Mega Test (Allied Services)-2

1. Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow. You should use
your own language, don't lift the sentences from the passage.

Metaphysics, a branch of philosophy, seeks to explore the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and the
universe. Often considered abstract and speculative, metaphysics grapples with questions that transcend empirical
observation. What is the nature of being? Does the universe have a purpose? Are time and space absolute, or are
they human constructs? These are some of the inquiries that have preoccupied metaphysicians from ancient times
to the present. Historically, metaphysics originated with the works of ancient Greek philosophers like Plato and
Aristotle. Plato’s theory of forms posited that the material world is merely a shadow of a higher, unchanging
reality. Aristotle, on the other hand, sought to categorize and explain the principles underlying the physical world.
Over centuries, metaphysical thought has evolved, incorporating perspectives from religion, science, and logic. For
instance, medieval philosophers like Thomas Aquinas merged metaphysical inquiry with theological doctrine,
while Enlightenment thinkers emphasized reason and scientific empiricism. One of the central debates in
metaphysics revolves around the concept of reality. Realists assert that the world exists independently of human
perception, whereas idealists argue that reality is shaped by the mind. This divergence raises profound questions
about the nature of truth and knowledge. For example, can we ever truly know the essence of an object, or are we
limited to our sensory experiences of it? Immanuel Kant proposed a resolution to this dilemma through his
distinction between the "phenomenal world" (what we perceive) and the "noumenal world" (the reality beyond
perception), suggesting that human understanding is inherently constrained. Modern metaphysics intersects with
advancements in science, particularly in fields like quantum mechanics and cosmology. The strange phenomena
observed in quantum physics—such as particles existing in multiple states simultaneously—challenge traditional
metaphysical notions of causality and determinism. Similarly, theories about the multiverse and the nature of dark
matter raise questions about the very fabric of existence. While some argue that such scientific discoveries make
metaphysical inquiry obsolete, others contend that they merely expand its scope, offering new dimensions to age-
old questions. Critics of metaphysics often claim that its abstract nature renders it impractical, with little relevance
to everyday life. However, proponents argue that metaphysics underpins many aspects of human thought, from
ethical frameworks to scientific paradigms. By examining foundational concepts like existence, causality, and
identity, metaphysics influences disciplines as diverse as psychology, theology, and artificial intelligence.
Furthermore, metaphysics encourages critical thinking and intellectual curiosity, pushing individuals to question
assumptions and explore the unknown.

In conclusion, metaphysics is both a timeless and dynamic field that bridges philosophy and science. Though its
questions may seem abstract, their implications ripple through every aspect of human understanding, making
metaphysics an indispensable inquiry into the ultimate nature of reality.

Questions and Answers:

1. What is the primary focus of metaphysics, and why is it considered abstract? (4 Marks)

Answer: Metaphysics focuses on exploring the fundamental nature of reality, existence, and the universe. It is
considered abstract because it deals with questions that transcend empirical observation, such as the nature of
being, the essence of time and space, and the purpose of the universe, which often lack concrete answers.

2. How do the metaphysical views of Plato and Aristotle differ, and what do they contribute to
the field? (4 Marks)

Answer: Plato: Posited that the material world is a shadow of a higher, unchanging reality, emphasizing the
existence of ideal forms.

Aristotle: Focused on categorizing and explaining the principles underlying the physical world, emphasizing
empirical observation.
These contrasting views laid the foundation for metaphysical inquiry, bridging abstract idealism and empirical
investigation.

3. Discuss the significance of Immanuel Kant’s distinction between the phenomenal and
noumenal worlds in metaphysics. (4 Marks)

Answer: Kant’s distinction addresses the limits of human understanding:

Phenomenal World: The reality we perceive through our senses.

Noumenal World: The reality that exists independently of perception. This framework highlights the constraints
of human cognition and provides a middle ground in debates between realism and idealism, reshaping
metaphysical thought.

4. How has modern science influenced metaphysical inquiry, particularly in light of quantum mechanics
and cosmology? (4 Marks)

Answer: Modern science has expanded metaphysical inquiry by introducing phenomena that challenge traditional
concepts:

Quantum Mechanics: Observations like particles in multiple states challenge causality and determinism.
Cosmology: Theories on the multiverse and dark matter raise questions about the nature of existence.
These advancements provide new dimensions to metaphysical questions, rather than rendering them obsolete.

5. Summarize the passage’s argument about the relevance of metaphysics in contemporary thought.

(2 Marks)

Answer: The passage argues that metaphysics remains relevant by examining foundational concepts such as
existence and causality, influencing various disciplines like ethics, psychology, and artificial intelligence. It fosters
critical thinking and intellectual curiosity, bridging philosophy and science to address profound questions about
reality.

2. Read the passage carefully, give it a suitable title then write a precis reducing it to one-third of its original
count. (20+2=22 marks)

Workplace stress has become a significant concern in modern organizations, affecting employees' mental health,
productivity, and overall well-being. The fast-paced nature of contemporary work environments, combined with
increasing demands, tight deadlines, and high expectations, often leads to chronic stress. Factors such as unclear
job roles, lack of control over work, and inadequate support from management exacerbate this issue. Additionally,
advancements in technology, while improving efficiency, have blurred the boundaries between work and personal
life, making it challenging for employees to disconnect and recharge. The impact of workplace stress extends
beyond individuals to organizations and society. Stressed employees are more likely to experience burnout, which
can lead to reduced productivity, absenteeism, and higher turnover rates. Moreover, chronic stress is linked to
serious health problems, including cardiovascular diseases, depression, and anxiety, increasing healthcare costs
and affecting overall societal well-being. Organizations that fail to address workplace stress risk losing valuable
talent, damaging their reputation, and experiencing financial losses. Effective stress management requires a
multifaceted approach. Organizations should prioritize creating a supportive work culture that values employee
well-being. This includes clear communication, realistic workload expectations, and opportunities for professional
growth. Offering flexible work arrangements, such as remote work or flexible hours, can also help employees
manage their time more effectively and reduce stress. Additionally, providing access to mental health resources,
including counseling and stress management workshops, is crucial for fostering a healthy work environment.
On an individual level, stress management strategies such as mindfulness, exercise, and time management can help
employees build resilience. Encouraging regular breaks and promoting a healthy work-life balance are essential for
maintaining productivity and morale. Leaders play a pivotal role in addressing workplace stress by fostering a
culture of empathy, recognizing employees' efforts, and providing consistent support. Workplace stress is a
complex issue that requires collaboration between employees, managers, and organizations. By addressing the root
causes and implementing proactive strategies, organizations can create healthier work environments where
employees thrive. This not only benefits the workforce but also enhances organizational success, fostering a
sustainable and productive future. [340 words]

Ans:- Workplace stress, driven by high demands, unclear roles, and technological overreach, significantly impacts
employees' mental health, productivity, and overall well-being. It leads to burnout, reduced efficiency,
absenteeism, and higher turnover, while contributing to serious health issues like anxiety and cardiovascular
diseases. Organizations face financial losses and damaged reputations when stress goes unaddressed. Managing
workplace stress requires supportive work cultures, clear communication, and flexible arrangements like remote
work. Access to mental health resources and stress management workshops is crucial. Individuals can adopt
strategies like mindfulness, exercise, and time management to build resilience. Leaders must promote empathy,
recognize contributions, and maintain work-life balance. Addressing workplace stress collaboratively benefits
employees and organizations alike, fostering healthier environments, increased productivity, and sustainable
growth for all stakeholders.

Title :- Workplace Stress and Mental Health

3. Write an essay in about 300 words on any one topic: (35 Marks)

(a) The Significance of India's G20 Presidency

(b) Democracy and Its Challenges in the 21st Century.

(c) Healthcare Systems in India: Challenges and Reforms

4. Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions: (5 Marks)

(a) The new guidelines are consistent __with_ the objectives of sustainable development.

(b) The provisions of the law are subject __to_ the approval of the legislature.

(c) The company was held liable _for__ the environmental damage caused by its operations.

(d) He died ………in……..harness.

(e) At last, the fortune smiled……upon….him.

5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate articles; put (x) if no article is required:- (5 Marks)

(a) They plan to visit ___ Andaman and Nicobar Islands next summer.( The)

(b) The is regarded as ………. heir to the kingdom. (An)

(c ) Mr Verma went to ………..school to meet his cousin. (The)

(d) She is ……… Aishwarya Rai of our town. (the)

(e)………….love can be conditional but ……….love of mother is always unconditional. (X, the)

6. Do as directed:- ( 5 makrs)

a) "He decided to go for a walk. It was a sunny day." (Begin with: A sunny day...)

Ans:- A sunny day inspired him to go for a walk.

b) I am not feeling well, so I will not go to work." (Begin with: If I were feeling well...)

Ans: If I were feeling well, I would go to work.

c) I don’t like these all bags, please show me………….. (other, another, any other)

Ans:- any other

(d) It is too hot to eat. (Remove “too”)

Ans: -It is so hot that it cannot be eaten

(e ) No one likes him. (Add a suitable question tag)

Ans:- Do they?

7. Write one word substitution for the following statements:- ( 5 makrs)

(a) Fear of being without your mobile phone:- Nomophobia

(b) The killing of one's wife:- Uxoricide

(c) One who hates men:- Misandrist

(d) Events manifested by festivities:- Fiesta

(e) A person who eats too much:- Glutton

8. Make sentences with the following words:- (5 Marks)

Enervate, Voracious, Aplomb, Inscrutable, Avid

(a) Enervate: To cause someone to feel drained of energy or vitality; to weaken.

Sentence: The hot sun and intense exercise enervated the athletes, making them feel exhausted.

(b) Voracious

Meaning: Having a very eager approach to a particular activity, especially eating or reading.

Sentence: He was a voracious reader, devouring books on a wide range of topics.

(c) Aplomb: Self-confidence or assurance, especially in a difficult situation.

Sentence: He answered the questions with aplomb, showing his deep knowledge and
composure.

(d) Inscrutable: Impossible to understand or interpret.

Sentence: The motives behind his decision were inscrutable, leaving everyone puzzled.

(e) Avid: Having a keen interest in or enthusiasm for something.

Sentence: He was an avid reader, spending hours lost in books every day.

9. Convert the following nouns into adjective:- ( 5 marks)

(a) Evaporation- evaporating

(b) Inquiry – Inquiring

(c ) Permission- Permissible

(d) Sight – Seen

(e) invention- inventive

10. Correct the following sentences and rewrite the corrected version: (10 Marks)

(a) The reason why he failed is because he didn’t prepare well.

Ans:- The reason why he failed is that he didn’t prepare well.

(b) He emphasized on the need for immediate action.

Ans:- He emphasized the need for immediate action.

(c ) One must listen to their conscience before making a decision.

Ans:- : One must listen to one's conscience before making a decision.

(d) The only criteria to judge a person is to observe his behaviour.

Ans:- The only criterion to judge a person is to observe his behaviour.

(e) Say me all which you have seen.

Ans:- Tell me all that you have seen.

(f) Even animals love their offsprings.

Ans: -Even animals love their offspring.

(g) It is the second time that I am visiting this place.

Ans: -It is the second time that I have visited this place.
(h) He fled lest he may be killed.

Ans: - He fled lest he should be killed.

(i) If I were him, I would not go there.

Ans: - If I were he, I would not go there.

(j) He is as good as me if not better than my sister.

Ans: -He is as good as I if not better than my sister.

11. Use each word in each pair in two different sentences in order to bring out difference in
meaning. You will make ten sentences in all. (10 marks)
(a) Soar, sore

Soar (verb: to rise or fly high; increase rapidly)

Use:- The stock prices are expected to soar after the company announced record profits.

Sore (adjective: painful; distressed; or noun: a wound)

Use:- Losing the championship by one point was still a sore subject for the team.

(b) Knight, night

Knight (noun: a medieval soldier or nobleman; verb: to bestow the title of knight)

The queen decided to knight the brave soldier for his exceptional service in battle field.

Night (noun: the time of darkness between sunset and sunrise)

On a stormy night, the sound of thunder echoed through the valley.

(c) Climactic, Climatic

CLIMACTIC– ‘forming a climax’,

Use:- The climactic moment of the concert was when the band performed their greatest hit .

CLIMATIC – which means ‘relating to climate’.

Use:- The climatic differences between the coastal and inland regions affect their
agriculture.
(d) Wreath, Wreathe

WREATH : means ‘arrangement of flowers’

Use:- She made a wreath out of fresh lavender and eucalyptus leaves for the wedding.
WREATHE is a verb meaning ‘envelop, surround, or encircle’.

Use:- Smoke began to wreathe around the chimney as the fire crackled inside.
( e) Adjure, Abjure

ADJURE – means to request earnestly.

Use:- The commander adjured his troops to fight bravely and protect their homeland.

ABJURE – means to renounce, to disown.

Use:- The philosopher publicly abjured his earlier theories after discovering new evidence.

12. Change the voice of the following sentences:- (5 marks)

(a) Who was teaching him Sociology?

Ans:- By whom was he being taught Sociology? OR Who was he being taught Sociology by?

(b) I like people to respect me.

Ans: -I like to be respected.

(c ) How did you solve the sum?

Ans:- How was the sum solved by him?

(d) Someone displeased her.

And:- She was displeased with.

(e) She let me go.

Ans:- I was let go

13. Change the following into indirect speech. (5 marks)

a) The scientist said, "The results of this experiment have proven that our hypothesis was correct, but
further research is still required."

Ans:- The scientist said that the results of the experiment had proven that their hypothesis was correct, but further
research was still required.

(b) The activist shouted, "This is not just a fight for our rights, it is a fight for the survival of future
generations!"
Ans:- The activist shouted that it was not just a fight for their rights but a fight for the survival of future
generations.
(c ) The president declared, "We have worked tirelessly to make this initiative successful, and it will be a
game-changer for the nation."
Ans: - The president declared that they had worked tirelessly to make the initiative successful and that it would be
a game-changer for the nation.

(d) "If you had asked me earlier, I would have agreed," she said to him.
Ans:- She told him that if he had asked her earlier, she would have agreed.

(e) "Had we known about the flood warnings earlier, we could have evacuated the region before the
situation became dire," said the local authorities.
Ans:- The local authorities said that if they had known about the flood warnings earlier, they could have
evacuated the region before the situation became dire.

14. Punctuate the Following: ( 5 marks)

(a) the students who had studied diligently passed the exam with flying colours

Ans:- The students, who had studied diligently, passed the exam with flying colours

(b) the decision made after careful consideration will have long term implications

Ans:- The decision, made after careful consideration, will have long-term implications.

(c ) we need to discuss the following issues the manager said budget constraints deadlines and staffing

Ans:- "We need to discuss the following issues," the manager said: budget constraints, deadlines, and staffing.

(d) it was raining heavily therefore the outdoor event was postponed

Ans:- It was raining heavily; therefore, the outdoor event was postponed.

(e ) we cannot afford to wait any longer the minister emphasized the time to act is now

Ans:- “We cannot afford to wait any longer,” the minister emphasized, “the time to act is now.”

15. You are Vineet/Vineeta, the resident of H no 345, Chaura Maidan, Shimla. Write a letter to the
editor of Divya Himachal newspaper expressing your concerns about the increasing problem of air
pollution in urban areas and suggesting measures that can be taken by both the government and
citizens to combat it. (10 marks)