) Cognitive
o B) Biological
o C) Behavioral
o D) Humanistic
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine are biological factors that influence mood and
behavior, supporting the biological perspective of self (Nussbaum, 2017).
63. Which of the following best explains the concept of heritability in the biological view of self?
o A) The environment's influence on behavior
o B) The degree to which genetic factors explain individual differences in a trait
o C) The role of culture in shaping identity
o D) The impact of reinforcement on learning
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Heritability refers to the extent to which genetic differences account for variations in traits
among individuals within a population (Plomin et al., 2001).
64. Twin studies are often used in which type of research related to the self?
o A) Sociocultural
o B) Behavioral
o C) Biological
o D) Humanistic
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Twin studies help researchers understand the influence of genetics versus environment on
personality and other traits, aligning with the biological view (Bouchard, 2004).
65. Which of the following biological factors is most likely to influence an individual's temperament?
o A) Parenting style
o B) Cultural background
o C) Genetic predispositions
o D) Educational level
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Temperament is largely influenced by genetic factors, reflecting the biological view of self
(Rothbart & Bates, 2006).
66. The study of epigenetics explores how:
o A) Environmental factors can affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence
o B) Social interactions influence self-identity
o C) Cultural values shape behavior
o D) Cognitive processes determine personality
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Epigenetics examines how environmental influences can alter gene expression, illustrating the
dynamic interplay between biology and environment (Meaney, 2010).
67. Which brain structure is primarily associated with the regulation of emotions and is relevant to the biological view
of self?
o A) Hippocampus
o B) Amygdala
o C) Cerebellum
o D) Medulla
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The amygdala plays a crucial role in emotion regulation and is central to understanding the
biological basis of emotional aspects of the self (LeDoux, 2000).
68. Which of the following statements best represents a biological view of the self?
o A) Personality is shaped solely by cultural influences.
o B) The self is a product of genetic and neurological factors.
o C) Social interactions are the primary determinants of behavior.
o D) The self is constructed through cognitive development.
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The biological view emphasizes the role of genetic and neurological factors in shaping the self
(Plomin et al., 2001).
69. The concept of "nature" in the "nature vs. nurture" debate refers to:
o A) Environmental influences
o B) Genetic inheritance and biological factors
o C) Cultural norms and values
o D) Learning experiences
o Answer: B
o Rationale: "Nature" refers to the genetic and biological factors that influence the development of the self,
in contrast to "nurture," which involves environmental influences (Plomin et al., 2001).
70. In the biological view, personality traits are often linked to:
o A) Social expectations
o B) Genetic predispositions and brain chemistry
 o C) Cultural traditions
o D) Educational background
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Personality traits are believed to be influenced by genetic predispositions and brain chemistry, as
proposed by the biological view (Nussbaum, 2017).
Sociocultural View of Self

71. Which of the following best describes the sociocultural view of self?
o A) The self is determined by unconscious drives.
o B) The self is shaped by social interactions and cultural contexts.
o C) The self is purely a result of genetic inheritance.
o D) The self develops independently of environmental influences.
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The sociocultural view emphasizes the role of social interactions and cultural contexts in shaping
the self (Vygotsky, 1978).
72. According to the sociocultural view, which of the following is crucial for self-development?
o A) Genetic factors
o B) Language and communication within a cultural context
o C) Innate biological drives
o D) Unconscious processes
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Language and communication within a cultural context are key elements in the sociocultural
view, facilitating the development of the self (Vygotsky, 1978).
73. In sociocultural theory, the concept of "cultural tools" refers to:
o A) Genetic traits passed down through generations
o B) Artifacts, symbols, and language that shape cognitive and self-development
o C) Biological mechanisms that influence behavior
o D) Innate cognitive abilities
o Answer: B
o Rationale: "Cultural tools" include artifacts, symbols, and language that are used within a society to shape
cognitive development and the formation of self (Vygotsky, 1978).
74. The process by which individuals learn and adopt the values, norms, and behaviors of their culture is known as:
o A) Enculturation
o B) Genetic inheritance
o C) Operant conditioning
o D) Self-actualization
o Answer: A
o Rationale: Enculturation is the process through which individuals learn and adopt the values, norms, and
behaviors of their culture, shaping their sense of self (Mead, 1934).
75. Which of the following statements reflects the sociocultural view of identity?
o A) Identity is a fixed and unchangeable trait.
o B) Identity is shaped by social roles and cultural norms.
o C) Identity is solely determined by biological factors.
o D) Identity is independent of social influences.
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The sociocultural view asserts that identity is shaped by the social roles and cultural norms one is
exposed to (Mead, 1934; Vygotsky, 1978).
76. The concept of the "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory is best described as:
o A) The gap between genetic potential and actual performance
o B) The range of tasks that a person can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable other
o C) The inherent abilities determined by genetics
o D) The role of reinforcement in learning
o Answer: B
o Rationale: The ZPD refers to the difference between what a learner can do independently and what they
can achieve with guidance, highlighting the importance of social interaction in learning (Vygotsky, 1978).
77. Which theory posits that identity is formed through the internalization of cultural norms and social roles?
o A) Psychoanalytic theory
o B) Behaviorist theory
o C) Sociocultural theory
o D) Biological theory
o Answer: C
o Rationale: Sociocultural theory suggests that identity is formed through the internalization of cultural
norms and social roles (Vygotsky, 1978).
78. According to sociocultural theory, which factor is most influential in the development of self-concept?
o A) Genetic predispositions
o B) Social interactions and cultural context
 o C) Unconscious motives
o D) Innate intelligence
o Answer: B
o Rationale: Social interactions and cultural context are central to the development of self-concept in
sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978).
79. The sociocultural perspective emphasizes the role of "context" in understanding behavior. What does "context"
refer to?
o A) Genetic makeup
o B) The environment, including social and cultural factors
o C) Biological processes
o D) Unconscious desires
o Answer: B
o Rationale: In the sociocultural perspective, "context" refers to the environmental factors, including social
and cultural influences, that shape behavior and self-concept (Vygotsky, 1978).
80. Which of the following best illustrates the sociocultural view of self-development? - A) An individual's personality is
solely determined by their genes. –
B) A child's self-concept evolves through interactions with family and community.
C) A person's identity is entirely fixed at birth.
D) Behavior is driven purely by unconscious forces.
Answer: B
Rationale: The sociocultural view emphasizes that self-concept and identity are shaped through interactions with
family, community, and cultural institutions (Mead, 1934).