Artificial intelligence D-2

What is machine learning?

Definition:
Machine learning (ML) is a subset of artificial intelligence (AI) that allows
computers to learn and improve without explicit programming. ML uses
algorithms to analyze data, identify patterns, and create models that can make
predictions. The more data and experience a machine learning model has, the
more accurate its results become.
Characteristics:
ML algorithms can process large amounts of data, including text, numerical,
and image data. They can perform classification and prediction tasks, such as
diagnosing cancer from X-ray images. ML can also help companies make
informed decisions to streamline operations, optimize processes, and reduce
workload. For example, companies can use ML to flexibly price items based
on factors like customer interest, demand, and marketing campaigns.
History:
The term "machine learning" was coined by Arthur Samuel, an IBM computer
scientist and AI pioneer who designed a checkers-playing program that
learned from experience.
Types of machine learning:

Supervised machine learning:

Supervised learning, also known as supervised machine learning, is defined by its use of
labeled datasets to train algorithms to classify data or predict outcomes accurately. As
input data is fed into the model, the model adjusts its weights until it has been fitted
appropriately. Some methods used in supervised learning include neural networks, naïve
bayes, linear regression, logistic regression, random forest, and support vector machine
(SVM).

Unsupervised machine learning:

Unsupervised learning, also known as unsupervised machine learning, uses machine
learning algorithms to analyze and cluster unlabeled datasets (subsets called clusters).
These algorithms discover hidden patterns or data groupings without the need for
human intervention. Some applications of unsupervised learning include natural
language processing, image and video analysis, anomaly detection, customer
segmentation, and recommendation engines.

Semi-supervised learning:

Semi-supervised learning offers a happy medium between supervised and

unsupervised learning. During training, it uses a smaller labeled data set to guide
classification and feature extraction from a larger, unlabeled data set.
Common machine learning
algorithms
A number of machine learning algorithms are commonly used. These include:

Neural networks: Neural networks simulate the way the human brain works, with a
huge number of linked processing nodes. Neural networks are good at recognizing
patterns and play an important role in applications including natural language
translation, image recognition, speech recognition, and image creation.

Linear regression: This algorithm is used to predict numerical values, based on a

linear relationship between different values. For example, the technique could be
used to predict house prices based on historical data for the area.

Logistic regression: This supervised learning algorithm makes predictions for

categorical response variables, such as “yes/no” answers to questions. It can be
used for applications such as classifying spam and quality control on a production
line

Clustering: Using unsupervised learning, clustering algorithms can identify patterns

in data so that it can be grouped. Computers can help data scientists by identifying
differences between data items that humans have overlooked.

Decision trees: Decision trees can be used for both predicting numerical values
(regression) and classifying data into categories. Decision trees use a branching
sequence of linked decisions that can be represented with a tree diagram. One of the
advantages of decision trees is that they are easy to validate and audit, unlike the
black box of the neural network
Random forests: In a random forest, the machine learning algorithm predicts a
value or category by combining the results from a number of decision trees.

Real-world machine learning

use cases
1. Speech recognition
2. Customer service
3. Computer vision
4. Recommendation engines
5. Robotic process automation (RPA)
6. Automated stock trading
7. Fraud detection

What is NLP (natural

language processing)?
Natural language processing (NLP) is a subfield of computer
science and artificial intelligence (AI) that uses machine
learning to enable computers to understand and communicate
with human language.
NLP enables computers and digital devices to recognize, understand and
generate text and speech by combining computational linguistics—the rule-
based modeling of human language—together with statistical modeling,
machine learning (ML) and deep learning.
 NLP research has enabled the era of generative AI, from the communication
skills of large language models (LLMs) to the ability of image generation models
to understand requests. NLP is already part of everyday life for many, powering
search engines, prompting chatbots for customer service with spoken
commands, voice-operated GPS systems and digital assistants on smartphones.

Benefits of NLP
1. Faster insight discovery
2. Greater budget savings:
With the massive volume of unstructured text data available, NLP can be used to
automate the gathering, processing and organization of information with less
manual effort.
3. Quick access to corporate data

Challenges of NLP
Biased training
Misinterpretation
New vocabulary
Tone of voice

What is deep learning?

Deep learning is a subset of machine learning that uses
multilayered neural networks, called deep neural networks, to
simulate the complex decision-making power of the human
brain. Some form of deep learning powers most of the artificial
intelligence (AI) applications in our lives today.
 How deep learning works
Neural networks, or artificial neural networks, attempt to mimic the human brain
through a combination of data inputs, weights and bias—all acting as silicon neurons.
These elements work together to accurately recognize, classify and describe objects
within the data.

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)

These models are made up of multiple layers and are well-suited for image recognition and
processing tasks.
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs)
These models are trained to process and convert sequential data input into a specific
sequential data output. RNNs can recognize patterns in data sequences, such as time
series or natural language.
Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) Networks
These are a special kind of RNN that are capable of learning long-term dependencies.
LSTMs have memory cells and gates that allow them to retain or forget information over
time selectively, making them effective in speech recognition, natural language processing,
time series analysis, and translation.
Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
These models consist of a generative and a discriminative network, both trained together in
a competitive process. GANs excel in generating realistic synthetic data, including images,
audio, and text.