Engineering Utilities 2 - Reviewer 2.

Gridiron - All pipes are

interconnected. The main supply line
run through the center of the
Module 1 - Building Water Distribution
building, and submains.
System
3. Circular/Ring - Branch pipes are
connected cross-wise to the mains
Water Distribution System - refers to water
and to each other. Forms a ring of
supply network which carries potable water
supply around the area.
from a treatment facility or any source of
4. Radial - The whole building is divided
water to consumers for various
into several distribution areas.
purposes.(residential, commercial, industrial,
etc.)
Plumbing Engineers
- responsible for systems that serve all
Used for various purposes such as:
types of buildings such as residential,
● Drinking
commercial, industrial, public
● Cooking
facilities, etc.
● Washing
- Should have knowledge about fixture
● Taking a bath
selection and quality of fixtures
● Cleaning
● Irrigation
Rules of Potable Water
● Animal use
1. Non-toxic materials should be used
● Other commercial activities
2. There should never be a
cross-connection between private and
Basic Principles of WDS
public water supply system
● The quality of water should not
3. Water supply piping must never be
deteriorate in the distribution pipes.
directly connected to the drainage
● Water supply should have sufficient
system.
pressure heads.
4. Water supply must never be directly
● Water supply should be enough
connected to embalming, mortuary,
during fire-fighting
operating, or dissection tables.
● No customer should be without water
5. No direct connection for pump
supply during repair of any section.
priming
● All pipes should be laid 1 meter away
6. No direct connections to sterilizers,
or above the sewer lines.
aspirators, or similar equipment
● Pipes should be water-tight to prevent
7. No back flow of water from water
leakage
heaters/coolers/ or alike
8. Air gap must be provided between
Types of WDS
overflow and water supply outlet
1. Dead End/Tree - The extended
9. Below-the-rim water supply
portion of a pipe is closed to which no
connections must never be made
connections are made
Water Supply System - system of pipes and - contaminated water will flow back
fittings where fresh water is supplied into the water supply.
throughout the building
Hydrotesting
Fixtures and Appliances - fixtures includes - Final quality check before the pipeline
sinks, bathtubs, showers, toilet, and faucets; is placed in service
appliances includes heater, washing - Checks leaks and quality pipe
machine, dishwasher connections
- Usually uses 40 psi with holding time
Drain System - System of pipes, fittings, and of 4 hours to 24 hours
vents where waste water is being directed - Approved as provided in Section 501
towards the sewer
Module 2 - Plumbing Materials
Equivalent Water Supply Fixture Units -
used to determine the minimum fixture Revised National Plumbing Code of the
demand Philippines

Water Supply Fixture Units (WSFU) - a Section 401 – General Requirements

measure used to estimate the demand on a
water supply based on a type and number of “Plumbing fixtures shall be manufactured of
certain fixtures dense, durable, non-absorbent materials and
must have smooth, impervious surfaces free
Pressure Drop from unnecessary concealed fouling
- occurs in a pipe due to resistance to surfaces...”
flow.
- This can be caused by either frictional “Water closet for public use shall be the
resistance of a fluid against the pipe elongated bowl types equipped with
walls, pipe bends, or change in open-front seats. Water closet seats shall be
elevation. of smooth non-absorbent material and
- Excessive pressure drop can cause properly sized for the water closet bowl
reduced efficiency, higher energy used.
consumption, and equipment wear
and tear. Section 402 – Materials Alternatives

Air Gaps “Special-use fixtures may be made of

- the space between the water outlet soapstone, chemical stoneware or maybe
(such as a faucet), and the top of a lined with lead, copper base alloy,
basin (such as a sink). nickel-copper alloy, corrosion-resisting steel
- necessary to ensure that the or other materials specially suited for
potentially the use which the fixture is intended”
Common Plumbing Materials Adaptor
- used for extending pipe runs with the
PVC/Polyvinyl Chloride same or different diameters
- made from a plastic and vinyl - used to connect different pipe fixtures
combination material. - It may have female or male threads
- durable, hard to damage, and ends which need to be welded or
long-lasting. soldered onto a smaller pipe
- used in water systems, underground
wiring, and sewer lines. Cross-Type/Tee
- Used to join pipes from several
GI/ Galvanized Iron directions
- Wrought steel pipes with zinc coating
- Common problem is corrosion P-trap
- Generally used for internal plumbing - Barrier to stop sewer gas and odor
in building
- Pipe leak is common Elbow/ Bending
- Changes direction of water flow
PPR/ Polypropylene Random Copolymer - Most common: 90° and 45°
- Offered in green and white color and
is produced from continuous Reducers/ Bushing
extrusion process - Connects pipes of different sizes
- Suitable for hot and cold water supply - Can be eccentric, elbow, or tees
for all potable water applications
- Smoother inner surface and therefore End cap
frictional resistant - Temporarily seal at the end of the pipe
- Durable and lightweight - Can be plain or threaded (male and
female)
PE/ Polyethylene
- Available in longer length thus less Barb Fitting
fittings needed - Used to connect hoses to pipes
- Cheaper compared to other options - Plastic can be used for cold water and
- Lightweight, flexible, chemical brass for hot water
resistant
Gate Valve
Pipe Fittings - Used to control the flow of water by
- to change direction of flows raising and lowering the disc
- connect 2 pipes of different size - On strategic location for repair and
- connect different components maintenance
- to stop flow of water
Check Valves
 - Flow of water is one directional ○ Tank stores a quantity of water
- placed on the outlet side of the pump to establish the initial flush of
to protect the pump from backflow the bowl
- Often used in HVAC-systems ○ A lever raises and closes the
Types: flapper or ball
● Swing: a disc swings on a hinge
● Ball: a ball moves up and down Bidets
the inside of the valve - Used to was the anal regions after
using the water closet
Angle Valves - Can be separated from or integrated
- Inlet and outlet ports are in the water closer
perpendicular with each other
- Modern angle valves use 1⁄4 turn to Urinals
close and open the valve - Max water use of 1.0 gal per flush or
- Usually used in lavatories, water 4.5L per flush
closets, and bidets - Floor-mounted, wall-hung, or
- Cuts water flow if there is a need for freestanding
repair or replace of fixtures - Identified as blowout, siphon jet,
washout, stall, and wash-down
Plumbing Fixtures - Must be flushed with a flushometer
valve, either manually or automatic
Water Closets/ Toilet
- close coupled: two-piece: tank and Lavatories
bowl fixtures - Washbin used for personal hygiene
- one piece: tank and bowl is one piece - Comes in various sizes, shapes,
- Flushometer: bowl with spud materials, and color
connection that receives the
connection from a flushometer valve, Sink
either top spud or back spud - Kitchen or service
Flushing systems: - Come in single, double, or triple
● Flushometer Tank compartment
○ The inside of the tank is a - Comes in various sizes, materials, and
pressurized vessel that stores designs
water for flushing - Undermount or drop-in
○ Min of 25psi to operate properly
○ It contains a pressure regulator Bathtubs
to keep the pressure below - Comes in various sizes, shapes, and
35psi designs and materials
● Gravity Flush - Available from 5ft to 7ft
Showers - Cold water is heated on demand: Cold
- Comes in various sizes, shapes, and water is heated instantly when
designs and materials needed, without being stored, usually
- Can be customized with/without when a tap is turned on.
enclosures or prefabricated
Types: Water Heating Systems
- Fixed Shower Head: Wall mounted
head, small in size Direct Boiler System
- Rain shower: Fixed but are larger in - Hot water is stored in a galvanized
size. Can be mounting from wall or tank
ceiling - Cold water is fed to the boiler then the
- Handheld/telephone: Flexible and boiler heats up the water and returns
easy to use and not too expensive. the water to the tank
Wall mounted with flexible hose - Either by immersion or boiler
- Shower panels: Advance technology,
shows feature of temperature control, Indirect Boiler System
water spurt options, LED screen, etc - Water cylinder contains coil of pipe
that is attached to the boiler
Module 3 - Domestics Water Heating - The heat from the boiler indirectly
heats up the water in the cylinder
Domestic Water Heating
- the process of warming water for Unvented System
personal use and this consumes a - Uses stainless steel pressure vessel
large amount of energy - Consists of safety devices built in the
- Careful planning always ensures system due to pressure and expansion
adequate supply of water at the caused by hot water
desired temperature to each fixture - Maintains good flow rate
- The design of hot water supply
depends on the location and age of Thermal Storage System
the building - Boiler heats the water and sends it to
a cylinder then on the central heating.
Water Heater - Expansion tank is incorporated on top
- an appliance or system that heats of the main tank.
water for domestic or building service - Must be installed in the highest
hot water use possible level in the house.

Two types of water heating: Single Point

- Hot water stored in a cylinder: Hot - Water heater is placed next to the
water is heated in advance and kept in point they serve.
a storage tank (cylinder) for later use.
 - The heater must be wired directly to
the fusebox Condensing Water Heater
- captures and utilizes the heat from
Multipoint exhaust gases that would otherwise be
- Most common is the combination released into the atmosphere. This
boiler. process enhances the overall
- The heater is placed on the point it efficiency of the heater, making it
serves but can supply many fixtures. more energy-efficient compared to
conventional units.
Common Water Heaters
Module 4 - Building Drainage System
Point-of-Use
- A compact device designed to heat Wastewater
water at the location where it is - refers to water used by domestic,
needed, such as a sink or shower. agricultural, industrial, and
commercial facilities.
Solar Powered - contains organic matter,
- a system that uses solar energy to microorganisms, and inorganic
heat water. These systems typically compounds
consist of solar panels (collectors) that
capture sunlight and convert it into Domestic Wastewater
heat, which is then transferred to - originates from activities such as
water stored in a tank. restroom usage, bathing, food
preparation, and laundry
Conventional Storage Tank
- a type of water heater that stores a Commercial Wastewater
certain volume of hot water in a tank. - originates from non-domestic sources
Commonly used in residential and such as beauty salons, auto body
commercial settings. repair shops, hospitals, etc. which may
contain hazardous materials and
Combination/Combi Boiler special treatment or disposal
- a heating system that provides both
space heating (for your home) and Agricultural wastewater
domestic hot water from a single unit. - refers to wastewater produced from
farming and animal operations which
Heat Pump/Hybrid can be contaminated by chemicals in
- an energy-efficient water heating fertilizers, pesticides,
system that uses electricity to transfer
heat from the air or ground to heat Industrial Wastewater
water.
 - originates from manufacturing - Fixture Drains: Water closets, Urinals,
processes that are usually most Lavatories, Sinks, & Bathtubs
difficult to treat because effluent - Traps
varies industry-by-industry animal - Pipes
slurry, and crop residue
Drain-Waste-Vent System
Grey Water - part of a system that allows air to
- Household wastewater that comes enter a plumbing system to maintain
from non-toilet sources proper air pressure to enable the
- Water from sinks, washing machines, removal of sewage and greywater
and dishwashers. from dwellings
- Contains low levels of contaminants:
soap, grease, food particles, and Functions of DWV
cleaning products. - Wastewater Removal: Ensures
efficient removal of greywater and
Black Water blackwater from fixtures to treatment
- Wastewater from toilets, including or disposal systems.
human waste and toilet paper. - Ventilation: Allows air to enter the
- Toilet flushing, sometimes combined plumbing system, preventing the
with wastewater from kitchen sinks or buildup of negative pressure that can
dishwashers. cause slow drainage or backups.
- Highly contaminated with pathogens - Trap Function: Each fixture is
and organic matter; requires careful equipped with a trap that holds water
treatment before disposal or reuse. to block

Septic Tanks
- commonly used in the Philippines to Module 5 - Life Safety Systems
manage blackwater.
- collect and treat wastewater from Life Safety System
households, allowing solids to settle - Refers to any system incorporated
and decompose. into a building whose purpose is the
- Greywater and blackwater typically protection and preservation of human
flow into the septic tank together, life during an emergency or failure of
though they can be managed a critical building system
separately in some cases.
- need regular maintenance to prevent Passive Fire Protection
overflowing or groundwater - Refers to elements utilized in the
contamination. building to with to withstand fire for a
certain period ensuring the safe
Components: evacuation of the occupants
Includes: Includes:
- Firewalls and doors - Carbon Dioxide System
- Fire resistant glasses
- Occupancy separations Important Components
- Fire dampers
- Fire stops Fire Sprinklers
- Cable coating - Controlling or extinguishing fires at
their early stages by automatically
Active Fire Protection discharging water
- Includes fire protection elements that
need an action, either manually or Fire Alarm & Detection Systems
automatic, to function such as - Designed to detect the presence of
extinguisher, a sprinkler system, fire smoke, heat, or flames
alarm, and alike
CCTV Security Cameras
Includes: - Installed for constant surveillance,
- Fire sprinkler system enabling early detection of fire
- Fire Alarm hazards or security breaches
- Fire Extinguisher
- Fire hoses Access Control System
- Restrict entry to certain areas of a
Water-Based Systems building, helping to prevent
- One that uses water as its primary unauthorized access
extinguishing agent to suppress and
control life Alarm and Security Monitoring
- Notify building occupants and
Includes: authorities when a fire or security
- Hydrant System threat is detected
- Wet Riser System
- Sprinkler System Emergency and Exit Lighting
- Spray System - Critical during power failures or fires,
- Foam System providing illuminated pathways to
guide occupants toward exits
Gas-Based Systems
- One that uses specialized gasses or Fire Extinguishers
other chemical agents by displacing - Portable devices used to suppress
oxygen, reducing temperature, or small fire
interrupting the chemical reaction of
the fire Module 6- Building Conveyor Systems
Conveying System - are typically roller conveyors also
- a mechanical equipment that is used referred to as “live roller conveyors”
to transport a material or people from that use motor-powered rollers to
one place to another. move the payload.
- It utilizes small belts and plastic
Types of Conveyors: spools to provide traction to the
rollers.
Elevators
- mechanical equipment that conveys Slat Belt Conveyor /Apron
people or freight from between floors. - Use slats/plates made from steel,
- Either cable assisted, hydraulic wood, leather, or other materials
cylinder-assisted, or roller-track mounted on roller chains to convey
assisted. products
- powered by electric motors that drive - Primarily used for heavy objects
traction cable and counterweight
systems. Ball Transfer Conveyor
- refers to a material handling device
Escalators that allows for the smooth and flexible
- A moving staircase which carries movement of goods on conveyor
people between floors. systems.
- Consists of motor-driven chain of
individually linked steps on a track Magnetic Conveyor
which cycle on a pair of tracks - designed to move objects using
permanent magnets, electromagnets
Belt Conveyor or both in combination, eliminating
- Use continuous belts, that is extended the need for traditional belts and
in an endless loop between two chains.
end-pulleys and is supported by either
a metal slider pan or rollers, to convey Bucket Conveyor
products or materials. - Bucket Conveyors or bucket elevators
- Made from various materials such as use multi-sided containers attached
rubber, leather, fabric, and metal to cables, belts, or chains to convey
products or materials. The containers
Roller Conveyor remain upright along the system and
- Parallel rollers are mounted in frames are tipped to release material.
to convey products either by gravity
or manually. Chute Conveyor
- are used in bulk handling to perform a
Powered Roller Conveyor variety of operations. In particular, the
loading of a belt conveyor, and the
 transfer of material from one moving - Minimum counterweight rope
belt conveyor to another, are diameter: 30 mm.
important tasks.
Safety Devices
Drag/Chain/Tow Conveyor - Equipped with fail-safe devices,
- use mechanical devices attached to overload switches, and reverse
moving members, usually chains or polarity relays.
cables, to drag or tow products. Drag
conveyors are used for moving bulk Escalators Availability
materials in bins, flights, or other - Inclination: Max 30° from horizontal
attachments and can have multiple - Balustrade Width: 560–1200 mm; max
discharge or loading points. 330 mm wider than steps
- Balustrades: Solid, incombustible;
Elevator Availability glass must be tempered
- Elevators must be fully enclosed - Speed: Max 38 m/min (inclined angle)
except for necessary doors or
windows. Module 7- Acoustic Control
- Only essential ropes, wires, or pipes
are allowed in hoistways. Building Acoustics
- Hoistway pits must have a minimum - The science of controlling the noise in
clearance of 600 mm. buildings which includes minimization
- For buildings with 4+ elevators, use at of noise transmission and the control
least 2 hoistways; max 4 elevators per of the characteristics of sound within
hoistway. spaces
- For residential buildings over five - Noise pollution has impact on the
stories, at least one passenger health and wellbeing of individuals
elevator must operate 24/7.
Noise Nuisance
Access and Maintenance - Environmental noise: noise from
- Machine rooms should allow for repair transportation sources
and inspection access. - Neighbor noise – includes noise from
- Access via an iron ladder or stairs, inside and outside buildings
with a minimum 600 mm clearance - Neighborhood noise – includes noise
above the floor surface. arising from industrial and
entertainment premises, trade and
Hoisting Ropes businesses, construction sites and
- Three ropes required for traction noise in the street
elevators, two for drum type.
Factors in Acoustical Design
Counterweight and Diameter
Site Selection - Resonance absorbents which
- If possible, site should be away from consist of a mechanical or
busy street, railways, and airports acoustic oscillation system
- Orientation, layout, and structural - Single absorbers such as tables,
design chairs, or other objects

Volume Sound insulation

- Purpose of hall - Level of sound lost across a partition
- Height is of greater importance and not the level of sound within an
adjacent room
Shape - Sound insulation of a material is
- Correcting the defects for better governed by its mass, stiffening, and
distribution of sound damping
- Ceiling height for a room or hall is
1/3rd to 2/3rd of the width of the Acoustics in residential buildings and
room hotels
Interior Surface - Hotels and residential buildings rely
- Provide favorable reflections on good acoustics for bookings and
- Tilted portions of the ceiling high building occupancy levels for
- Plain side wall are normally found sleep and comfort
suitable - Buildings with less noise have shown
- Concave ceiling surfaces should be to be more valuable
avoided
Acoustics in office spaces
Reverberation time - Good acoustics help office workers
- The persistence of sound in space keep productive creating a space for
after a sound source has been stopped better communication
and is linked to the surfaces that
enclose it and the volume of the room Acoustics in school and medical facilities
- High reverberation time can make a - Poor acoustics can lead to poor
room sound loud and noisy performance of students
- Acoustic quality in medical facility
Sound absorption affects comfort and recovery of
- Loss of sound energy when sound patients
waves come into contact with an
absorbent material such as ceilings,
walls, floors, etc.
- Types:
- Porous absorbents such as
fibrous materials