COMMUNICATION: ITS NATURE, TYPES, LEVELS, AND

ELEMENTS.
oThe Nature of Communications  it is influenced by pitch, volume,
speed and clarity of speaking.
‘communis’ – it means common, to
come together, to commune. Advantages
‘communicare’ – which means 'to  it brings quick feedback.
share something.  in face-to-face conversation, by
reading facial expression and
Communication body language, one can guess
 is the process of exchanging whether he/she should trust
ideas, thoughts, feelings and what's being said or not.
emotions from one person to
another it also involves imparting Disadvantages
ideas, concepts, and data to a  in face-to-face discussion, user is
group of listeners. unable to deeply think about what
 is a process by which two or more he is delivering, so this can be
people exchange ideas, facts, counted as a fault.
feelings or impression in such
ways that each gains a common Written Communication
understanding of the meaning  written signs or symbols are used
and use of messages. – J. Paul to communicate it can be
Leagan transmitted via email, letter,
 is about two people talking such report, memo etc.
as with a sibling, a parent, a  it is also the most common form
teacher, or a face-to-face of communication being used in
conversation in real life or even business.
via the Internet.
 is the sharing of ideas among a Advantages
bunch of individuals. It is  messages can be edited and
imparting concepts to an revised.
audience. It is sharing of  provides record and back up -
experiences publicly for the enables receiver to fully
common good. understand it and send
appropriate feedback.
Types of Communications
Disadvantages
Verbal Communication  doesn't bring instant feedback.
 message is transmitted verbally.  takes more time in composing a
 it is done by word of mouth and a written message as compare to
piece of writing. word-of-mouth and number of
 In verbal communication people struggles for writing
remember the acronym "KISS" - ability.
Keep It Short and Simple.
 Verbal Communication is divided
into oral and written.
Non Verbal Communication
Oral Communication  sending or receiving of worldless
 spoken words used. message.
 it includes face to face  non verbal communication is all
conversations, speech, telephonic about the body language of
conversation, video, radio, speaker.
television, voice over internet. Examples :
 1. Gestures
2. Body language 3. Message – the central idea of the
3. Posture communication process.
4. Facial Expression o It is made up of the ideas and
feelings that a sender-receiver
Levels of Communications wants to share with others.

1. Intrapersonal – communication 4. Channel – the means through

that occurs in your own mind. which we transmit the message in
o basis of your feelings, either vocal or non-vocal
biases, prejudices and messages.
beliefs o Vocal Messages are verbal

COMMUNICATION BARRIERS

2. Interpersonal – communication and spoken.

between two people but can o Non-vocal Messages could
involve more in informal also be expressed in words or
conversations non-verbal symbols.
3. Small Group – communication
within formal or informal or teams 5. Feedback – the response of the
o decision making sender-receiver to each other.
o problem solving
o discussion within an 6. Noise – any unwanted sound that
organization interferes or bars the message
4. One-to-group – involves a from being understood or
speaker who seeks to inform, interpreted.
persuade or motivate an audience o External Noise – comes from
5. Mass Communication – the physical environment.
electronic or print transmission of o Internal Noise – comes from
messages to the general public. the psychological and
o radio sociological nature of
o television individuals when thoughts
o film and feelings are engrossed on
o printed materials something other than the
6. Computer Mediated – basically communication at hand.
and principally makes use of
computer connected to the 7.Context – surrounding or
internet and various websites. environment that helps shape the
interaction between individuals.
o Physical Context – the
physical environment where
the communication takes
Elements of Communications place.
o Social Context – the
1. Sender – the one who initiates or relationship the participants
starts the communication. hold for each other.
2. Receiver – individual whom the o Psychological Context – has
message is directed. to do with the mood and
o The receiver also provides the emotions of the
sender with feedback which communicators at the
may prompt the sender to moment of communication.
clarify the message. What is Communication Barrier?
 Simply put, a barrier is a will change drastically from one
hindrance. culture to a different.
 These are factors that hinder o Hence it's a requirement that we
clear and understandable must take these different cultures
communication between the under consideration while
sender and the receiver. communication. This is what we
call being culturally
Kinds of Communication Barriers appropriate.

Physical Barriers – includes, closed Language Barriers – Language is

doors, vehicular noise, faulty that the most ordinarily employed
equipment used for communication, tool of communication.
closed cabins, etc.
o The fact that every major region
Perceptual Barriers – different has its own language is one
people perceive the same things among the barriers to effective
differently, messages must be easy communication.
and clear, there should be any rooms
for diverse interpretational set. Gender Barriers – Societal
stereotypes, assumed gender roles
Emotional Barriers – a perfect can contribute to a communication
mixture of emotions and facts is gap between the sexes.
important for effective
communication. o Men and ladies have assigned
roles in society that exacerbate to
o Emotions like anger, frustration, the gender divide.
humor, can blur the decision- o It is vital to remember, however,
making capacities of an that not all men and ladies fit into
individual and thus limit the a labeled category.
effectiveness of their o Recognizing the common
communication. differences and similarities may
be a initiative toward creating
Cultural Barriers – as the world is understanding.
getting more and more globalized,
any large office may have people How to Overcome Barriers of
from several parts of the planet. Communication
Different
 Taking the receiver more seriously
 Crystal clear message
 Delivering message skillfully
 Focusing on the receiver
 Using multiple channels to
communicate instead of relying
on one channel
 Ensuring appropriate feedback
 Be aware of your own state of
mind/emotions/ attitude

Every good conversation starts with

cultures have a special meaning for good listening.
several basic values of society.
You do not listen with just your
o Dressing, religions or lack of ears. You listen with your eyes and
them, food, drinks, pets, and with your sense of touch. You listen
therefore the general behavior
with your mind, your heart, and Emphatic Listening
your imagination. (Egan Gerard)  Going beyond the words to the
heart and feeling that lie behind
Listening is one of the macro-skills the words.
that every student must develop.
How to be a Good Listener
Hearing is only a simple reception
of sound. It is done with ears. It is
Listen
passive.
 Don't interrupt
Listening is the process of making  Let the speaker finish
evaluation and judgement of the  Concentrate on what's being said
thought. It is through mind, more and the way it's being said
than just the ears. It is active.  Make notes, if this helps
 Show the speaker that you are
What is Effective Listening? listening

 Expressing our wants, feelings, Question

thoughts and opinions clearly  Check understanding
and effectively is only half of the
communication process need for Summarize
interpersonal effectiveness.  Paraphrase what the speaker has
 The other half is listening and just told you
understanding.
 There is a real distinction between The Process of Communication
merely hearing the words and It is split into 3 basic
really listening to the message. components:
1. Sender
The Importance of Listening Skill 2. Channel
 Improves relationships 3. Receiver
 Improves our understanding
 Improves our knowledge Encoding – sender will initiate the
 Prevents problems escalating communication process by
 Saves time and energy developing a thought into a
 Can save money message.
 Leads to better result Decoding – message then
interchanges through the channel to
Levels of Listening the receiver, who finalizes the
communication process by
Ignoring interpreting and assigning
 The lowest level. meaning to the message.
 The listener is not listening at all.
 They are distracted by anything Since most communication exchanges
while the speaker is talking. involve a continued discourse
between senders and receivers,
Pretend Listening feedback is supplemented to the
 We are distracted. Our mind is communication process.
elsewhere.
Feedback – is a critical component in
Selective Listening the communication process because
 We pay attention to the speaker it ensures that the message is
as long as they are talking about properly established and interpreted
things we like or agree with. by the other party concerned.
In summary:
 The sender generates an idea in
the mind.
 The idea is then converted into
words, pictures, sounds, symbols,
actions. (encoding)
 The encoded idea is transmitted
to the receiver.
 The receiver receives the encoded
message through the senses and
perceives it in the mind.
 The receiver then decodes or
converts the messages back into
meaningful ideas in his/her own
mind.

Basic Principles of
Communication
1. Know your target audience;
2. Know the purpose of your
engagement in communication
3. Know your topic very well;
4. Anticipate objections from your
listeners;
5. Present your viewpoints to your
listeners well;
6. Achieve credibility with your
audience;
7. Follow through on what you say;
8. Communicate a little at a time;
9. Present pieces of information in
various ways;
10. Develop real and useful ways to
get feedback from the receivers.
11. Utilize varied or multiple
communication techniques.
 ETHICAL STANDARDS OF COMMUNICATION

Ethics understanding that respect the

 a system of moral principles. unique needs and characteristics
 deals with values relating to of individual communicators.
human conduct, with respect to  Condemn communication that
the rightness and wrongness of degrades individuals and
certain actions and to the humanity through distortion,
goodness and badness of the intimidation, coercion, and
motives and ends of such actions. violence, and through the
expression of intolerance and
Communication Ethics hatred.
 The principle governing  Being committed to the
communication. courageous expression of
 The right and wrong aspects of it. personal convictions in pursuit of
 The moral-immoral dimensions fairness and justice.
relevant to interpersonal  Advocate sharing information,
communication. opinions, and feelings when
facing significant choices while
Fundamentals of Ethical also respecting privacy and
Communication confidentiality.
 Responsible thinking  Accept responsibility for the short-
 Decision making and long-term consequences for
 Development of relationships and our own communication and
communities. expect.

Principles of Ethical
Communication
 Advocate truthfulness,
accuracy, honesty, and reason
as essential to the integrity of
communication.
 Endorse freedom of
expression, diversity of
perspective, and tolerance of
dissent to achieve the informed
and responsible decision making
fundamental to a civil society.
 Strive to understand and
respect other communicators
before evaluating and responding
to their messages.
 Promote access to communication
resources and opportunities as
necessary to fulfill human
potential and contribute to the
well-being of families,
communities, and society.
 Promote communication climates
of caring and mutual
 COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION

Globalization
 process of interaction and Cultural Awareness in Speech
integration among the people,  The need for cultural
companies, and governments of awareness is a serious impact of
various nations. globalization, resulting in the
evaluation of communication
It is roughly defined because the skills development programs.
global integration of economies and  In the workplace and schools, for
societies, affects many aspects of instance, we need the ability to
young people’s lives. catch subtle nuances of people’s
 Youth have an ambiguous manner of speech when two
relationship with the globalizing people are speaking the same
world, both economically and language, cultural differences can
culturally. affect vocabulary, expressions,
 They benefit from economic and voice tone.
growth.
 Many travel around the world for Cultural Awareness in Body
work, studies, exchange projects language
and vacation.  Awareness of cultural
 Telephone and the Internet differences in visual
enable them to remain in-tuned communication are often even
with friends and relatives abroad. as important because the
 They are the simplest educated nuances of speech.
generation on new information  This is why in schools, students
technologies. are taught to understand
 They're most flexible and maybe acceptable speaking
best ready to adapt to and distances, conflict styles, eye
make use of latest opportunities contact and posture in different
offered. cultures, accepting that the
physical expressions of their own
Impacts of Globalization culture are not universally
in Communication accepted.
 Students are also taught how to
Virtual Interaction address these differences to
Globalization has introduced virtual prepare them for face-to-face
communication and collaboration meeting with foreign suppliers,
as a major part of academic and customers or team members
workplace dynamic. We need to know when they become professionals.
the strengths and limitations of
various communications media, and
the way to use each medium to Time Differences
maximum effect.  The advent of worldwide
collaboration introduces another
Example: communicating via email new dynamic to communication
to distant team members requires a skills – the necessity to speak
particular etiquette and nuance not and share information with
necessarily required in face-to-face people across several time
interactions. zones.
 When people collaborate with
others on the opposite side of the Globalization and global
world their counterparts are communication have made it easier
usually reception asleep while to ascertain people on the opposite
they themselves are at work. side of the globe as a neighbor, rather
than a stranger from a faraway land.
The Effects of Globalization There is such a lot knowledge about
on Global Communication other countries and cultures available
Both globalization and global online, that it’s not an entire mystery.
communication have changed the
environmental, cultural, political Impacts of Globalization on
and economic elements of the Global Communication
globe.
Availability of Information
Fewer Cultural Barriers The World Health Organization, in its
Many people perceive culture to be works focused on the cultural
the basis of communication dimensions of globalization, has
challenges. When people from two expressed the view that with the
different cultures attempt to spread of companies delivering
exchange information, the way they Internet, satellite television and
speak, their visual communication mobile services, the cost of such
or their mannerisms are often information technologies drop.
interpreted differently by the
opposite person. The way people Business Conduct
approach problems and the way they Globalization has influenced global
participate in communities is all communication by devising new
influenced by culture. techniques for business conduct. Long
distance travels are not any longer
Globalization has made it possible, necessary for business people should
for example, for somebody in Japan to they require a gathering with a
know how someone within the U.S. partner overseas. Internet technology
goes about their day. With television makes it possible to exchange
and films, cultural barriers are information and conduct video
getting less prevalent. Being able conferences. Additionally, enhanced
to speak effectively and regularly communication allows businesses to
with colleagues or friends across the market their products more efficiently
earth helps people understand each within the international market.
other’s cultures a touch better.
Social Awareness
Creation of Global Village The availability of data, which could
The global village is formed when be a direct effect of the development
distance and isolation not matter of worldwide communication systems,
because people are connected by has led to increased social awareness
technology. Wide-spread telephone of individuals across the globe.
and internet access are life-changing Information technology and networks
for several people across the globe, enable them to share opinions, views,
especially those in developing work on projects and research
countries. different areas. These are among the
Example: Online class, Virtual jobs most reasons why the method of
globalization is creating a way of a
worldwide society.

The Problem
Despite its quick spread and
continuous development, global
communication has not reached the
bulk of individuals on all continents.
The World Health Organization
indicates that at least 70 percent of
all people in Africa will never make a
single phone call or use of internet.
This points out the need of a more
extensive application of
communication technologies as part
of the process of globalization.
 LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN MULTICULTURAL
SETTING
In a Global Environment, the power cultures – supported religion,
to speak effectively are often a ethnicity, nationality, and other
challenge. Even when both parties factors- that have different attitudes
speak the same language, there can and outlooks.
still be misunderstanding due to
ethnic and cultural differences. Cultural Sensitivity – involves
accepting those differences
“Cultural proficiency doesn’t mean without insisting your own
memorizing every cultural nuances of culture is best, or that everybody
every market. It’s knowing when to should do it your way (Sherman,
concentrate, when to invite help, and 2018).
when-finally- to talk.” (Genevieve
Hilton) Cultural Awareness and
Sensitivity Guideline
A World of Diversity  Have a transparent sense of
 “Our world is a world of diversity” your own ethnic, cultural, and
– Parapak (1995). racial identity.
 For many centuries, the people of  Bear in mind that in order to learn
the world were separated by about others, you need to know
mountains and seas. and be prepared to share your
 They rarely saw each other; their own culture.
lives were practically unrelated,  Be aware of your own
they developed and lived their discomfort once you encounter
own unique cultures. differences in race, color, religion,
 People in a very particular locality sexual orientation, language, and
developed their own particular ethnicity.
way of life, their own  Be aware of the assumptions
language, their religion and that you hold about people of
thus became referred to as a cultures different from your own.
tribe – an ethnic group or a  Remember of your stereotypes
particular group of individuals as they arise and develop
who established a nation of their personal strategies for reducing
own. the harm that they cause.
 Remember of how your cultural
Global Community perspective influences your
Refers to the people of the globe, judgments about what
considered as being closely appropriate normal or superior
connected by modern behaviors and values are.
telecommunications.  Accept that in cross-cultural
situations, there are often
Examples: uncertainty, which uncertainty
 Major offices and a few homes can cause you to anxious. It can
 Linked with fiber systems also mean that you do not
 Global multimedia service respond quickly and take the time
 Satellite transmissions needed to get more information.
Cultural Awareness – is knowing  Take any opportunity to put
that there are multiple different yourself in places where be able
 to study differences and build 8. Economically marginalized
relationships. (instead of poor)
 Understand that you will likely be 9. Elderly, senior (instead of old)
perceived as a person with 10. Ethnically disoriented (instead of
power and racial privilege (or dishonest)
the opposite), and that you may 11. Hearing impaired (instead of deaf)
not be seen as unbiased or as 12. Informal settlers (instead of
an ally. squatters)
13. Intellectual disability, intellectual
Gender Sensitivity – refers to the development disorder (instead of
aim of taking account and/or mental retardation)
understanding the societal and 14. Intellectually impaired (instead of
cultural factors involved in gender- stupid)
based exclusion and 15. Little people (instead of midget)
discrimination. 16. Morally challenged (instead of a
crook)
Gender Sensitivity and Language 17. Nondiscretionary fragrance
– It is the realization of gender (instead of body odor)
equality in written and spoken 18. Outdoor urban (instead of
language. It is attained when women homeless)
and men and people who don’t 19. People of mass (instead of fat)
conform to the binary gender 20. Rape survivor (instead of rape
system are made visible and victim)
addressed in language as persons of 21. Sexually dysfunctional (instead of
equal value, dignity, integrity, and perverted)
respect. 22. Socially misaligned (instead of
psychopath)
Political Correctness – It is used to 23. 23. Technologically challenged
describe language, policies, or (instead of computer illiterate)
measures that are intended to avoid 24. Vertically challenged (instead of
or disbenefit to members of short)
particular groups in society. 25. Visually challenged (instead of
blind)
Somes Words That may be Used
for Political Correctness are as Culture – It is a pattern of learned
Follows: and shared behaviors and beliefs
1. Academic dishonesty (instead of of a particular social, ethnic or group.
cheating) It is also the society’s way of
2. Aesthetically challenged (instead creating social connectivity
of ugly) among group.
3. Black (instead of negra)
4. Comb-free (instead bald) Basic Terms to Remember:
5. Differently abled (instead of  Ethnocentric Bias – is believing
disabled) that your culture is the
6. Drug dependent (instead of drug benchmark of all other culture.
addict)  Cross-cultural Communication
7. Dysfunctional family (instead of –generally compares the
broken home) communications styles and
 patterns of people from different culture feel threatened by
cultural/social structure. uncertain or unknown situations.
 Intercultural Communication – Hofstede (1997) explains that this
deals with how people from sense is through nervous stress and
these cultural/social structures during a need for predictability or
speak to one another and for written or unwritten rules.
what difficulties or differences
they encounter, over and above Task-oriented Societies – are
the languages they speak. characterized by a focus on making
the team more competent through
In communication: “Respect begets training and the use of up-to-date
Respect.” methods. In task-oriented societies,
members are highly concerned with
Dimensions of Culture individual success: advancing to more
responsible jobs, better training, and
Individualism – the interest of the so on.
individual prevails over the interest Socially Oriented Societies – focus
of the group. more on collective concerns:
Collectivism – the interest of the cooperative problem solving, a
group prevails over the interest of friendly atmosphere, and good
the individual. physical working conditions.

Barriers to Intercultural
Masculine Cultures – those who Communication
strive for maximal distinction between
what women and men are expected  Anxiety – When you’re anxious
to try and do. due to not knowing what you
Feminine Cultures – are those that are expected to do, it’s only
permit more overlapping social role natural to concentrate on that
for the sexes. feeling and not be totally present
Power Distance – is defined as to in the communication transaction.
which less powerful members of  Ethnocentrism – is negatively
institution within an area expect and judging aspects of another
accept that power is distributed culture by the standards of one’s
unequally. own culture. (To be ethnocentric
 In high power distance is to believe in the superiority of
cultures, children are one’s culture.)
expected to display  Stereotype – Stereotyping was
respect for those of higher first used by journalist Walter
status. Lippman (1992) refers to
 Cultures with high power judgements made about
distance have power and others on the basis of their
influence concentrated in ethnic group membership.
the hands of a few than Today, the term is more broadly
distributed throughout the used to confer with judgements
population. made on the premise of any
group membership.
Uncertainty Avoidance – refers to  Prejudice – refers to the
the extent to which people in a irrational dislike, suspicion, or
hatred of a specific group, race,
religion, or sexual orientation
(Rothenerg. 1992). Persons within
the group are viewed not in terms
of their individual merit but in line
with the superficial
characteristics that make them
a part of the group.
 TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATION

Technology and Communication – encompass their world are

maintain technical communication what separates generations.
systems according to the needs of a
particular business, industry, or According to McMahan and Duck
market. (2010)
 Media generations are
Technological Devices – play a vital characterized by unique media
role in the way people communicate grammar and media awareness,
nowadays. based on the technological
environment in which they are
Personal and Relational Identities
born.
are created and maintained
through the use of these
Digital Natives – people who have
technologies.
grown up in the information age.
Cellphones, I-pods, and other Digital Immigrants – people who
technological devices as have grown up before the digital
relational technologies to age.
emphasizes the relational functions
and implications of their use in Each technology influences:
society and within specific groups.  People’s thinking
 Sense of experience
Relational Technology – develops  Perceptions of reality
unique significances for specific social
groups. Technology and Social Networks
Social Media
Some groups view the cellphone as
 Computer-based technology
less as a device to contact others
that facilitates sharing ideas,
and more to display social status
thoughts, and information
and membership.
through virtual networking and
The Social Means accompanying building community.
technologies, along with their  Design-based on the Internet
significance, vary according to the and provides quick, electronic
social system used. communication of content to
users.
Members of some organizations may
prefer contracts through a cell This includes:
phone or face-to-face  Personal data
interactions.  Photographs
 Documents
According to Gumpert and  Videos
Cathcart (1985)
 Media experience, the traditional
notion of separating Users interact via:
generations according to  Computers
time, can be replaced by  Tablets
segregating generations.  Smartphones
 The chronological era in which
they were born and the media According to Dollarhide (2019)
and technology that
Social Media originated as a way to  IT Management Consultants
interact with friends and family  Mobile Services
that was later adopted by  Web Applications
companies that wanted to take
advantage of a popular new
communication method to reach out
to clients.

Technological Products
and Service Providers
 Professional services designed
to make technology easier for
companies and end-users.
 Provides technology-oriented
specialist solutions by combining
processes and functions in
software, hardware, networks,
telecommunications, and
electronics. – Techopedia,
2020

The IT-Services (ITS) are also known

as technology services.
Technology Services Includes:
 Software Development,
Integration, and Maintenance
 Hardware
 Networking
Integration,Management and
Maintenance
 Information Security (IS)
 COMMUNICATIONS AIDS AND STRATEGIES USING TOOLS OF
TECHNOLOGY

Communication aid assists people expressing ideas in

to stay connected more
communication, entertainment, or
effectively with people they need to
communicate with. art.
2. Transparency an overhead
Communication aids AAC projector to display information
(Augmentative and Alternative though nowadays it is now
Communication) - devices which replaced by video projectors and
pertain to techniques scaffolding and interactive whiteboards
replacing spoken communication 3. Video electronic medium in
editing, broadcasting, and display
 Signing
of moving visual media.
 Symbols
4. Sound Recording and
 Word Boards
Reproduction involving voices
 Communication Boards
documentation (ex. Are speaking
 Books
and singing.)
Unaided Communication 5. Presentation Media includes
 Body Language slides, video, recordings and
 Gestures digital representation.
 Vocalization Communication Tools
 Signing
1. Flipchart large pad paper that a
Aided Communication utilizes rest on easel allowing the speaker
equipment which usually used for to record text or drawings with
electronic communication. markers during the speech.
2. White board and Chalk board
Communication Startegies
channels or media used on ideas can 3. Document Camera captures and
be sent and received communication. display images, including 3D visual
materials.
Examples: 4. Video Showing elicit an
emotional response from the
 Verbal
audience and improve their recall
 Non-verbal
of your speech.
 Visual
5. Handouts papers printed with
Tools of Technology relevant information.
1. Multimedia technique 6. Prototype model represents the
combining sound, video, and text object in detail useful for
for
 describing and explaining scientific 1. Distinguish the aims of the
topics. presentation
7. Sound Recording stimulate 2. Rehearse with your media
mental images, triggering the 3. Think about your room and
imagination and setting a mood. audience.
8. Digital Slides commonly known 4. Research Information
PowerPoint which permits a 5. Apply variety of resources.
presenter to display information 6. Do not forget to mention resource
in multi-media slide shows. 7. Unify Information
9. Real Time Web Access involves 8. Check technical issue
the use of web technologies and 9. Be creative
practices. 10. Speak to your audience by
maintaining an eye contact during
Strategies Using Tools of
Technology your speech

1. Keep it simple.
2. Stress only key ideas.
3. Display what you can say
4. Use larger icons
5. Minimize the presence of pictures
6. Combine diversity with
consistency
7. Use big letters
PowerPoint Presentation Tips

1. Go for Originality
2. Experiment with colors
3. Use ready to read fonts
4. Lessen the text
 (use the 10-20-30 rule)
 (use the ‘1-1-6 rule)
 (use the *7-7 rule)
5. Utilize images to catch people's
attention
6. Use CAPITALIZED letters
7. Apply simple infographics
Tips in Using Multimedia
 COMMUNICATIONS FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES

Purpose of Your Message

feel-good human. The Goodwill
Informative Messages the main Message makes both sender and
purpose of informative message is to receiver feel better about each other.
inform. Informative Messages can COMMUNICATION FOR WORK
utilize electronic medium of PURPOSES
communication: chats, emails,
Importance of good communication
presentations, memos, blogs,
at the workplace
podcasts, press releases, and reports.
Guidelines in Using Informative  Innovation
Messages  Growth in communication
 Effective communication
1. Be direct in discussing the main
 Team building
idea.
 Giving a voice to all
2. Greet your audience. Different Ways to Improve
Communication in your Workplace
3. Include reliable information
The following elaborate some key
4. Check the grammatical errors.
areas where organizations can build
5. Encourage your audience to take an and improve communication between
action. their teams.

Persuasive Messages used by a  Include everyone

person who wants to influence  Listen and show
another person. This kind of message  Define objectives and expectations
calls for action and encourage  Send your message clearly
decision making. (Ex. A sales lady tries  Choose your medium carefully
to convince a person to avail a Communication Types and Hoe to
discount by buying a sale product.) Improve Each One

Goodwill Messages the purpose of Miller’s 4 Different Types of

these messages is to build goodwill Communication
without any hidden business scheme.
 Verbal (in-person) communication
Goodwill messages are usually used at
 Body language & facial expressions
a workplace wherein it inspires
 Phone conversations
harmonious relationship among the
 Written communication
employees.
George Bernard Shaw once said,
Thank-you, congratulatory, and
“The single biggest problem in
sympathy notes add an important,
communication is the illusion that it selected based on the medium
has taken place.” that it is most effective to convey
the meaning of the message.
Five Biggest Barriers to Effective
Communication 5. The Content of the Message
Always remember that the
(Miller's 4 Different Types of content of the message should be
Communication) clear and presented and
 Lack of clarity described in enough detail to
 Inconsistency obtain an understanding from the
 Language differences receiver.
 Not listening 6. Environment and
 Non verbal cues Communication The work
environment in which those
Components of Communication
components take place also
There are five components to any affects communication and
communication and a sixth that is the whether the communication is
overall environment of the workplace received.
in which the back-and-forth takes COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC
place (Heathfield, 2020). PURPOSES

1. The Individual Sending of the Academic Writing

Message The sender must  though academic writing is done
present and deliver the message in the scope of academic field, it
clearly and with enough detail so suggests that everyone is included
that the receiver shares meaning in the scope of the said setting
with the sender during and whether you are academician,
following the communication. professional in various sectors, or
2. The Context for the Message be it if you are a student.
The context is important in how  Unlike the other types of writing,
the message is delivered by the academic writing is formal in
sender of the message. nature. it follows certain
3. The Person Receiving the standards, rules, styles, and
Message The receiver must listen
conventions which give
and intently, ask questions for information among readers which
clarity, and paraphrase to may lead them to persuasion and
ascertain that they share meaning entertainment.
with the sender.  Writing will help a student a lot. it
4. The Delivery Method The will allow him or her to develop
delivery method should be
 analytic thinking and it teaches  It also limits the topic to one
him or her to clearly convey specific area that can be discussed
complicate ideas concisely and in completely in the space of a single
well structured format. paragraph.
Construction of Good Academic Always keep in mind that a topic
Write-ups
sentence is a complete sentence and
Paragraph Structure is neither too general nor too specific.
 A paragraph is a group of Examples:
connected and related sentences
that discuss one (and usually only  Too specific: 1. Love is self-seeking.
one) main idea.  Too general: 2. Love is interpreted
 A paragraph can be one sentence by many in different ways.
to ten sentences.  Best Topic 3. People hold many
 A paragraph may also be one part definitions about love.
of a longer piece of writing such  Incomplete 4. Is field with color
as an essay or a book. red.
Writing Topic Sentence
Writing Technique Questions

 What is the topic of the  A topic sentence should be a

paragraph? complete sentence, with a subject
 What two main points does the and a verb.
writer make about the topic?  A topic sentence should be
 In which two sentences does the neither too general nor too
writer say that there are two main specific. If it is too general, the
points? reader cannot tell exactly what
 What examples does the writer the paragraph is going to discuss.
use to support each other?  A topic sentence should not have
unrelated controlling ideas.
The Three Parts of Paragraphs
Supporting Sentence DEVELOP THE
 Topic sentence TOPIC SENTENCE. THAT IS, THEY
 Supporting sentences EXPLAIN OR PROVE THE topic
 Concluding sentences sentence by giving information about
Topic Sentence it.

 The topic sentence expresses the

main idea of the paragraph.
 It provides the topic of the
paragraph Writing Technique Questions
 WHAT IS THE MAIN IDEA OF THIS  In brief
PARAGRAPH?  Therefore
 What examples does the writer  In conclusion
use to support this idea? Put  Thus
brackets ( ) around them.  In short
 What words and phrases  To sum up
introduce the examples? Circle
End of Paragraph Signals Not
Them. Followed by a Comma:
Concluding Sentence  The evidence suggests that…
 The concluding sentence gives a  There can be no doubt that…
hint the end of the paragraph and  These examples show that...
leaves the reader with important  We can see that…
points to remember. It is Unity Coherence
customary for stand-alone
paragraphs. Unity is a concept of grouping
different ideas into a harmonic whole
A Concluding Sentence Serves write-up. another element of a good
Two Purposes:
paragraph is Coherence. The latin
1. It signals the end of the paragraph. verb cohere means “hold together.”
2. It leaves the reader with the most For coherence in writing, the
important ideas to remember. sentences must hold together; that is,
the movement from one sentence to
A By summarizing the main points of the next must be logical and smooth.
the paragraph or
Oshima & Hogue Enumerated the
B By repeating the topic sentence in Four Ways to Achieve Coherence
different words. 1. Repeat key nouns
You may want to begin your 2. Use consistent pronouns
concluding with one of the signals in 3. Use transition signals to link ideas
the list below. You may also end a 4. Arrange your ideas in logical
paragraph without a formal signal or manner
perhaps by using an expression like Transition Signals expressions such
those in the column on the right. as first, finally, and however, or
End of Paragraph Signals phrases such as in conclusion, on the
Followed by a Comma other hand, and as a result. Other
 Finally kinds of words such as subordinators
 Lastly (when, although), coordinators (and,
but), adjectives (another, additional),
and prepositional (because of, in spite
of) can serve as transition signals.

Transition Words Transitions are

phrases or words used to connect one
idea to the next; used by the author to
help the reader progress from one
significant idea to the next. It also
shows the relationship within a
paragraph (or a sentence) between
the main idea and the support the
author gives for those ideas different
transitions do different things.

Transitions may be “Additive,”

“Adversative,” “Causal,” or
“Sequential.”
Additive Transition

 Addition
 Introduction
 Reference
 Similarity
 Identification
Adversative Transitions

 Conflict
 Emphasis
 Concession
 Dismissal