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10.Electricity Notes (5)

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13 views10 pages

10.Electricity Notes (5)

Uploaded by

rihansajeer13
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter-12

Electricity
Electric circuit:
A continuous and closed path of an electric current is called an electric circuit

Electric current:

• Electric current is expressed by the amount of charge flowing through a particular


area in unit time.
• In other words, it is the rate of flow of electric charges (electrons) in a conductor

If a net charge Q, flows across any cross-section of a conductor in time t, then the
current I, through the cross-section is

• The S.I. unit of electric current is Ampere (A)


• When 1 Coulomb of charge flows through a cross-section of conductor in 1
second then current flowing through the conductor is said to be 1 Ampere.
• Current is measured by an instrument called ammeter. It is always connected in
series in a circuit through which the current is to be measured.

Potential difference:
• The potential difference between two points in an electric field is defined as the
amount of work done in moving a unit positive charge from one point to another
point. So,

• The SI unit of electric potential difference is volt (V)


• The potential difference between two points is said to be one Volt if 1 Joule of
work is done in moving 1 Coulomb of electric charge from one point to
another. Thus
• The potential difference is measured by means of an instrument called the
voltmeter.
• The voltmeter is always connected in parallel across the points between
which the potential difference is to be measured.

Circuit Diagrams
• Electric circuits can be represented conveniently through a circuit diagram.
• A diagram which indicates how different components in a circuit have to be
connected by using symbols for different electric components is called a
circuit diagram.
• Table given below shows symbols used to represent some of the most
commonly used electrical components
Ohm's Law
• Ohm's law is the relation between the potential difference applied to the ends
of the conductor and current flowing through the conductor. This law was
expressed by George Simon Ohm in 1826.

Statement of Ohm's Law:


The current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential
difference between its ends provided its temperature remains constant.

Then plot a graph between the current (I) and potential difference (V). The graph
will be a straight line.
• Also from this graph we see that current (I) increases with the potential
difference (V) but their ratio V/I remain constant and this constant quantity
as we have defined earlier is called the Resistance of the conductor.

Resistance :
Resistance is the property of a conductor to resist the flow of current through it.
𝑽
According to Ohm's law R = 𝑰

The Sl unit of resistance is ohm (Ω).

If the potential difference across the two ends of a wire is 1 V and the current
flowing through it is 1 A, then the resistance R of the conductor is 1 ohm (1 Ω ).

where 1 Ohm=1 volt/1 Ampere or 1Ω=1VA-1

The current flowing through a resistor is inversely proportional to the resistance.


So if the resistance is doubled, then the current gets halved.

Factors on which the resistance of a conductor depends:-

• The resistance of the conductor depends


1. on its length,
2. on its area of cross-section
3. on the nature of its material
• Resistance of a uniform metallic conductor is directly proportional to its
length (l) and inversely proportional to the area of cross-section (A). That is,

• Where ρ is the constant of proportionality and is called the electrical


resistivity of the material of the conductor.
• The SI unit of resistivity is Ω m. It is a characteristic property of the material.
• The metals and alloys have very low resistivity in the range of 10 -8 Ω m to
10-6 Ω m. They are good conductors of electricity.
• Insulators like rubber and glass have resistivity of the order of 10 12 to 1017 Ω
m.
• Both the resistance and resistivity of a material vary with temperature.

Resistance of a system of resistors


• The resistances can be combined in two ways
1. In series
2. In parallel
To increase the resistance individual resistances are connected in series
combination and to decrease the resistance individual resistances are connected in
parallel combination.
Heating Effect of Electric current
• When electric current passes through a high resistance wire, the wire
becomes and produces heat. This is called heating effect of current.
• This phenomenon occurs because electrical energy is gets transformed into
heat energy when current flows through a wire of some resistance.
• Role of resistance in electrical circuits is similar to the role of friction in
mechanics.
• To we will now derive the expression of heat produced when electric current
flows through a wire.
To we will now derive the expression of heat produced when electric current
flows through a wire.
• For this consider a current I flowing through a resistor of resistance R. Let V
be the potential difference across it as shown in the figure 6
• Let t be the time during which charge Q flows. Now when charge Q moves
against the potential difference V , then the amount of work is given by

Therefore the source must supply energy equal to VQ in time t. Hence power input
to the circuit by the source is
• The energy supplied to the circuit by the source in time t is P×t that is, VIt.
This is the amount of energy dissipated in the resistor as heat energy.
• Thus for a steady current I flowing in the circuit for time t , the heat
produced is given by

Applying Ohm's law to above equation we get

• This is known as Joule's Law of heating


• According to Joule's Law of Heating , Heat produced in a resistor is
(a) Directly proportional to the square of current for a given resistor.
(b) Directly proportional to resistance of a given resistor.
(c) Directly proportional to time for which current flows through the resistor.
Applications of heating effect of current
1. The heating effect of current is utilized in the electrical heating appliances
for example electric iron, room heaters, water heaters etc.
2. The heating effect of electric current is utilized in electric bulbs or electric
lamps for producing light. (Refer text)

3. An electric fuse is an important application of the heating effect of current.


The working principle of a fuse wire is based on the heating effect of
current. When high current flow through the fuse (current higher than the
rated value) then the heat developed in the wire melts it and breaks the
circuit. (Refer text)
ie

Note:

• The commercial unit of electrical energy is a kilowatt-hour (kWh).


• 1kWh=3,600,000J=3.6×106J
• Represented as P=I2R and P=V2/R
• One kilowatt-hour is defined as the amount of energy consumed when 1kW
of power is used for 1 hour.

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