PIEMR, INDORE

DEPARTMENT OF ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY

ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
BT-101
VIVA – VOCE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Name of Student: ________________ Enrollment Number: ________________

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 BE FIRST/SECOND SEMESTER
ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

1. To determine the Flash point of the given lubricating oil sample by Abel’s
closed cup apparatus.

2. To determine the Flash point of the given lubricating oil sample by

Pensky Martin’s apparatus.

3. To determine the Flash & Fire point of the given lubricating oil sample by
Cleveland’s open cup apparatus.

4. To determine the Viscosity of given lubricating oil sample at different

temperatures by Redwood Viscometer No.1.

5. To determine the Viscosity of given lubricating oil sample at different temperatures

by Redwood Viscometer No.2.

6. To determine the Cloud & Pour point of given lubricating oil sample by Cloud &
Pour point apparatus.

7. To determine the Aniline point of given lubricating oil sample by Aniline point
apparatus.

8. To determine the total hardness of given water sample by Complexometric Titration.

9. To determine the type & extent of mixed Alkalinity of given water sample
by Neutralization Titration.

10. To determine the chloride ions in the given water sample by

Argentometric Titration. (Mohr’s method)
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 1. FLASH POINT DETERMINATION BY ABLE'S APPARATUS
Q.1 What are the limitations of Able's apparatus?
Ans. The flash point up to 49C can only be determined by this apparatus. Further fire point cannot be
determined by Able's apparatus as it contains closed cup.

Q.2 What is the difference between Abel's apparatus and Pensky Martin's apparatus?
Ans.
Abel's apparatus Pensky Martin's apparatus
The flash point up to 49C can only be determined Flash point between 50 to 370C can only be
by this apparatus. determined by this apparatus.
Oil cup is surrounded by water bath. Water bath is not present. Air bath is present.

Q.3 Why the flash and fire is point determination important for an engineer?
Ans. Flash and fire point determination is important for an engineer, in order to determine the maximum
temperature up to which the particular oil can be used as a lubricant. If we use the particular oil above its
flash and fire point it will cause fire hazard. In addition, the flash point of an oil is often used as a means
of identification and also for detection of contaminants of the lubricating oils.

Q.4 What is the formula used for conversion of F to C?

Ans. (F – 32) / 9 = C/5

Q.5 Define the temperature range of various apparatus used for flash and fire point determination?
Ans.
S. No. Apparatus Temperature Range
1. Able's closed cup Apparatus 0 – 49C
2. Pensky Martin's Apparatus 50 – 370C
3. Cleveland's open cup Apparatus All ranges

Q.6 How the heating of oil sample takes place in Able's apparatus?
Ans. In Able's apparatus the oil sample is heated by water bath. Water gets converted into steam and the
latent heat of steam is transferred to oil sample.

Q.7 In which apparatus the oil sample is heated directly?

Ans. Cleveland's open cup apparatus.

Q.8 How does the flash can be seen?

Ans. When the oil sample is heated, first the oil get converted into the vapors. This vapor catches the test
flame and ignite for a moment. This temperature is the flash point.

Q.9 What is the difference between flash and fire point?

Ans. The fire points are 5 to 40C higher than the flash point.

Q.10 If the flash point of an oil is 40C. What can be the maximum fire point of this oil?
Ans. The maximum fire point of the oil will be 80C.

Q.11 What is meant by lubricating oil and fuel oil?

Ans. Lubricating oil is used for lubrication. It is inserted between moving and sliding parts of the machineries,
which causes reduction in friction. Whereas fuel oil is used for the generation of energy and power. On
combustion fuel oil releases heat energy and this energy is utilized for power generation.

Q.12 How heating of oil is done in this apparatus (Abel's)?

Ans. By water bath.

2. FLASH POINT DETERMINATION BY PENSKY MARIN APPARATUS

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Q.1 What is flash point?
Ans. The flash point of oil is the lowest temperature at which oil gives off sufficient vapors which forms
explosive mixture with air that will ignite for a moment when a small flame is brought near it.

Q.2 What is fire point?

Ans. The fire point of an oil is the lowest temperature at which the vapors of oil forms an explosive mixture
with air which burns continuously for at least 5 seconds when a small flame is brought near it.

Q.3 What is the significance of flash and fire point measurement?

Ans. The flash and fire points are used to indicate the fire hazards of petroleum products and evaporation
losses under high temperature operations. Knowledge of flash and fire points of lubricating oil aids in-
precautionary measures against fire hazards. A good lubricant should have flash point at least above the
temperature at which it is to be used. Flash point is also used as a means of identification and also for
detection of contamination of the lubricating oil. It also gives us an idea about the usability of the oil as
lubricant on a machine operating at a particular temperature.

Q.4 What is the limitation of Pensky Martin's Apparatus?

Ans. The lubricating oil having flash point between 50 to 370C can only be determined by this apparatus.
Also it cannot be used for the fire point determination.

Q.5 Mention the contaminants which can increase or decrease the flash point of a lubricating oil?
Ans. Flash point of a lubricant is lower if it contains low molecular weight constituents. If moisture is present in
the lubricating oil, it increases the flash point because steam prevents vapor from igniting.

Q.6 What should be the difference in flash and fire points in C?
Ans. The fire points are 5 to 40C higher than the flash point.

Q.7 Railways are concerned with which property of lubricants?

Ans. Railways are especially concerned with the fire point of inflammable liquids, which they transport through
tanks.

Q.8 What is flammable liquid?

Ans. If a liquid is having flash point less than 140F, it is known as flammable liquid.

Q.9 What is combustible liquid?

Ans. If a liquid is having flash point above 140F, it is known as combustible liquid.

Q.10 Name the different types of lubricating oils?

Ans. Lubricating oils are also known as liquid lubricants and are classified into three categories viz.
1. Animal and vegetable oils 2. Mineral or petroleum oils 3. Blended oils

Q.11 Give the examples of animal and vegetable oils?

Ans. Animal oils (e.g. lard oil, neat's-foot oil, fish oils, sperm oil, whale oil etc.) Vegetable oils (e.g. Olive oil,
castor oil, palm oil, cotton seed oil etc.)

Q.12 Flash point of which oil is determined by Pensky Martin's method?

Ans. Oils having flash point above 120F can be determined by Pensky Martin's method.

Q.13 How will you select a lubricant?

Ans. We will select a lubricant on the basis of its flash and fire point and the operating temperature of the
machine.

Q.14 How heating of oil is done in this apparatus (Pensky martin's)?

Ans. Ray heating (due to the presence of air-jacket).

3. FLASH & FIRE POINT DETERMINATION BY CLEVELAND'S OPEN CUP APPARATUS

Q.1 What are the limitations of Cleveland's open cup apparatus?

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Ans. As it is an open cup apparatus the vapors of the oil formed get immediately dispersed in the atmosphere.
So a very careful operation is required during determination.

Q.2 What is the main difference between the Cleveland open cup and Pensky Martin's closed
apparatus?
Ans.
S. No. Cleveland's open cup apparatus Pensky Martin's closed up apparatus
1. It is an open cup apparatus. It is a closed cup apparatus.
2. Used for determination of both flash Used only for determination of flash point of
and fire point of lubricants. lubricants.
3. Flash point obtained should be higher Flash point obtained should be 10 to 30F
than that obtained with closed cup lower than that obtained with an open cup
apparatus. apparatus.
4. Reproducible results are not. Reproducible results are obtained.

Q.3 What is meant by flash point 'open' and flash point 'closed'? Which one is reproducible?
Ans. Flash point open is the flash point determined with the help of Cleveland open cup method. Flash point
closed is the flash point determined with the help of either Abel's apparatus or Pensky Martin's
apparatus.
The more reproducible results are obtained with the help of closed cup apparatus.

Q.4 Flash point of which oil is determined by using this method?

Ans. Flash and fire points of all petroleum products, except fuel oils and those having an open cup flash below
79C (175F) and
Flash and fire points of lubricating oil above 79C (175F) can be determined by using this method.

Q.5 Can flash point and fire point of kerosene oil be determined by Cleveland's open cup apparatus?
Ans. No, because it will catch fire during determination.

Q.6 Why Cleveland's open cup apparatus gives higher flash and fire point than that of Able's and
Pensky Martin's apparatus?
Ans. Because in Cleveland's open cup, the vapors of the oil get mixed with the air which dilute the vapors of
the oil whereas in Able's and Pensky Martin's closed cup the fumes get collected in the confined space
which causes the accurate determination of flash and fire point.

Q.7 A good lubricant should have low volatility or high volatility?

Ans. Low volatility.

Q.8 Why flash and fire points of oil is determined while heating the oil as well as cooling the oil?
Ans. There are three reasons –
i) in order to note the lowest temperature. ii) For confirmatory test. iii) To get accurate result.

Q.9 If during heating flash point obtained is 40C whereas during cooling flash point found was 45C
which flash point will you record?
Ans. The flash point recorded will be 40C, because we have to note the lowest temperature at which flash is
seen, either it is obtained during heating or cooling.

Q.10 What should be the flash point of a good lubricant?

Ans. Flash point of a good lubricant must be at least above the temperature at which the lubricant is to be
used, otherwise there is a risk of fire during its use.

Q.11 How heating of oil is done in this apparatus (Cleveland's open cup)?
Ans. Direct heating.

4. VISCOSITY AND V.I DETERMINATION BY REDWOOD VISCOMETER NO.1

Q.1 Define a lubricant?

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Ans. A lubricant may be defined as a substance which reduces the friction when introduced between
two moving/sliding surfaces.

Q.2 What are the functions of a lubricant?

Ans. The functions of a lubricant are –
a) To reduce friction.
b) It reduces wear, tear and surface deformation.
c) It acts as a coolant to carry away heat.
d) It keeps out dirt.
e) It prevents rust and corrosion.
f) It transmits fluid power.

Q.3 What is viscosity?

Ans. Viscosity is the property of a fluid that determines its resistance to flow.

Q.4 Why some fluids show property of viscosity?

Ans. Viscosity is mainly due to the force of cohesion between the molecules of lubricating oil.

Q.5 What is the relationship between fluidity and viscosity?

Ans. Fluidity of oil increases with increase in temperature but viscosity of oil decreases with increase
in temperature.

Q.6 What is the unit of viscosity and also give its dimensions?
Ans. In CGS its unit is poise and dimensions are ML–1T–1.

Q.7 Define poise?

Ans. Poise is equal to force in dynes required to move cm2 of a substance over another surface by 1
cm with a velocity of 1 cm/sec.

Q.8 What is the viscosity value for water?

Ans. Viscosity of water at 20C is about 1 Centipoise.

Q.9 What is absolute viscosity?

Ans. Absolute viscosity may be defined as "the tangential force per unit area which is required to
maintain a unit velocity gradient between two parallel layers. It is denoted by eta ().

Q.10 What is absolute kinematic viscosity?

Ans. Absolute kinematic viscosity is the ratio of absolute viscosity density for any fluid. It is denoted
by n.

Q.11 What is the unit of absolute kinematic viscosity and its dimensions?
Ans. In CGS its unit is stokes and dimensions are L2T–1.

Q.12 How temperature affects viscosity and why?

Ans. Viscosity of lubricating oil is inversely proportional to temperature i.e. with increase of
temperature viscosity decreases. This is due to the reason that as we increase temperature
intermolecular attraction between molecules decreases. Hence, heavier oils are used at higher
temperatures and light oils are used at low ambient temperature.

Q.13 How pressure affects viscosity?

Ans. At high pressure viscosity of lubricating oil increases considerably.

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Q.14 What is the relation between poise and centipoise?
Ans. 1 Centipoise = 1/100th of Poise.

Q.15 Name various types of viscometers?

Ans. 1) Kinematic and Saybolt viscometer used in United States.
2) Engler's viscometer used in Europe
3) Redwood viscometer used in England and common wealth countries.

Q.16 give interconversion of Redwood, Engler and Saybolt viscosities?

Ans. t = (Degree Engler)  52
Redwood second no. 1 = 0.88 saybolt seconds universal
Degree Engler = 0.0328 Redwood Seconds No.1

Q.17 What is universal viscometer?

Ans. Redwood viscometer no. 1 is called universal viscometer.

Q.18 What is the significance of viscosity measurements?

Ans. Viscosity values are used –
i) In evaluating load carrying capacity.
ii) In denoting the effect of temperature changes.
iii) For establishing uniformity in shipments and
iv) For determining the presence of contaminants in used oil during service.

Absolute viscosity values are required for use in all bearing design calculations and other
lubrication engineering Technical problems.
Kinematic values are applied in oil blending procedures.

Q.19 What happens if the viscosity of oil is too low?

Ans. If the viscosity of the oil is too low, the fluid lubricant film cannot be maintained between the
moving surfaces as a result of which excessive ear may take place.

Q.20 What happens if the viscosity of oil is too high?

Ans. If the viscosity of the oil is too high, excessive friction due to the shearing of oil itself would take
place.

Q.21 What are the uses of low viscosity oils?

Ans. Low viscosity oils are used in plain bearings for high-speed equipment such as turbines,
spindles and centrifuges.

Q.22 What are the uses of low viscosity oils?

Ans. High viscosity oils are used in plain bearing of low speed equipment.

Q.23 Oil cup is made up of which metal?

Ans. Brass

Q.24 What is the diameter of the jet?

Ans. The diameter of the jet is 1.62 mm.

Q.25 What is the length of the jet?

Ans. The length of the jet is 10 mm.

Q.26 What is the size of oil cup?

Ans. The size of oil cup is 90 mm in height and 46.5 mm in diameter.

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Q.27 Differentiate between Redwood viscometer no.1 and 2?
Ans.
S. No. Redwood viscometer No.1 Redwood viscometer No.2
1. Dimensions of orifice Length – 10 mm Length – 50 mm
Diameter – 1.62 mm Diameter – 3.80 mm
2. Receiving flask has Smaller mouth Larger mouth
3. Useful for Low viscous oil (like Higher viscous oil (like fuel
kerosene, mustard oil etc.) oil, mobile oil etc.)

Q.28 Which flask is used to collect the flowing oil?

Ans. Kohlrausch flask

Q.29 First reading should be taken at which temperature?

Ans. Room temperature

Q.30 How result is recorded i.e. in what unit?

Ans. Results are reported in seconds, stating the test temperature and viscometer. For example,
Redwood viscosity No.1 at ...........C = ............... seconds.

Q.31 Why viscosity of oil decreases with rise in temperature?

Ans. Viscosity of an oil decreases with increase of temperature because of decrease in
intermolecular attraction due to expansion.

Q.32 Name different types of lubricants?

Ans. 1) Lubricating oils 2) Greases or semi-solid lubricants
3) Solid lubricants 4) Synthetic lubricants

Q.33 What is viscosity index?

Ans. The rate of change of viscosity with temperature is measured by an empirical number, known
as viscosity index (VI).

L = Viscosity at 100F of low-viscosity standard Gulf oil (V.I. = 0) which has the same viscosity
at 210F as that of the oil under test.
U = Viscosity of the oil under test.
H = Viscosity at 100F of high-viscosity standard Pennsylvanian oil (V.I. = 100) which has the
same viscosity at 210F as that of the oil under test.
Q.34 What is L?
Ans. L is the viscosity at 100F of low viscosity standard oil having V.I. = 0

Q.35 What is H?
Ans. H is the viscosity at 100F of high viscosity standard oil having V.I. = 100.

Q.36 Which oil has V.I. = 0 at 100F?

Ans. Gulf oil

Q.37 Which oil has V.I. = 100 at 100F?

Ans. Pennsylvanian oil

Q.38 What is meant by high viscosity index of any oil?

Ans. A small change in viscosity with temperature is indicated by high viscosity index.

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Q.39 What is meant by low viscosity index of any oil?
Ans. A relatively large change in viscosity with temperature is indicated by low viscosity index.

Q.40 What is meant by lubricating oil and fuel oil?

Ans. Lubricating oil is used for lubrication. It is inserted between moving and sliding parts of the
machineries, which causes reduction in friction. Whereas fuel oil is used for the generation of
energy and power. On combustion fuel oil releases heat energy and this energy is utilized for
power generation.

Q.41 What is oiliness?

Ans. Oiliness of a lubricant is a measure of its capacity to stick on to the surfaces of machine parts,
under conditions of heavy pressure or load.

Q.42 In which oil oiliness is least?

Ans. Mineral oil

Q.43 Which class of oil posses higher oiliness?

Ans. Vegetable and animal oils

Q.44 How can the oiliness of a mineral oil be increased?

Ans. The oiliness of a mineral oil can be increased by the addition of higher molecular weight
compounds like oleic acid and stearic acid.

Q.45 Name any five solid lubricants?

Ans. Graphite, Molybdenum disulphide, soap stone, talc, mica etc.

Q.46 Name any two synthetic lubricants?

Ans. Silicones and phosphate esters.

Q.47 What are mineral oils?

Ans. These are basically lower molecular weight hydrocarbons with about 12 to 50 carbon atoms.
Their viscosity increases with the length of the hydrocarbon chain. They are obtained by
distillation of petroleum.

Q.48 How are viscosity and viscosity-index inter-related?

Ans. If the viscosity of an oil falls rapidly as the temperature is raised, it has low viscosity index. On
the other hand, if viscosity of oil is only slightly lowered on raising the temperature, its viscosity
index is high.

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 5. VISCOSITY AND V.I DETERMINATION BY REDWOOD VISCOMETER NO.2

Q.1 What is the diameter of the jet?

Ans. The diameter of the jet is 3.80 mm.

Q.2 What is the length of the jet?

Ans. The length of the jet is 50 mm.

Q.3 Which oil is used for determination of viscosity in Redwood Viscometer No.2?
Ans. Higher viscous oil (thick oil) having flow time which exceeds 2000 sec like, fuel oil, mobile oil
etc.

Q.4 Which flask is used to collect the flowing oil?

Ans. Kohlrausch flask.

Q.5 What type of oils are suitable for thick film lubrication?
Ans. Hydrocarbon oils (or petroleum oils).

Q.6 Why vegetable oils are not used as lubricants?

Ans. Because, they are having three disadvantages i.e. –
1) They are expensive
2) They get hydrolyze easily
3) The undergo oxidation easily

Q.7 In which type of machines fluid film lubrication is used?

Ans. Fluid film lubrication is used in delicate machines like watches, clocks, sewing machine etc.

Q.8 What is a Grease?

Ans. A semi-solid lubricant obtained by combining lubricating oil with thickening agent is termed as
Grease.

Q.9 Name the different types of greases?

Ans. 1) Calcium-based grease
2) Soda-based grease
3) Lithium-based grease and
4) Axle grease

Q.10 What changes takes place in the properties of lubricant when it is subjected to the
heavy machine operating at high temperature and pressure?
Ans. At high temperature and pressure oil get decomposed by the chemical action such as:
Oxidation, Hydrolysis and Pyrolysis.

Q.11 What types of lubricants are used for machineries operating under high-pressures and
low-speeds?
Ans. Solid lubricants either in dry powder form or as emulsion in oil or water.

Q.12 How the oxidation of lubricating oil is prevented?

Ans. The oxidation of lubricating oil can be prevented by adding antioxidant like amino phenol.

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 6. CLOUD AND POUR POINT DETERMINATION OF LUBRICATING OIL

Q.1 What is meant by cloud point?

Ans. The cloud point is the temperature at which crystallization of solids occurs in the form of a cloud or haze,
when the oil is cooled at a specified rate in a standard apparatus.

Q.2 What is meant by pour point?

Ans. The pour point is the temperature at which the oil just ceases to flow, when cooled at a specified rate in a
standard apparatus.

Q.3 What is the significance of determining cloud and pour point?

Ans. Cloud point of the oil helps in identifying the temperatures at which separation of wax crystals may clog
the filter screens in the fuel intake system of diesel engines. Lubricating oils of napthenic type are almost
free of wax and exhibit very low cloud points. Thus, cloud point of any oil may also be helpful in
identifying the type of the crude oil from which it is derived.

Pour point determines the suitability of a lubricating oil for low temperature installations, such as
refrigerator plants and air-craft engines, which may be required to be started and operated at sub-zero
temperature. A high pour point for lubricating oil may lead to solidification of the oil and jamming of the
machine. Pour point of a lubricating oil also establishes the lowest the lowest temperature up to which it
can be transferred by gravity-flow to the moving parts of the machinery.

Q.4 How can the pour point of a lubricating oil be lowered?

Ans. The pour point of a lubricating oil can be lowered by following methods –
a) By adding suitable pour point depressant
b) By Dewaxing the lubricating oil.
c) By lowering the viscosity of lubricating oil.

Q.5 How pour point depressants lower the pour point?

Ans. Pour point depressants are added to lubricating oils which are rich in wax, they get adsorbed on the
surface of wax crystals and reduce the size of the wax crystals and also change the crystal structure.
This in turn increases the rate of oil flow at low temperatures. Thus, pour point gets lowered.

Q.6 What are lubricants?

Ans. Lubricants are those substances which reduce the friction when introduced between two surfaces.

Q.7 What are the different freezing mixtures used here?

Ans.
S. No. Mixture Combinations Temperature range
1. A Ice + Water Upto 10C
2. B Ice + Salt Upto –10C
3. C Ice + CaCl2 Upto –25C
4. D Solid CO2 + Acetone Upto –60C

7. DETERMINATION OF ANILINE POINT BY ANILINE POINT APPARATUS

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Q.1 What is aniline point?
Ans. Aniline point is defined as "the minimum equilibrium solution temperature for equal volumes of
aniline and the oil sample."

Q.2 What is the significance of aniline point determination?

Ans. Aniline-point of lubricating oil is a measure of its aromatic content and hence it gives an
indication of the possible tendency of deterioration of oil when it comes into contact with rubber
seals, used in the system to prevent leakages. Thus, the lower the aniline-point of a lubricating
oil, the more severe will be its attack on the rubber sealing. Obviously, a higher aniline-point is
desirable for lubricating oil, because it means that the oil contains lower percentage of aromatic
hydrocarbons.

Q.3 why low aromatic content in the lubricants is desirable?

Ans. A lower aniline point of oil means a higher percentage of aromatic hydrocarbons in it. Since
aromatic hydrocarbons have a tendency to dissolve natural rubber and certain types of
synthetic rubbers. Thus, higher the percentage of aromatic hydrocarbon or lower the aniline
point of a oil, more are the chances of deterioration of an oil when it comes in contact with
rubber sealings, packing etc. Therefore, low aromatic content in the lubricants or their higher
aniline point is desirable.

Q.4 Is there any relation between the aromatic content of a lubricating oil and its aniline
point?
Ans. Yes, Aniline point of a lubricant is a measure of its aromatic content. A lubricating oil with low
aniline point have high aromatic content and the lubricating oil with high aniline point have low
aromatic content.

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 8. DETERMINATION OF TOTAL HARDNESS BY COMPLEXOMETRIC TITRATION
Q.1 Define hardness?
Ans. Hardness is defined as the soap consuming capacity of water.

Q.2 Define degree of hardness of water?

Ans. It is the part of calcium carbonate equivalent to hardness as per a particular number of parts of
water, depending upon unit employed.

Q.3 what are the different units for measuring hardness?

Ans. ppm, mg/L, Fr, Cl.

Q.4 Define Temporary hardness (or carbonate hardness)?

Ans. It is caused by the presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium, magnesium and other heavy
metals and carbonate of iron.

Q.5 Define Permanent hardness (or non-carbonate hardness)?

Ans. It is due to the presence of dissolved chlorides and sulphates of calcium, magnesium, iron and
other heavy metals.

Q.6 What is a buffer solution?

Ans. Buffer solution is one which resists changes in pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or
base. It is a mixture of a weak acid or weak base and its salt.

Q.7 Name of the indicator used in determination of hardness using EDTA?

Ans. Erichrome black-T (or Solochrome black).

Q.8 What is the chemical name of EBT?

Ans. Sodium 1- (1-hydroxy-2-naphthyl azo)-6-nitro-2-napthol-4-sulphonate(II).

Q.9 Name the metal ion indicators which are commonly used in EDTA titrations?
Ans. Eriochrome black-T, Murexide, Erichrome blue-black-B, Xylenol orange, Zincon, Solochrome
dark blue, Patton and Reeders indicator etc.

Q.10 What is the structural formula of Erichrome black-T?

Ans.

Q.11 What is the structural formula of EDTA?

Ans.

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Q.12 Why NH4Cl-NH4OH buffer solution is added in this titration?
Ans. In this titration end point appears only when pH of water sample is maintained around 10. This
buffer solution help in maintaining pH.

Q.13 What is the trade name of EDTA?

Ans. Versene or Tritriplex III.

Q.14 What type of titration is this?

Ans. Complexometric titration – In these titrations, complexing ions are used to locate the end point.

Q.15 What is ppm?

Ans. Parts per million (ppm) =
Q.16 What is Normality?
Ans. It is defined as the "Number of gram equivalents of the solute dissolved per liter of the solution.
Q.17 What is equivalent weight?
Ans. Equivalent weight is defined as the number of parts by weight a chemical Species combined
with or displaced by 1.008 parts of hydrogen, 8 parts of oxygen or 35.5 parts by weight of
chlorine.
Equivalent weight of an acid = Molecular weight / basicity
Equivalent weight of the base = Molecular weight / acidity
Q.18 Define indicator?
Ans. The reagent used to locate the end point of the titration, by showing change in its color is called
an indicator.

Q.19 What is standard hard water?

Ans. A solution containing 1 gm of CaCO 3 equivalent hardness in 1 liter water, 1000 ppm or 1000
mg/L.
Q.20 Is there any other method besides EDTA method to determine hardness?
Ans. Yes. The method is named as soap solution method.

Q.21 How the various units of hardness are interrelated?

Ans. 1 ppm = 0.1Fr = 0.07Cl = 1 mg/L.

Q.22 Which is the best method of hardness determination?

Ans. Complexometric method using EDTA.

Q.23 What is the total hardness of water used for drinking purpose?
Ans. Total hardness of about 85 ppm CaCO3 equivalents is used for drinking purposes.

9. DETERMINATION OF MIXED ALKALINITY

Q.1 What is Alkalinity?
Ans. Alkalinity is a measure of the ability of water to neutralize the acids.

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Q.2 What are the types of alkalinity of present in water?
Ans. (i) Caustic alkalinity (due to OH– and ions), and
(ii) Temporary hardness (due to ions).

Q.3 What type of titration is this?

Ans. Neutralization titration – These include alkalimetry and Acidimetry. Alkalimetry is the
determination of concentration of alkali with standard acid, and Acidimetry is the reverse
process.

Q.4 Name the indicators used in the determination of alkalinity?

Ans. Phenolphthalein and Methyl orange.

Q.5 What is IUPAC name of phenolphthalein?

Ans. 3,3-bis(4-hydroxy phenyl) isobenzofuran-1-one

Q.6 What is the IUPAC name of methyl orange?

Ans. 4-[4-(Dimethyl laminobenzene) phenylazo] benzene sulphonic acid

Q.7 What does P > ½ M means?

Ans. P > ½ M means that alkalinity in the water sample is due to OH– and .

Q.8 What is a Universal indicator?

Ans. The color change may be made to extend over a considerable pH range by suitably mixing
certain indicators. Such a mixture is known as universal indicator. Example: A mixture of
phenolphthalein, methyl orange, methyl red and bromothymol blue covers a pH range of 3-11.
This universal indicator gives color changes at different pH values.

Q.9 What re the different types of indicators? Give examples.

Ans. The various types of indicators are –
(i) Internal Indicators – These indicators are added to solution taken in the conical flask.
Examples – Phenolphthalein, methyl orange, starch solution.
(ii) External Indicators – These are placed outside, on a reference porcelain plate. For
example, in the titration of ferrous ammonium sulphate reagent against K 2Cr2O7, a dilute
solution of K3Fe(CN)6 is used as external indicator.
(iii) Self Indicators – When color of one of the titrants acts as indicator. Example – KMnO 4
acts as self indicator in the titration of oxalic acid against KMnO4.

Q.10 Write the structures and give the colors of the following indicators:
(a) Phenolphthalein (b) Methyl orange?

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Ans. (a) Phenolphthalein

(b) Methyl orange

Q.11 What is end point?

Ans. The end point is the point at which the titration is stopped.

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Q.12 Why and ions cannot exist together in water?
Ans. It is because of the fact that they combine instantaneously to form ions.

Thus, and ions cannot exist together in water.

On the basis of same reasoning, all the three ( , and ) cannot exist together.

Q.13 What are the drawbacks of using highly alkaline water?

Ans. Drawbacks of using highly alkaline water are –
(i) It may lead to caustic embrittlement.
(ii) It may lead to deposition of precipitates and sludge's in boiler tubes and pipes.

Q.14 What is caustic embrittlement?

Ans. It is the phenomenon during which the boiler material becomes brittle due to the accumulation
of caustic substances.

Q.15 Give the pH range of phenolphthalein and methyl orange?

Ans. Phenolphthalein – pH range 8.3 to 10.0
Methyl orange – pH range 3.1 to 4.4

Q.16 What is pH value?

Ans. pH is logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion concentration, pH = -log[H+].
Solution with pH 7 – neutral
Solution with pH less than 7 – acidic
Solution with pH greater than 7 – basic

10.CHLORIDE ION ESTIMATION BY ARGENTOMETRIC METHOD

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Q.1 What is meant by Argentometric titration?
Ans. Volumetric estimations involving silver nitrate (e.g., based on Mohr's method and volhard's
method) are called Argentometric titrations.

Q.2 How many types of silver nitrate titrations are there?

Ans. Silver nitrate titrations are of three types –
(i) Mohr's method (for halide estimation)
(ii) Fajan's method (for halide estimation)
(iii) Volhard's method (for silver estimation)

Q.3 Which ions can be estimated by Mohr's method?

Ans. Halide ions (Chloride, Bromide etc.)

Q.4 What are the limitations of Mohr's method?

Ans. (i) Ag2CrO4 is soluble in acid, therefore the solution to be titrated should be neutral. If acidic, it
is first neutralized by adding pure powdered CaCO3 and then indicator is added.
(ii) If the solution is alkaline then AgNO 3 is precipitated as silver hydroxide in such cases alkali
is first neutralized by dilute nitric acid. The excess of acid is then destroyed by adding pure
powdered CaCO3.
(iii) Mohr's method is also not suitable for iodides.

Q.5 Why Mohr's method is not suitable for estimation of iodides?

Ans. Because colour of the indicator is masked by that of the precipitate and it makes end point
detection difficult.

Q.6 Which indicator is used in this titration?

Ans. Potassium Chromate.

Q.7 Mohr's method is based on which fact?

Ans. The method is based on the fact that silver halide is more insoluble than silver chromate hence
so long as there is any chloride left in the solution, no silver chromate is formed. In fact, silver
chromate if formed will immediately changes to silver chloride by interaction with chloride when
whole of the chloride has been used up, silver chromate will be formed and red coloration or
precipitate will appear.

Q.8 What are precipitation titrations?

Ans. Precipitation titrations are based on the formation of insoluble precipitates when the solutions
of two reacting substances are brought into contact with each other.

Q.9 What is the pH required for this titration?

Ans. The pH should be between 7-8.

Q.10 What will happen if the medium is acidic?

Ans. If the medium is acidic, end point will be difficult to note, as Ag2CrO4 is soluble in acidic.

Q.11 What will happen if the medium is alkaline?

Ans. If the medium is alkaline then AgNO3 is precipitated as silver hydroxide in such cases alkali is
first neutralized by dilute nitric acid. The excess of acid is then destroyed by adding pure
powdered CaCO3.

Q.12 What is the principle of Mohr's method?

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Ans. This method involves titration of AgNO3 against halide in neutral solution using 5% solution of
potassium chromate as indicator. The end point is marked by the appearance of reddish brown
precipitate due to the formation of silver chromate.

Q.13 What are the sources of chloride in water?

Ans. Chlorides are present in water usually as NaCl, MgCl and CaCl2.

Q.14 What is the significance of estimation of chloride ions in water?

Ans. (i) [ ] > 250 ppm, it imparts bad taste to water, thus making it unacceptable for drinking
purposes.
(ii) In water, chlorides are usually present as NaCl, CaCl 2 and MgCl2. If this water is fed to
industrial boilers, salts like MgCl2 may undergo hydrolysis generating HCl which causes
corrosion in boiler parts.

Q.15 On the basis of solubility product and ionic product, explain when will precipitation
occur.
Ans. If ionic product > solubility product, precipitation will occur.
But if solubility product > ionic product, it means solution is unsaturated and more salt can be
dissolved in it.
And if ionic product = solubility product, it corresponds to the stable saturated solution.

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