I.

Transmission standard
PROFIBUS feartures four different transmission technologies, including:
1. RS-485:
 This is the most common transmission technology used in PROFIBUS.
 It's a balanced, differential signaling standard that offers good noise immunity and can be used
for both short and long distances.
 RS-485 is suitable for both PROFIBUS DP and FMS applications.
 It can also be used in intrinsically safe environments with the RS-485-IS variant.
2. MBP (Manchester Bus Powered):
 Specifically designed for PROFIBUS PA, MBP allows for power to be supplied to field
devices over the same bus cable used for communication.
 It's a low-power, low-speed technology suitable for harsh industrial environments.
 MBP-IS is the intrinsically safe version of MBP.
3. Fiber Optic:
 While not as common as the previous two, fiber optic transmission can be used with
PROFIBUS for long distances or in environments with high levels of electromagnetic
interference.
 It offers high data rates, low noise immunity, and immunity to electromagnetic interference.
4. Wireless:
 While not a standard part of PROFIBUS, wireless communication can be added to
PROFIBUS networks using specific gateways and protocols.
 This allows for flexible and mobile communication, especially in areas where cabling is
difficult or impractical.
II. Data Preservation:

1. Redundancy and Fault Tolerance:

Network Redundancy: Employing redundant network topologies, such as ring or star configurations,
can minimize downtime in case of cable failures or device malfunctions.
Device Redundancy: Using redundant devices or modules can provide backup functionality and
prevent data loss.
Error Detection and Correction: PROFIBUS utilizes error detection and correction mechanisms to
ensure data integrity during transmission.
2. Data Logging and Archiving:

PLC-Based Logging: Many PLCs connected to PROFIBUS networks have built-in data logging
capabilities. Configure them to record relevant process data at specific intervals or based on events.
SCADA Systems: SCADA systems often include data logging and historical trending features.
Configure them to collect and store data from PROFIBUS devices.
Third-Party Data Historians: Specialized data historians can provide advanced data storage, analysis,
and retrieval capabilities.
3. Security Measures:
Network Security: Implement network security measures like firewalls, intrusion detection systems,
and secure authentication protocols to protect against unauthorized access.
Data Encryption is used to safeguard sensitive data transmitted over the PROFIBUS network.
Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits to identify and address potential
vulnerabilities.
4. Regular Maintenance and Updates:
Device Maintenance: Regularly maintain and calibrate devices to ensure accurate data collection and
transmission.
Software Updates: Keep device firmware and software up-to-date to address security vulnerabilities
and improve performance.
III. Bit Encoding in PROFIBUS
Bit encoding in PROFIBUS varies based on the type of PROFIBUS used and its
corresponding physical layer. The encoding scheme ensures reliable transmission of data
across the network by converting bits into electrical or optical signals.
Bit encoding in PROFIBUS has three types: Profibus DP, Profibus PA, and fiber optic
transmission
1. PROFIBUS DP (RS-485 Physical Layer)
Encoding Scheme: NRZ (Non-Return-to-Zero)
In NRZ encoding, a logical 1 is represented by a high voltage, and a logical 0 is represented by a low
voltage. The signal does not return to a baseline (zero) between bits.
Differential Signaling:
RS-485 uses differential voltage levels for data transmission. The difference in voltage between two
wires represents the logical 1 or 0, making the system resistant to noise and interference.
2. PROFIBUS PA (MBP Physical Layer)
Encoding Scheme: Manchester Code (IEC 61158-2)
In Manchester encoding, each bit has a transition in the middle of the bit period:
Logical 1: Transition from low to high.
Logical 0: Transition from high to low.
This ensures synchronization since transitions occur regularly, even for consecutive bits of the same
value.
Data and Power on the Same Cable:
In PROFIBUS PA, the Manchester encoding method allows both power and communication signals to
coexist on the same two-wire cable, optimizing the setup for field devices in process automation.
3. Fiber Optic Transmission (Optional Layer)
For PROFIBUS networks using fiber optics, the encoding depends on the specific implementation of
the optical transceivers, typically following standardized optical modulation schemes to convert
electrical signals into light pulses.
IV. Profibus DP

1. What is PROFIBUS DP?

Definition:
"A high-speed fieldbus system for real-time control in industrial automation."
Purpose:
"Facilitates communication between controllers and field devices (sensors, actuators, etc.)."
Key Characteristics:
Optimized for high-speed data exchange.
Uses a master-slave architecture.
2. Features of PROFIBUS DP
High-speed communication (up to 12 Mbps).
Robust physical layer (RS-485, twisted-pair cable).
Supports up to 126 devices on one network.
Real-time deterministic data exchange.
Comprehensive diagnostics and error handling.
3. Network Topology
Linear bus topology with termination resistors at both ends.
Cable lengths depend on transmission speed:
Up to 1200 meters at 9.6 kbps.
Up to 100 meters at 12 Mbps.
Use of repeaters to extend network length or segment devices.
4. PROFIBUS DP Versions
DP-V0:
o Focuses on cyclic data exchange between master and slave devices.

DP-V1:
o Adds acyclic data exchange for configuration and diagnostics.

o Used in complex systems requiring parameter changes during operation.

DP-V2:
o Introduces isochronous mode for synchronized applications (e.g., motion control).

o Supports slave-to-slave communication.

1.Physical layer:
-Defines the characteristics of the media, including
cable types, connectors, and signals.
-Handles the transmission of raw bits over the
media.
-Supports a variety of communication technologies,
such as RS-485, fiber optics, and powerline
communications.
2.Data link layer:
-Responsible for reliable transmission between
devices.
-Handles error detection, error correction, and flow
control.
-Uses a token-passing mechanism to ensure access
to the bus.
There are two main protocols used: FMS, DP
3.Application layer:
-Defines the protocol application tools that can be
used for different types of devices and
communications services.
-Provides services such as device address
definition, data exchange, and configuration.