FORMAT OF LL.M.

DISSERTATION
to be submitted to

LIBRA COLLEGE OF LAW,

DEHRADUN
in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of

LL.M. (Master of Laws)

 SEQUENCE OF PAGES

1. Cover Page
2. Certificate
3. Declaration
4. Acknowledgment
5. Preface
6. Abbreviations
7. Table of cases
8. Contents
9. Main Text
10. Bibliography
11. Appendixes

NOTE -- You are advised to refer to the samples but in no case it should limit
your creativity in writing. All the sample pages are based on the minimum
requirements of a standard dissertation as well as imaginary particulars. Every
innovation under the guidance and supervision of your supervisor is welcomed.
 LEGAL AID AND AWARENESS IN INDIA:
A CRITICAL STUDY
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO

LIBRA COLLEGE OF LAW, DEHRADUN

AFFILIATED TO UTTARKHAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY (UTU)
APPROVED BY BAR COUNCIL OF INDIA (BCI)

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

LL.M. (Master of Laws)

SUBMITTED BY: SUBMIITED TO:

STUDENTS NAME NAME OF THE SUPERVISIOR
ENROLLMENT NO: DESIGNATION

LIBRA COLLEGE OF LAW, DEHRADUN

2023
 DECLARATION

I, (Name of the student), a student of LL.M. of Libra College of Law,

Dehradun, with roll no. 111111111 and enrolment no. UU111111, do hereby declare that
this dissertation paper is an original work of mine and is result of my own intellectual
efforts. I have quoted titles of all original sources i.e. original documents and name of the
authors whose work has helped me in writing this research paper have been placed at
appropriate places. I have not infringed copy rights of any other author.

S/d xxxxxxx
Date --- ( Name of the Student )
Place – Dehradun
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that dissertation entitled “LEGAL AID AND AWARENESS IN

INDIA: A CRITICAL STUDY “which is being submitted by ---- (Name of the Student)
for the award of the degree of Master of Laws is an independent and original research
work carried out by her.

The dissertation is worthy of consideration for the award of LL.M. Degree of Libra
College of Law, Uttaranchal University, Uttarakhand.

(Name of the Student) has worked under my guidance and supervision to fulfill
all requirements for the submission of this dissertation.

The conduct of research scholar remained excellent during the period of research.

Date ------------- S/d xxxxxxx

Place – Dehradun (Name of the Supervisior)
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I feel proud to acknowledge the able guidance of our esteemed (supervisor to be

acknowledged)

I acknowledge with pleasure unparallel infrastructural support that I have received from Libra
College of Law, Dehradun, Uttarakhand. In fact this work is the outcome of outstanding
support that I have received from the faculty members of the college, in particular…

I find this opportunity to thank the library staff of the Libra College of Law, Dehradun.

This research work bears testimony to the active encouragement and guidance of a host of
friends and well-wishers. In particular mention must be made of (optional)

It would never have been possible to complete this study without an untiring support from my
family (optional)

I am greatly indebted to the various writers, jurists and all others from whose writings and
work I have taken help to complete this dissertation.

Date…………. S/d xxxxxxxx

Place: Dehradun (Name of the Student)
 PREFACE

Four to five paragraphs of this page must be devoted to the historical backgrounds of your
topic, your especial attempts to highlight the topic, your attempts to analyse the topic, what
made you to research on this topic and finally your finding in one separate paragraph. After
this you should give brief note of every chapter of your dissertation e.g.

The subject research work has been divided in six major chapters and further divided into
various sub topics and sub to sub topics. The first topic which is named as Introduction
consists of………

The second chapter of this work attempts to………..

The third chapter deals with ……

The fourth chapter of this research work is an endeavour to…….

Chapter fifth attempts to….

The sixth chapter of this dissertation gives conclusion of the research work and certain
valuable suggestions to…………..
 ABBREVIATIONS

AIR All India Reports

Cr L J Criminal Law Journal

ICA International Centre for Arbitration

ICADR International Centre for Alternative

Dispute Resolution

LL.M. Master of Laws

NALSA National Legal Services Authority

SCC Supreme Court Cases

UNCITRAL The United Nation Commission on

International Trade Laws Versus

v. Versus

WLR Weekly Law Reports

That abbreviations used by you are approved abbreviations whether by traditions, statute or
otherwise.

That you do not invent your own abbreviation.

That abbreviations listed on this are in alphabetical order.

 TABLE OF CASES
Mention the case laws cited in the work along with their citation. A uniform form of Citation
should be used.

You should list out all the cases referred by you in your dissertation in strict alphabetical order.

That small „v‟ is used to indicate versus and followed by full stop.

That page numbers upon which the particular case is referred /discussed should also be indicated
against the name of the case.
 CONTENTS

CONTENTS DESCRIPTION PAGE No.

Certificate i

Declaration ii

Acknowledgement iii-iv

Abbreviations ix-xii

Table of Cases xiii-xiv

CHAPTER – 1. INTRODUCTION 1-27

1.1 The Concept 1

1.2 Historical backgrounds 4

1.2.1 Purpose of the study 6

1.2.2 Objectives 13

1.3 Research Methodology 24

CHAPTER – 2. SCOPE OF LEGAL AID IN 25

INDIAN
 CONTENTS

CHAPTERS DESCRIPTION PAGE No.

BIBLIOGRAPHY i-vii

Books i

Statutes ii

Reports iii-iv

Articles, Papers and Transcripts v

Websites referred vi

News papers vii

APPENDIXES

I. The Legal Services Authority

Act,1987

II. Code of Criminal

Procedure,1973
 MAIN TEXT

• The main text will consist all the chapters in which dissertation is divided.

• Each chapter will consist the following: -

I. Chapter number
II. Name of the Chapter
III. Main Paragraphs
IV. Sub Paragraphs (wherever required)
V. Sub to sub paragraphs (wherever required)
VI. Foot Notes

• Each chapter may be divided into different heading e.g. Major heading, sub heading
and sub to sub heading as per the requirement.

• The first page of first chapter is the first page numbered in international numerals.

• That larger size may be used for chapter headings and sub headings.

• That your chapter headings, sub headings and sub subheadings should be clearly
distinguishable from each other.

• That to distinguish chapter headings from sub headings and sub subheadings from sub to
subheadings, chapter headings may be made both larger caps and bold in 14 font sizes whereas
sub headings may be made larger but not bold in 14 font sizes. If there are sub subheadings
they may be italicized without making them either large or bold in 12 font size.

CHAPTER – ONE
INTRODUCTION

Historical Background

The legal aid means providing an arrangement in the society so that the machinery of
administration of justice becomes easily accessible and is not out of reach of those who
have to resort to it for enforcement of rights given to them by law…………

1.1.1 Indian Perspective……………………………………………..

Internatinal Perspective………………………………

Note: Each chapter may be divided as chapter heading, sub-heading and sub to sub-
heading as per the requirement in the above manner.
General Instructions
• Paper size International standard paper size A4 (297 x 210 mm).
• Typing On one side of the paper only.
• Margins Top 1.0”, Bottom 1.0”, Left 1.5”, Right 1.0”.
• Line spacing 1.5 Lines
• Character spacing Normal.
• Font Times New Roman or Bookman Old Style
• Font size 12 for main text; 10 for foot notes.

FOOT NOTES
• Font Same as the main text.
• Font size 10 points.
• Line spacing Single.
• Numbering should be in continuation from first chapter to the last
• Contents prior to the first chapter shall be numbered in Roman.
• Contents after last chapter should also be numbered in Roman.
• Appendix (if any) should not be numbered at all.
MODE OF CITATION FOR BOOKS
A. FOR AN AUTHORED BOOK

i. By a single author: Name of the author, Title of the book p.no. (if referring
to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication, edition/year of
publication). E.g. M.P .Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 98 (Kamal Law
House, Calcutta, 5th edn., 1998).

ii. By two authors: Name of the authors, Title of the book p.no. (if referring to
specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication, edition/year of
publication). E.g. M.P .Jain and S.N. Jain, Principles of Administrative
Law 38 (Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2001)

iii. By multiple authors (more than two): Name of the first two authors, et.al.,
Title of the book p.no. (if referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher,
Place of publication, edition/year of publication). E.g. Jerry L. Mashaw,
Richard A. Merrill, et.al., The American Public Law System – Cases and
Materials 50 (West Group, St. Paul, MN, 1992).

B. FOR EDITED BOOKS

i. By a single editor: Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the book p.no. (if
referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication,
edn/year). E.g. Nilendra Kumar (ed.), Nana Palkhivala: A Tribute
(Universal Publishers, Delhi, 2004).

ii. By two editors: Name of the editors (eds.), Title of the book p.no. (if
referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication,
edn/year). E.g. S.K. Verma and Raman Mittal (eds.), Intellectual Property
Rights: A Global Vision 38-42 (ILI, Delhi, 2004).

iii. By more than two editors: Name of the editors, the first two only, et.al.
(eds.), Title of the book p.no. (ifreferring to specific page or pages)
(Publisher, Place of publication, edn/year). E.g. Chatrapati Singh, P .K.
Coudhary, et.al. (eds.), Towards Energy Conservation Law 78 (ILI, Delhi,
1989).

NOTE: And others ('et al.' is used as an abbreviation of 'et alii„ (masculine
plural) or 'et aliae' (feminine plural) or 'et alia„ (neuter plural) when referring to
a number of people)

iv. By, or an auspice of, an organization/institution: Indian Law Institute,

Index to Indian Legal Periodicals (ILI, Delhi, 2002)
MODE OF CITATION FOR ARTICLES/ESSAYS

i. Citation of a paper published in a journal/periodical: Name of author of the

article, title of the essay within inverted commas, volume number of
journal, Name of the journal in abbreviation & page number (year).
E.g. K. Madhusudhana Rao, “Authority to Recommend President‟s
Rule under Article 356 of the Constitution”, 46 JILI 125 (2004).

ii. Citation of a paper published in a case reporter: P .K. Thakur,

“Permissibility of Probation in Offences Punishable with Minimum
Imprisonment” 2 SCJ 26-38 (2002).

iii. Citation of an essay published in a book edited: Name of author of the

essay, title of the essay within inverted commas, in Name of the
editor(s), title of the edited book page number (publisher, edition/year).
E.g. R.K. Nayak, “Evolving Global Drugs Law for the 21st Century” in
D.C. Jayasuriya, R.K. Nayak et.at.(eds.), Global Drugs Law 70 (1997).

iv. Citation of an essay published as a part of a Survey of Law (e.g. Annual

Survey of Indian Law – [an annual publication of the Indian Law
Institute, New Delhi]: Name of author of the essay, title of the essay
within inverted commas, volume number name of the survey, page
number (year). E.g.: P .S. Jaswal, “Constitutional Law-I” XXXVIII
ASIL 115-150(2002).

v. Citation of a write up published in a news paper/ periodical: Name of the

writer, Title of the write-up within inverted commas, Name of the
newspaper, date. Robert I. Freidman, “India‟s Shame: Sexual Slavery
and Political Corruption are Leading to an AIDS Catastrophe”, The
Nation, April 8, 1996.

vi. Citation of an editorial from a newspaper: Editorial, Title of the Editorial

within inverted commas Name of the newspaper, date. Editorial,
“Short-circuited” The Times of India, August 2, 2004.

vii. Citing a reference form Encyclopedia: Edwin R.A. Seligman (ed.),

Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences Vol. XV (The Macmillan Co., NY,
1957).

viii. ACTS [ The Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000)

ix. REPORTS

 Law Commission of India, 144th Report on conflicting Judicial

Decisions Pertaining to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908
(April, 1992).

 Government of India, Report: Committee on Reforms of

Criminal Justice System (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2003).
WEBSITES
If the websites gives information as to when it was Last modified, that must be cited, if
not one must cite the date of visiting the website in the following manner.

(i) If Last modification date is mentioned: Information Technology Act 2000, India,
available at: http://www.mit.gov.in/it-bill.asp (Last Modified July 29, 2016).

(ii) If Last modification date is not mentioned: Information Technology Act 2000,
India, available at: http://www.mit.gov.in/it- bill.asp (Visited on July 29,
2016).

UNPUBLISHED WORKS

i. Unpublished Research Work (E. g., Dissertation /Thesis): Name of the Researcher,
Title of the dissertation/thesis (Year) (Unpublished) Ph.D. thesis, Name of the
University/organization). Vijay Sharma, xyz (2013) (Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation, Uttaranchal University).

ii. Interviews: Interview with Mr. Ravi Shankar Prasad, Law Minister of India, The
Hindu, June 25, 2014.

iii. Forthcoming publication of a book: Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, J. Rhetoric versus

Reality (In Press, 2014).

MODE OF CITATION OF CASE LAW

(a) All India Reporter (AIR)
The case title is to be written in the body of the text, e.g. Keshavananda Bharti v.
State of Kerala whereas the citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
AIR 1973 SC 1461.

(b) Supreme Court Cases (SCC)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text, e.g. Keshavananda Bharti v.
State of Kerala whereas the citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
(1973) 4 SCC 225.

(c) Criminal Law Journal (Cr.L.J)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text, e.g. Mohd. Ahmed Khan v.
Shah Bano Begum whereas the citation of the case is to be written in the footnote
as 1985 Cr L J 1129).

(d) All England Reports (All ER)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text, e.g. Wilcox v. Jeffery,
whereas the citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as [1951] 1 All ER
464.
Footnoting of second hand quotations:

Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23 cited in David Gower,
“Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI, 2004, p.39.

Please note:

That there are cases when material at hand (referring source) makes a reference to some
other material (referred material), such as a book cited in another book or an article
mentioning another article or an article mentioned in a book or a book mentioned in an
article etc. That if one is referring to what is referred without confirming that in original,
then what is referred (referred material) and in which that is referred (referring source),
both should be footnoted.

• That referred material should come first and referring source should come next.
• That referred material and the referring source should be separated by the expression
„cited in‟.

Use of ibid.
Ibid. – This expression commonly refers to „same work at same place‟.

For example, if footnote number 7 is:

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23.

and in immediately succeeding footnote, i.e. number 8, same page of same book is
referred again, then there is no need to repeat the whole footnote. Writing ibid. in footnote
number 8 shall suffice.
Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as:

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23. 8. Ibid.

Use of id.

Id. – This expression is commonly used when in consecutive footnotes referred work
remains the same but its page number changes.

For example if footnote number 7 is:

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23. and in immediately
succeeding footnote, i.e. number 8, page 79 of the same book is referred, then there is no
need to write the whole footnote again. Writing id. with the changed page number shall
suffice.
Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23. 8. Id. at p.79.
Use of supra
Expression „supra‟ refers to an earlier but not immediately preceding footnote.
For example if footnote number 7 is:

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23.

and footnote number 8 is:

8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI, 2004, p.39.

Now, if in footnote number 9 the same page of the same book as referred in footnote
number 7 is required to be referred, the expression ibid. cannot be used. Instead,
expression „supra‟ shall be used.
Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as:

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23.

8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI, 2004, p.39.
9. Supra 7.

And, if in footnote number 9 a different page of the same book as referred in footnote
number 7 is required to be referred, footnote sequence shall appear as

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004, p.23.

8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI, 2004, p.39.
9. Supra 7 at p. 79.
Bibliography
Books: To be written in following manner, e.g.
 Jain M.P.: Indian Constitutional Law, Kamla House, Calcutta, 5th edn., 1998

Statutes: To be written in following mannar, e.g

 Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (Act No. 2 of 1973)

Reports: To be written in following manner, e.g.

 Report of National Commission to review the working of Indian Constitution,

2002.

Articles: To be written in following manner, e.g.

 Prof. Pandey, A.K.; Promise to marry and rape: plea for constructing non-
consent, Dehradun Law Review: A Journal of Law college Dehradun Uttaranchal
University, Vol. 5 Issue – 1, 2013

Website: To be written in following manner, e.g.

 http//www.wikipedia.com

News Paper: To be written in following manner, e.g.

 The Times of India

 The Hindu

Please ensure

• That before submitting even the first draft to the supervisor all the spellings, grammar,
punctuation etc. are checked thoroughly.
• That at least four copies of the work are prepared.
• That all the copies of dissertation must be well bind with black leather cover.
• That you must carry one copy of the dissertation with you on the day of viva voce
examination.
• That your work is original in all respects.

SUBMISSION SCHEDULE

 Synopsis Submission: 31 March 2023

 Pre-Submission: 25 April 2023
 Final Submission: 30 May 2023
 General Instructions

• Spine of the dissertation

The spine of the dissertation must be printed with current
year on the top and followed by the title of the
dissertation in the following manner:

LEGAL AID AND AWARENESS IN INDIA:

A CRITICAL STUDY

• Paper size
International standard paper size A4 (297 x 210 mm).
• Typing
On one side of the paper only.
• Margins
Top 1.0”, Bottom 1.0”, Left 1.5”, Right 1.0”.
• Line spacing
1.5 Lines
• Character
spacing Normal.
• Font
Times New Roman or Bookman Old Style
• Font size
12 for main text; 10 for foot notes.
 FOOT NOTES

• Font
Same as the main text.

• Font size
10 points.

• Line spacing
Single.

• Numbering
Numbering should be in continuation from first
chapter to the last

• Contents prior to the first chapter shall be numbered in

Roman.

• Contents after last chapter should also be numbered

in Roman

• Appendix (if any) should not be numbered at all.

15
 MODE OF CITATION FOR BOOKS

A. FOR AN AUTHORED BOOK

(i) By a single author:

Name of the author, Title of the book p.no. (if referring to
specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of publication,
edition/year of publication).
E.g. M.P.Jain, Indian Constitutional Law 98 (Kamal
th
Law House, Calcutta, 5 edn., 1998).

(ii) By two authors:

Name of the authors, Title of the book p.no. (if referring
to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place of
publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. M.P.Jain and S.N. Jain, Principles of
Administrative Law 38 (Wadhawa, Nagpur, 2001)

(iii) By multiple authors (more than two):

Name of the first two authors, et.al., Title of the book
p.no. (if referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher,
Place of publication, edition/year of publication).
E.g. Jerry L. Mashaw, Richard A. Merrill, et.al.,
The American Public Law System
– Cases and Materials 50 (West Group, St. Paul,
MN, 1992).
B. FOR EDITED BOOKS

(i) By a single editor:

Name of the editor (ed.), Title of the book p.no. (if
referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place
of publication, edn/year).
E.g. Nilendra Kumar (ed.), Nana Palkhivala: A
Tribute (Universal Publishers, Delhi, 2004).
(ii) By two editors:
Name of the editors (eds.), Title of the book p.no. (if
referring to specific page or pages) (Publisher, Place
of publication, edn/year).
E.g. S.K. Verma and Raman Mittal (eds.), Intellectual
Property Rights: A Global Vision 38-42 (ILI, Delhi, 2004).
(iii) By more than two editors:
Name of the editors, the first two only, et.al. (eds.),
Title of the book p.no. (ifreferring to specific page or
pages) (Publisher, Place of publication, edn/year). E.g.
Chatrapati Singh, P.K. Coudhary, et.al. (eds.), Towards
Energy Conservation Law 78 (ILI, Delhi, 1989).
NOTE: And others ('et al.' is used as an abbreviation of 'et
alii‘ (masculine plural) or 'et aliae' (feminine plural) or
'et alia‘ (neuter plural) when referring to a number of
people)
(iv) By, or an auspices of, an organization/institution:
Indian Law Institute, Index to Indian Legal
 Periodicals (ILI, Delhi, 2002)

MODE OF CITATION FOR ARTICLES/ESSAYS

(i) Citation of a paper published in a journal/periodical:

Name of author of the article, title of the essay within
inverted commas, volume number of journal, Name
of the journal in abbreviation & page number (year).
E.g. K. Madhusudhana Rao, “Authority to Recommend
President’s Rule under Article 356 of the
Constitution”, 46 JILI 125 (2004).
(ii) Citation of a paper published in a case reporter: P.K.
Thakur, “Permissibility of Probation in Offences
Punishable with Minimum Imprisonment” 2 SCJ 26-38
(2002).

(iii) Citation of an essay published in a book edited:

Name of author of the essay, title of the essay within
inverted commas, in Name of the editor(s), title of the
edited book page number (publisher, edition/year).
st
E.g. R.K. Nayak, “Evolving Global Drugs Law for the 21
Century” in D.C. Jayasuriya, R.K. Nayak et.at.(eds.),
Global Drugs Law 70 (1997).

(iv) Citation of an essay published as a part of a Survey of Law

(e.g. Annual Survey of Indian Law – [an annual publication
of the Indian Law Institute, New Delhi]: Name of author of
the essay, title of the essay within inverted commas,
 volume number name of the survey, page number (year).
E.g.: P.S. Jaswal, “Constitutional Law-I” XXXVIII
ASIL 115-150(2002).

MODE OF CITATION FOR ARICLES/ESSAYS

(v) Citation of a write up published in a news

paper/ periodical:
Name of the writer, Title of the write-up within
inverted commas, Name of the newspaper, date.
Robert I. Freidman, “India’s Shame: Sexual Slavery and
Political Corruption are Leading to an AIDS
Catastrophe”, The Nation, April 8, 1996.
(vi) Citation of an editorial from a newspaper:
Editorial, Title of the Editorial within inverted
commas Name of the newspaper, date.
Editorial, “Short-circuited” The Times of India, August
2, 2004.
vii) Citing a reference form Encyclopedia:
Edwin R.A. Seligman (ed.), Encyclopedia of the Social
Sciences Vol. XV (The Macmillan Co., NY, 1957).
viii) ACTS
[

The Information Technology Act, 2000 (Act 21 of 2000)

ix) REPORTS
(i) Law Commission of India, 144th Report on conflicting
Judicial Decisions Pertaining to the Code of Civil Procedure,
 1908 (April, 1992).
(ii) Government of India, Report: Committee on Reforms of
Criminal Justice System (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2003).
WEBSITES
If the websites gives information as to when it was Last
modified, that must be cited, if not one must cite the
date of visiting the website in the following manner.

(i) If Last modification date is mentioned:

Information Technology Act 2000, India, available at:
http://www.mit.gov.in/it-bill.asp (Last Modified
July 29, 2003).

(ii) If Last modification date is not mentioned:

Information Technology Act 2000, India, available
at: http://www.mit.gov.in/it- bill.asp (Visited on July
29, 2003).
 UNPUBLISHED WORKS

i. Unpublished Research Work (E. g., Dissertation /Thesis):

Name of the Researcher, Title of the dissertation/thesis
(Year) (Unpublished)
Ph.D. thesis, Name of the University/organization).
Vijay Sharma, xyz (2013) (Unpublished Ph.D.
dissertation, Uttaranchal University).

ii. Interviews:
Interview with Mr. Ravi Shankar Prasad, Law Minister
of India, The Hindu, June 25, 2014.

iii. Forthcoming publication of a book:

Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer, J. Rhetoric versus
Reality (In Press, 2014
 MODE OF CITATION OF CASE LAW

(a) All India Reporter (AIR)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text,

e.g. Keshavananda Bharti v. State of Kerala whereas the
citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
AIR 1973 SC 1461.

(b) Supreme Court Cases (SCC)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text,
e.g. Keshavananda Bharti v. State of Kerala whereas the
citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
(1973) 4 SCC 225.

(c) Criminal Law Journal (Cr.L.J)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text,

e.g. Mohd. Ahmed Khan v. Shah Bano Begum whereas
the citation of the case is to be written in the footnote as
1985 Cr L J 1129).

(d) All England Reports (All ER)

The case title is to be written in the body of the text, e.g.
Wilcox v. Jeffery, whereas the citation of the case is to be
written in the footnote as
[1951] 1 All ER 464.
Footnoting of second hand quotations:

Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company,

2004, p.23 cited in David Gower, “Rights of the
Shareholders”, 27 JILI, 2004, p.39.

Please note-

That there are cases when material at hand (referring

source) makes a reference to some other material
(referred material), such as a book cited in another book
or an article mentioning another article or an article
mentioned in a book or a book mentioned in an article
etc. That if one is referring to what is referred without
confirming that in original, then what is referred
(referred material) and in which that is referred
(referring source), both should be footnoted.

• That referred material should come first and

referring source should come next.

• That referred material and the referring source

should be separated by the expression ‘cited in’.
Use of ibid.

Ibid. – This expression commonly refers to ‘same work

at same place’.
For example, if footnote number 7 is:
7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company,
2004, p.23.
and in immediately succeeding footnote, i.e. number 8,
same page of same book is referred again, then there is
no need to repeat the whole footnote. Writing ibid. in
footnote number 8 shall suffice.
Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company,

2004, p.23.
8. Ibid.
Use of id.

Id. – This expression is commonly used when in

consecutive footnotes referred work remains the same but
its page number changes.
For example if footnote number 7 is:
7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company, 2004,
p.23. and in immediately succeeding footnote, i.e. number
8, page 79 of the same book is referred, then there is no
need to write the whole footnote again. Writing id. with the
changed page number shall suffice.
Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book Company,

2004, p.23.
8. Id. at p.79.

Please note-
• That the use of ibid. or id. is meaningful only in successive
Use of supra

Expression ‘supra’ refers to an earlier but not

immediately preceding footnote.

For example if footnote number 7 is:

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book
Company, 2004, p.23. and footnote number 8 is:
8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI,
2004, p.39.
Now, if in footnote number 9 the same page of the
same book as referred in
footnote number 7 is required to be referred,
the expression
ibid. cannot be used. Instead, expression ‘supra’ shall
be used.

Thus, footnote sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern Book

Company, 2004, p.23.
8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27 JILI,
2004, p.39.
9. Supra 7.
Use of supra

And, if in footnote number 9 a different page of the

same book as referred in footnote number 7 is
required to be referred, footnote
sequence shall appear as-

7. Avtar Singh, Company Law, Eastern

Book Company, 2004, p.23.
8. David Gower, “Rights of the Shareholders”, 27
JILI, 2004, p.39.
9. Supra 7 at p. 79.
 Bibliography
1. Books: To be written in following manner, e.g.
• Jain M.P. : Indian Constitutional Law,
Kamla House, Calcutta, 5th edn., 1998

2. Statutes : To be written in following mannar, e.g.

• Code of Criminal Procedure 1973 (Act No. 2 of 1973)

3. Reports : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• Report of National Commission to review the
working of Indian Constitution, 2002.

4. Articles : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• Prof. Pandey, A.K.; Promise to marry and rape: plea
for constructing non-consent,
Dehradun Law Review: A Journal
of Law college Dehradun
Uttaranchal University, Vol. 5
Issue – 1, 2013

5. Website : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• http//www.wikipedia.com

6. News Paper : To be written in following manner, e.g.

• The Times of India,
• The Hindu
Please ensure -

• That before submitting even the first draft to the

supervisor all the spellings, grammar, punctuation
etc. are checked thoroughly.

• That at least four copies of the work are prepared.

• That all the copies of dissertation must be well

bind with black leather cover.

• That you must carry one copy of the dissertation

with you on the day of viva voce examination.

• That your work is original in all respects.