Lecture 6

Plagiarism and
Referencing Styles
 Learning Objectives
— What is research misconduct?

— What is plagiarism?

— Why it is important or matter?

— What are the consequences?

— How to avoid plagiarism?

 Overview
Why Research?
— We do research because we want to
explore interesting topics by incorporating
others’ ideas and information.

— Exploring our own thoughts and opinions in

relation to other people’s – because we are
not an expert on the topic.

— Therefore, we must do research and cite

the sources/references accordingly.
Research Misconducts

Research Misconducts Fabrication

Falsification

Plagiarism
 Research Misconducts
—Fabrication of data
◦Making up data or results and recording or
reporting them

—Falsification of data
◦Manipulating research materials, equipment
or processes, or changing or omitting data
or results.
 Research Misconducts
—Plagiarism
• direct copying of material,
• use of other people’s data without
acknowledgement,
• use of ideas from other people without
adequate attribution
• Misleading ascription of authorship including the
listings of authors without their permission,
• attributing work to others who have not in fact
contributed in the research, and
• lack of appropriate acknowledgement of work
primarily
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 Plagiarism in Academic Writing
— Students are often unsure of exactly what
plagiarism is and how it affects them.

— These days because of the ease of cutting

and pasting from the Web, student
plagiarism has become an issue of great
concern at academic institutions.

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 Writing Ethically: What is plagiarism?
Plagiarism is:
— copying phrases and passages word-for-word
without quotation marks & without a reference
to the author (from books, journals, reports,
theses, websites, conference papers, etc).

— paraphrasing an author's work but presenting

it without a reference (includes sentences,
paragraphs, ideas and themes).

— copying any part of others’ work.

— submitting items of assessment that are

written in conjunction with other students
(without prior permission).
 What is plagiarism? (cont.)
— submitting a piece of work that has already
been submitted for assessment in another
course.

— presenting other people's designs and

images as your own work.

— submitting work as your own that someone

else has done for you.

— Cutting and pasting internet materials.

— Using someone’s result without permission.

 Two types of plagiarism
— Intentional Unintentional
—
— Copying a friend's work. — Careless paraphrasing
— Buying or borrowing — Poor documentation of
papers papers
— Cutting and pasting blocks — Quoting excessively
of text from electronic — Failure to use your own
sources without citation. “voice”
— Media “borrowing” (using a — Taking work you have
google image) turning it in created elsewhere and
again without turning it in again without
documentation changes
— Web publishing without
permissions of creators

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 Two types of plagiarism: Intentionally or
unintentionally
• Some students deliberately plagiarize and
rationalize with various excuses:
• the pressures of meeting deadlines;
• feeling overworked;
• compensating for actual (or perceived) academic or
language deficiencies.
• Some students commit plagiarism without intending
to do so due to sloppy note taking, insufficient
paraphrasing, and/or ineffective proofreading.
• Those problems, however, neither justify nor
excuse this breach of academic standards.
• By merely changing a few words or rearranging
several words or sentences - it is not paraphrasing.
• Making minor revisions to borrowed text amounts to
plagiarism.
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 Avoiding Plagiarism

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 Strategies for Avoiding Plagiarism
— Credit must be given when using one of the
following in own research paper:
◦ another person's idea, opinion, or theory
◦ any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings or
other non-textual elements used or adapted
from another source
◦ any pieces of information that are not
common knowledge
◦ quotations of another person's actual
spoken or written words
◦ paraphrase of another person's spoken or
written words
 Academic Writing & Citation
— Academic writing requires that we acknowledge other
writers’ words and thoughts by citing and
referencing the sources of information.
— Citing is the practice of quoting from, or referring to,
other writers’ works and ideas in the text of your
work;
— Referencing is the listing of the full details of the
publications that you have cited so that the reader can
track down the original sources.
— Citation and referencing have long been regarded as
a hallmark of good academic writing of all kinds.
— Source: Harvard UCT: Handbook of Citation (2013)
 Good Reasons For Citation
— Writing is "intellectual property" and we have
to give credit to persons who first expressed an
idea.

— Doing citation and listing the references (work of

others) is the best way of protecting ourselves
from being accused of, or committing plagiarism.

— Relevant citations show the reader that you have

read the literature, have an understanding of it,
and are familiar with the important researchers.
 Good Reasons For Citation (cont..)
— Citations gives authority to your statements by
showing that your arguments are supported by
other writers.
— Citations also show how up-to-date your reading
has been. In certain subject fields it is very
important to be aware of the most recent
developments.
— References enable the reader to check the
accuracy of a quotation, or find the source and
the context of a quotation or idea.
Do you have to cite — Facts/information that are
widely known is considered
everything? “common knowledge” thus
DO NOT have to be
documented.
— Examples:
— Information that is easily
observed (the sky is blue)
— Commonly reported facts (Tunku
Abdul Rahman was the first Prime
Minister of Malaysia)
— Common sayings such as proverbs
(“look before you leap”, “when US
sneezes, the world catches cold”)

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 How to avoid plagiarism?
— Citing your references
— Referencing correctly
— Recording direct quotes and paraphrases correctly
when note taking.

1. Direct Quotation

— When we use the exact words, ideas or images of

another person, we are quoting the author
— so have to use quotation marks around the
original author's direct words and cite the
reference.

E.g.: Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language

involves attaching meaning to symbols" (p.188).
 How to avoid plagiarism?...
2. Paraphrasing
— Paraphrasing is when we take someone else's
concepts and put them into our own words without
changing the original meaning.
— Even though we are not using the same words we
still need to cite the references.

3. Note taking
— Poor note taking can lead to plagiarism. Should
always :
orecord all reference information correctly.
ouse quotation marks exactly as in the original.
oparaphrase correctly.
oclearly distinguish your own ideas from the ideas
of other authors.
 When to paraphrase and when to quote?

— Paraphrase is more common than quotation in

academic writing.
oWhy? Because readers want to understand your
point of view and see your way of putting your
ideas together.

— Paraphrase when using an idea or data from a

source (e.g. book or journal article).
oRemember to reference the source every time
you paraphrase.
oPage numbers may not be necessary, depending
on the referencing system used.
 When to paraphrase and when to quote?

You quote when:

— an author expresses an idea clearly or
well
— an author expresses a particularly
original idea
— wish to illustrate the author's
perspective (particularly well-expressed
opinions which a paraphrase could not
capture)
Paraphrasing….
 Example
The original author (Semich, 1992) wrote:
— Microsoft's chairman has explained the company's strategy
to make Windows the universal client operating system
in the enterprise.

The student wrote:

— The company's strategy is to make Windows the
universal client operating system in the enterprise by the
Window Open Services Architecture (WOSA)[Semich, 1992].

— The student has copied word for word from the original
author's article. Although the student acknowledged the
author, he did not put the excerpt in quotation marks or
adequately paraphrase the original wording.

— This is still not acceptable, and

may be considered plagiarism.
 Example of Paraphrasing
— Passage from Love and Toil (a book on motherhood in London from 1870 to 1918), in
which the author, Ellen Ross, puts forth one of her major arguments:
Love and Toil maintains that family survival was the mother's main charge among the large
majority of London’s population who were poor or working class; the emotional and
intellectual nurture of her child or children and even their actual comfort were forced into
the background.To mother was to work for and organize household subsistence. (p. 9)

1. Change the structure

Children of the poor at the turn of the century received little if any emotional or
intellectual nurturing from their mothers, whose main charge was family survival.
Working for and organizing household subsistence were what defined mothering. Next
to this, even the children's basic comfort was forced into the background (Ross, 1995).

2. Change the words

According to Ross (1993), poor children at the turn of the century received little
mothering in our sense of the term. Mothering was defined by economic status, and
among the poor, a mother's foremost responsibility was not to stimulate her children's
minds or foster their emotional growth but to provide food and shelter to meet the
basic requirements for physical survival. Given the magnitude of this task, children
were deprived of even the "actual comfort" (p. 9) we expect mothers to provide today.
 How to paraphrase a source?
— General tips:
— When reading, try to understand the whole
passage.
— Take abbreviated notes; set the notes aside; then
paraphrase from the notes
— Choose and summarize the material that helps
you make a point in your paper.
— Think of what "your own words" would be if you
were telling someone who's unfamiliar with your
subject what the original source said.
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 Referencing Style
— Referencing styles are established systems of
referencing with consistent rules.
— Referencing style requirements cover two
elements of a referencing system:
oin-text citations such as author-date
citations or footnotes/endnotes
oreference lists or bibliographies.
— There is a wide range of referencing styles,
each with different origins and features.
— Consistency is most important. Do not mix
referencing styles within one piece of writing.
 Referencing
Style

American Modern
Harvard Chicago
Psychological Language
Citation Style Manual of
Association Style Association
(APA) (MLA)

used in many
used in fields including
psychology, the social,
education, biological and used typically in
Used in natural the humanities,
anthropology, sciences, social physical modern
sociology, and sciences, sciences, and languages and
other behavioral education and humanities literature
social sciences business
 List of References
For books, book chapters, journals, or periodicals, the
information should be in this order:
— author’s family name followed by initials
— year of publication (in brackets)
— title of article (in journal) or chapter (in book)
— title of the book, journal or periodical in italics or
underlined with subtitle (if any) separated from the
title by a colon (:)
— editor’s name (for chapter in an edited book)
— edition (book) or volume & issue numbers (journal)
— publisher’s name
— place of publication (for book)
— page numbers (for book chapter or journal article)
 Citing sources
In-text citations
— Citations should always include the author's
surname (family name / last name) & the date of
publication and normally placed at the end of the
sentence. For example:
o The history of educational innovations is far from
encouraging (Nord, 1986).
o Henman (2002) states that...

— If the citation is particular to a page or pages,

o Papert (1993, p. 23) claims...

— If the citation contains more than one work, it should

appear as:
o .....our social history (Henman, 2002; Palmer & Short,
2002).
 Citing sources…..
— Works by 2 or 3 authors appear as:
oPalmer and Short (2000) contend...
oIf the authors’ names are within brackets, an
ampersand (&) is used: Current research has
shown (Palmer & Short, 2000) that...

— If a work has 3 or more authors, for the first

citation you should name all authors, but in
subsequent citation, simply use the first
author surname followed by the expression
'et al.'(and others).
oGoldschmidt, Smith and Ricardo (2003)
oGoldschmidt et al.(2003) report that...
oIt has been reported (Goldschmidt et al., 2003)...
 Citing sources…..
— If the citation is a direct quote, the page
number or numbers must be given:

oAs Swales (1990, p. 42) states ‘the

propensity for early categorization can
lead to failure’.
o“Language involves attaching meaning
to symbols " (Samovar & Porter,
1997, p.188)
 Citing secondary sources/Indirect
Sources
— Citing secondary sources, you have not read is
strongly discouraged in academic research since
strong research writing is based on using sources
you have read. Nonetheless, if it is challenging to
find the original source, then it is important to
cite the indirect source properly.

— Citations from secondary sources:

oSaunders (cited in Henman, 2001. p. 74)
proposes that...
oThe Williams Report (cited in Edgar, 1980, p.
432) claims that...
— For sources that you have not actually seen or read
but which are referred to in another work, list the
secondary source (the source you have read) in the
Reference List.
— In-text, name the original work and give a citation for
the secondary source.
— E.g. If Bennett's work is cited in a book by Rudman
and you didn't read Bennett's original work, list the
source you did read (Rudman reference) in the
Reference List.
— In-text
— Bennett (as cited in Rudman, 1999) defined ...
— Reference List
— Rudman, R. (1999). Human resources management in
New Zealand. (3rd ed.). Auckland, New Zealand:
Addison Wesley Longman.
 Citing online sources
— For online sources, the information should follow the
same basic order and include the type of medium, the
URL and the date you accessed the page. (Note: A
PDF or scanned version of a journal article is listed as
for a hardcopy version)
o name of the author/ editor/ authoring organization
o title of the page (look in the bar at the top of your browser)
or online journal article
o title of the site (go to the site's homepage) or online journal
o date the page was last updated, or the copyright date
o type of medium (e.g.‘CD-ROM’, ‘networked CD-ROM’ or
‘electronic’ if you are not sure which)
o date you accessed the page
o the full internet address (URL) of the page (i.e. http://etc.) or
the distributor (for CD-ROMS and networked databases).
 Citing sources - footnote/endnote
— In this system, each in-text citation is consecutively
numbered and a corresponding numbered note,
containing publication information about the source,
is provided at the foot of the page or end of the
chapter or paper.

— Numbering should be consecutive (1, 2, 3, 4)

throughout the chapter or paper.

— Footnotes are listed at the foot of the page on which

the citation appears.

— Where citations are too numerous to fit neatly at the

foot of the pages, they should be listed on a
separate page at the end of the chapter or paper as
endnotes.
 Examples: Footnote & Endnote
o Heritage was a word originally used to describe the
treasured possessions parents handed down to
their children in societies which valued and
respected their ancestral relationships28.
o 28. G. Davison, ‘The Meanings of Heritage’ in A
Hertiage Handbook, Allen & Unwin, North Sydney,
1991, p. 1; Bonyady, p. 62.

If the citation is a direct quote, the page number or

numbers must be given in the corresponding note
o Swales states that ‘the propensity for early
categorization can lead to a failure to understand
particular discourses in their own terms’2.
o 2 . J. Swales, Genre Analysis, Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, p. 63.
 Citing sources - footnote/endnote (cont.)
First Reference to a Source
— The first reference must contain all of the information
necessary for a reader to find the cited work.
◦ 1. G. R. Palmer and S. D. Short, Healthcare and Public
Policy: An Australian Analysis, 3rd ed., Macmillan, South
Yarra, 2000, pp.33-34.
Subsequent References
— Subsequent references to a previously cited work can be
abbreviated as follows:
◦ 2 G.R. Palmer & S.D. Short, Healthcare and Public
Policy: An Australian Analysis, 3rd ed., Macmillan, South
Yarra, 2000.
◦ 3 Palmer & Short, p. 53.

— Some use the Latin abbreviations op.cit. (for

previously cited works) or ibid. (repeat of the
preceding reference).
 Citing sources - footnote/endnote (cont.)
• Where endnotes are used, the list should be given the
heading Notes.
• For books, book chapters, journals, or periodicals, the
information should be in this order:
• author's initials or first name followed by surname, or editor’s
name (for edited book)
• title of article (in journal) or chapter (in book) between
quotation marks and using minimum capitalization with subtitle,
if any, separated from the title by a colon (:)
•editor’s name (for chapter in an edited book)
•name of the journal, periodical or book (in italics or underlined
and with maximum capitalization)
•edition (for book, if other than 1st edition)
•publisher's name (if applicable)
•place of publication (for book)
•volume and issue number (for journal)
•year of publication
•page numbers (for book chapter or journal article)
 References vs. Bibliography
— Reference – is the section where you
credit original writers that you have
cited or quoted in the text.

— Bibliography – is the section that

follows reference where the sources of
wider reading that you have done but
not cited or quoted directly in the text.