Vector functions Domain The domain of rs(t) =

< t In)5-t) t
=
is
, ,
that three
integrate) expressions
such all make sense .
Chow to differentiated se

Any by the dowais

t : +60 In (5-t) 3-50 th
g(t) h(t))
: :
= (t) = (f(t)
, ,
, ,
Bounded :
If it doesn't to infinity
go
a non-ex : [t) 03

.C
&
,

Parametric
eq Closed :
If it defined not,
using only 1 4
is =
. ,

Compact If : it is both bounded and closed .

Derivatives of vector functions

* ' (t) =
(f'(t) g'(t) h'(t)) , ,
P Identify function (t) (f(t) g(t) h(t)) vector =
, ,

& Find reference point by evaluating (c)

line at t
indicates the direction of tem given a
=

Tangent
=
line to a vector function
③ Calculate the directional
rector by (t) to
get(t) ,
then
(t) (f(t)
=

, g(t) h(t))a+ ,
t = a has evaluate r
*
(c).
Referencepoint Fla) (f(a) g(a) h(a)]
·

& Formulae torgent line

&
=
, ,

·
Directional vector r(a) (f'(a) h'(al) if needed
g(a) ⑤ Unit tangent rector
=

, ,

normalize(d) = (0 .
1 , 1)
The at E
tangent line
f'(a)t f(a) 0
=
unit ton vector
X =
+ to normalize ,

equation += :
I'col E
a
g'(a)t g(a) magnitude 02 + 12 + 12
at =
y compute
= : =
+ -

h'(a)t h(a) component : (0 , 1)

(o ,
z = + -
divide each 1 ,

by its
magnitude E
=

--

Arclength of a curve the arclength of a curve

by ro(t) = (f(t) g(t) h(t) , ,
measures the

from to .
distance traveled
along a curve a point another

Arc length = (t) at

-
lengtht of curve

to t b
where I' (t)) =
(f'(t))" (g'(t)2 (h'(t)) + +
2

from = =
a

variables
Arc Parametrization Limits of functions of several
Length
Given point and rector find t for which lim
-two-variable
f(x y) many ways
,

(cos(t) sin(t) coslt)-sin(t) t +1)

,

point is true
Ex (t) .
= +
, , (xy)v(a,b) ,
to
approach to (x b)
y) =(a .

1)
,
(1 1 2+ Set them equal and find that t = 2
* To Either for
show limit DNE paths some
, ,
use

function ((t)
.

① Calculate the arc

length +
path the limitDNE or for 2 different paths
l(t) from t = a do
any /(t) / 15'(t) at t :
= limits are .
different
-o
Path 1 Path # 3 X X

find derivative magnitude

+0 =
:
y
= 0
, X
:
y ,
(t) is given , Path #2 0 O Path #4 : = x2 X -0
: X
y +
=
,
isolate t
,
y
② Solve for t interms of li that the limit exists
Showing
② Substitute t back into (t). T ①
Plugging In (Direct Substitution)
: (l)
removeseverao
lim se
now
(x , y) ( z)(x2 y) + = 12 + z 3 Con
-
- =
,
all
of function w/ multiple variables
.

the
graph & Squeeze
Drawing e a
Theorem : lim
Xsin 1

,ContourmapGraph whorizontaltra (x , y) a (0 0)
Level
(2) 1
curves
-
1sin >
,
xz +
yz
Level As(x y) (0 0)
⑧
collection of curs e bos
o graph w/horizontal -x
sin(yzx
>
- z -
2 =
f(x y) ,
, ,

in
~ -x" and x?
traces just
adjust the Sin
andcosare alysis approach O
,
so

heightsofthelevel a ty cr betwe

a) sin(yz)
lim
= (x y) (0 ,
= 0

differential
,

Partial derivatives
variablefregard
-
Pick a variable and
all other variables as constant Continuity Argument composition
which letter is a If f(x y) . can be expressed as a

which letter is function , continuous

a
of functions , and each part is
another variable continuous
When differentiating a
variable by at the
point the f(xy) will be continuous at that

derivative t S
,
treat it like .
constant
you .
point
z
Ex z) partial
var
f(x xy
f(x y) Sinx cosy since sinx and cosy are
.

continuous
,
y, 2
,
=
,
& implicit function : x z= also continuous .
everywhere their product is
+
y - 1
,

Z implicit function on var . X ,

Y

* = 0 This Domains
,0 becauseindepends : f(xy) =
x +1 Domain :

Fortobedefined mus e
Variable and
on X
.

Tangent plane Graph of z = f(x y) ,

at
point (a ,
b ,
f(a .
b) um
interior of a circle
with

given by bounday
:
at this
point the tangent plane is radius 1
, excluding
this value of
b)
is

+ (a b)(y
E
f(a b)
(a b)(x a) table
z =
the
Approximation
+
using
approximating f(x y)
, ,
-
,
-

f(a b) (x , y) (a b)
dulo
to when ,

Approximate f(x y) , when (x , y) (a b) ,

,

X(y -
101 2 +(3 2 .
, 0 2)
and
.

a I will have y
Approximating er ror 1 -
2 o Z 3
(3 0) base all
6 0 .
Z 0 .
Z

b) (a b)(x (ab))
f(a a)
,

f(x y) -
2 246 9
(4 0)
,
x-direction
, +

cell
adjacent
in
-
,
- -- ,

⑤
Af 4 a
difference between 3 10
y-direction
-
Ay (3 1) cell adjacent in
actual and ideal output
,

bE 4 681012
[MotErrorX Mozy
Margin et y 0 ~f(xadjcl)-f(base all) E 2
=
e r ro r X = a
-x (3 ,
=
=

= f(x y) ,
= f(a b) = moef
,
difference in X
8 6
fy (3 0) ~f(yadj cel) f(base
-

cl)
Moefvo(a b)/mox(a,b) me ,
-
= 2
=

difference in
1
y
 Chain Rule Distance
x(t) y(t) Realized at one of = X( =

- +
( b)
Parametric
-

y
=
eq x =

points
.

the critical function S

Curve)
S

Distance between
global minimum
ajust
a

y
"Critical
=

=
(a b)
point oD(x(t) y(t))
corre ad
point if (D(x(t) y(t)
,
,

-
7
,
where
·

(a , b)
D(x , y) = (x a)+(y
-

b)
-

* (y- 4 - b
Bx
Critical point if :
= 0

① Compute
+

derivatives of and
X
y
② Solve equation for critical points
Critical point if :
(-a)/y-b = O
* this
numerator
is true if
is o

3 Find candidates for t that make eq = o (x a) - +

(y - b)
z

Solve for xy using t condidates corresponding ats distance Critical point if

a

(x-ally-b
:
⑨ Plug each of the candidates in to equation
= 0

be the distance
⑤ Take the smallest value and that will
-

a b)
=

REMEMBER: (a b)
+ = + 2ab +

(a b)(a b) az
+ -
= -
b2
cs(x) + C
(sin(x)dx
= -

Integral /(t)dt Chain Rol

case 1 : f(x(t) y(t)) ,
+ f(x y) ,

&
Case 2 : f(x (t) , y
(t) ,
z (t) vf(x y z) , .

Arclength problem ?

Case 3 :
f(x y)
,
- f(x(s t) y(s t)) ,
,
,

Level curves and contour

map

Ex
given
f(x y) ,
= Y
x2 + 1
f(x , y) = z

&
=
constant level
Y
x2 + 1
=
7 -
rearrage
solve for y
do Clevel curve
↓= + t

y =
z(x 1) +
a solve for
y given
each z

Targent plane of z =
f(x y),
at (2 , 2 ,
2)
*
Find F (t)

Baseball Problem