IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 08/27

Require readings due each Thursday

Case Studies due Sunday
Comprehension check due by end of lecture

Q: Is international relations actually international?

International Relations -> Interactions between nation-states in security and economy

Q: Why do we know some countries but not others?

International Relations is Political -> Familiar with big & powerful countries, allies & enemies
-> We don’t know countries that can threaten/benefit us

Q: Who dictates international relations?

Top economies in the World (GDP) -> 1.US 2.China 3.Germany 4.Japan …

Q: Is IR truly International?
What about subnational, MNCs(Multinational Corporations). And underrepresented countries?

Is International Relations relevant? -> Do nation-states still matter?

Nation-States -> Are they the only important actors?

Economy -> How do we measure prosperity? From trade? From population?
Security -> What do you mean by security? How do we know a country is “secure”?

Office Hours: T/Th 11am - 1:30 pm

Evaluation for Exams

1. Demonstrate engagement with course content
2. Identify and define key terms
3. Use examples

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 08/29

Q: What is a nation-state?
-> Defined Territory -> Government -> Population -> Sovereignty (internal & external)

Sovereignty: The recognized right to rule

-> Internal: recognized by the population -> People see the leader as legitimate
-> External: recognized by other powers -> Other nations recognize/respect the gov’s rule
ex. New Caledonia -> Island beside Australia claiming away from France

Q: Are we in an era of globalization?

OR Westernization, Americanization, Polarization, Isolation, Californization?

Economy Capitalism: The best product for the lowest price

-> Countries specialized in the production of a specific resource (land, labor, inputs, production,
innovation, …) and work together through trade and MNCs for an efficient economy

Political: International Organizations like the UN, NATO, and the EU create cooperations between
countries
Social: Culture is now shared through the advances in technology with transportation and
communication

Isolationism: A political, economic, and social strategy pursued by states to promote and protect
domestic interests first

Globalization: Part of a natural process of contraction and expansion reflecting patterns of resource
scarcity and abundance
-> Technological advancement of communication and transportation that facilitate instantaneous
economic and social interaction
-> A new ability to bypass national structures in connecting the local to the global

Globalization implications?
Concerns regarding culture: facilitation of assimilation
Concerns regarding widening economic inequality

Economical: Intensifying interconnectivity, economic activity and liberalization both trade and
investment flows
Cultural: Westernization, homogenization, and cultural imperialism
Political: Supranational organizations, declining the influence of nation state and deterritorialization
Technological: Communications, shipping and refrigeration and Internet

Borders & Global Order

Are we in an era of expansion (Globalization) or contraction (Polarization/isolation)?
-> States expand to project power over other states
-> States contract when they can’t provide for or protect their territory/population within it

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/03: State Formation

Q: How did we get here?

“War made the State, and the state made war.” - Charles Tilly -> Realism!

International Relations Theory

1. Competition -> Realism
-> All about power
-> Relative Gains - a win for someone else is a loss for you
-> Economy = Tariffs; security = conflicts

2. Cooperation -> Liberalism

-> Institutions facilitate cooperation
-> Absolute gains - a win for someone makes us all better off
-> Economy = trade; security = alliances

Resource Scarcity: Anything that exist in a finite quantity ex.farms

Tilly & Rational Actors -> Competition or Cooperation (fight or negotiate)
Pros: More land, more resources, possible win
Con: Fatalities, destruction, possible defeat

Q: How do we avoid competition and ensure cooperation?

-> Institutions: Have rules that guide behavior = reasons we have a government

Q: What is the purpose of having a government?

-> Government provide for and protects its population
-> Governments protect the people from:
1. Other powers & populations by providing a military and protecting borders
2. Each Other by creating & enforcing laws so people can’t commit crimes
-> Governments provide the people with law, an economy, and public services

We all want public services! + We don’t want war! = Government! -> Our best interest to ensure
cooperation

Governments: Acts as institutions to ensure cooperation and absolute gains (we’re all better off)
BUT governments only stay in power IF they can protect & provide for the people
-> If a gov can’t do that, they will be removed from power AND loses their sovereignty

Borders: The land boundary of what/who the government has to protect & provide for
-> Natural Borders: Mountains, bodies of water, deserts, etc (gov can’t extend authority across)
-> Imposed Borders: Are settled through conquests (gov takes over as much land/resources it can
protect & provide for)
-> Negotiated Borders: Are settled to resolve or prevent conflict by establishing who’s in charge of
what (gov can’t compete & risk death, destruction, or defeat)

Q: The Age of Globalization?

-> The Westphalian System (1648 - Present)
-> Nation-State: A territorially defined, sovereign polity
-> Nation: A shared cultural or ethnic identity rather than to a legal recognized geographic territory
-> State: The actual governing apparatus of a geographically defined territory called a country
-> Sovereignty: A political entity has the sole authority to make decisions about policy, procedure,
and institutions within given geographic territory. The Recognized to rule
-> Nation-State system: The division of the world into sovereign territories over which local rulers
maintain their power to rule

The expansion or contraction of a state’s sovereignty, internal or external, is often marked by

conflict:
-> Internal: Recognition of the regime by the people ex. Coups, revolutions, civil wars
-> External: Recognition of the regime by other states ex. International Wars, colonization,
Coercive diplomacy

Dynamics of conflict and Consolidation

-> contestation occurs most often over … territory
-> Which is why borders are so pivotal in international relations!
-> But is the the only tings states fight over? Influence, Recognition, Stability!
-> States expand their sovereignty, consolidate control over new territory, and extend influence
-> States contract, losing territory in wars, their influence waning in regions where they can no
longer provide services or protection
-> What exactly is changing with these transitions?
Borders -> Military Power -> Economic Power -> Diplomatic Influence -> Cultural Influence

How do these dynamics shape the international system as a whole?

-> When one state consolidates enough power that it is unrivaled in the international system, we call
this state a hegemony, and the international system hegemonic or uni-polar
-> When two powerful states compete but cannot dominate each other, we call the system bi-polar
-> When more than two states can rival each other for power and influence, we call the system
multi-polar
Hegemonic: US during 1990s, Great Britain after Waterloo (1815), Ming Dynasty, Mongol Khanate
Bi-Polar: Cold War, Spain and Portugal during 1500s, Qing Dynasty and Japan during 1800s
Multi-Polar: Europe prior to WW1, Latin America prior to Spain, Present

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/05: Slavery, Empire & Economy

CYCLE of Expansion + Contraction

Resource Scarcity -> competition (war) -> but conflict is costly (costs become too high)
Cooperation (negotiation) -> Borders (settlement + prevention of conflict) -> resource scarcity

In-Class Case Study: Mauritania -> Race, Slavery, and Caste Society in Afro-Arab States

Slavery as the Start of Capitalism: Specialization in production and trade create an

efficient/profitable economy
-> Existing advanced African empires, kingdoms, chiefdoms, societies (African Teaching Ver)
-> Eurocentrism - Dominance of Western perspectives & narratives

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

-> European cooperation -> Competition in existing Empires at the coast

1. Western Europe
-> Resource scarcity = land
-> Competition -> Innovation -> Industrialization

2. Sub-Saharan Africa
-> Mostly cooperation
-> Increases in competition

Existing empires cooperate with Europe (European economies diversify) -> Competition of existing
empires along coast (Europe urbanizes) -> selling slaves = profit and competition elimination
(Europe gets free land and labor) -> Global specialized economy drives demand for slaves -> …

At the beginning of global capitalist economy…

Europe explicit free land and labor -> Europe profits & industrializes SO
Global South starts specializing in cheap land & labor -> Global North starts diversifying &
specializing high-cost products

Ex: Spain & Portugal

Resource Scarcity of land led to….
-> Competition -> Expansion -> Exploitation -> Wealth -> Empire (This is Bad!)
-> Loss of power <- Fighting on several fronts <- power projection over large territory

Slave Trade = Free labor -> Western Europe’s industrialization & urbanization

Q: Global Power Projections?

WHILE Portugal & Spain spend all their money on colonies & slavery
BUT British & French profit from exploitation & Industrialization

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/10: Colonization

Last Week! State Formation (squiggly and straight lines on the map)
Competition/Borders/Relative gains
WHILE Portugal & Spain spend all their money on colonies & slavery
BUT British & French profit from exploitation & Industrialization

Colonization Continued, Worlds Wars, & the Cold War -> The Rich get richer at the expense of
exploited
-> 1500s -1800s: Portuguese & Spanish spend on colonizing Americas
-> 1900s: Rise of British & French; Colonization justification of Africa

Q; Motivations for Colonization: Why did colonial powers colonize differently depending on the
territory?

1. Settler States
Motivation: To expand the country, not just the empire (to settle)
Investment: Lots of investment to protect & Provide for their own people
Example: France colonizes Algeria

2. Extractive Tributaries
Motivation: To extract resources for profit of the colonial power
Investment: Only enough for export (little investment)
Example: Democratic Republic of Congo

3. Geo-Strategic States
Motivation: Location of the land itself is valuable
Investment: depends
Example: Djibouti, Singapore (Britain)

World Wars
-> World Wars because of involvement of colonial populations & territories

-> Important processes of expansion and contraction of global powers due to resource scarcity from
conflict (death, debt & destruction)
-> Changes the global order to bipolar

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/12: Decolonization & Cold War

Review: Critical theory & Colonization

Slavery & Economy: Global Capitalist Economy -> rich get richer at the expense of the exploited
Colonization: Post-colonialism -> colonization as another iteration of (above) further entrenching
Europe profiting from the global south specializing in cheap land & labor

Critical IR Theories
-> IR is inherently inequitable because it was created and is controlled by Western powers,
perspectives, and priorities
-> “the powerful get more power at the expense of the exploited”
-> Marxism: Class-based structures of oppression
-> Post-colonialism: Identity-based structures of oppression
-> Feminism: Gendered structures of oppression

Motivations For Colonization -> Differ depending on the territory ex. Settler states
World War Two -> Led to Decolonization
-> European Front -> Death, Debt, Destruction in Western Europe
-> Colonies take advantage of weak colonial powers preoccupied with WWII ex.India
-> Government can’t provide & protect their population while also fighting more wars

Decolonization depends on …
a. Investment by colonial power in the population
b. Value of the territory/resources to the colonial power
c. Formation and mobilization of national identity by the population

1. Settler State: Algeria

Motivation for colonization: Settlement expansion of motherland
Investment in population: Large providing for their own people
Decolonization: 1945 Setif Massacre (French violent suppression of nationalism) -> Independence

2. Extractive Tributary: Democratic Republic of Congo

Motivation for colonization: Natural resources
Investment in population: Low-people seen as disposable
Decolonization: Usually peaceful transfer from Colonial Power, BUT nationalist struggle or civil
war thereafter

3. Geo-Strategic States: Portuguese colonies in Africa

Motivation for colonization: Land location is valuable
Investment in population: depends (very little)
Decolonization: Carnation Revolution in 1975 -> Fall of Monarchy -> Independence of Colonies

Western Priorities & Policy

1500s - 1700s: Slave Trade -> Land & Labor out -> Western Europe industrialized & urbanized
1800s - 1945: Colonization -> Different motivations for colonization -> different investment
1945 - 1991: End of World War Two = Start of Decolonization & Cold War
-> Capitalist Allied Autocracies
-> Cold War conflicts in Communist allied areas

Cold War: Capitalism v.s. Communism -> The Rise of US and USSR
Capitalism = Free Trade
-> Government non-intervention
-> Survival of the fittest economy
-> Best product for the lowest price
-> Creates competition -> low wage labor

Communism = Internal Development

-> Government intervention in economy
-> No Trade
-> Equality over hierarchy
-> Cooperation over competition

Geo-Strategic State: Singapore

Motivation for colonization: Land location is valuable
Decolonization: Long & dependent on counter-communism

Capitalism -> Allied Elite Autocracy

-> Autocracy: Anything that isn’t democracy (lack of accountability)
-> Western-educated elites allied from former colonies
-> Structural Adjustment Programs

Communism -> Cold War Conflict

Cold War: Conflict fought between the USA and USSR through monetary and military support of
civil wars in former colonies (proxy wars)

Capitalism -> Continuing Colonial Hierarchy

Colonial Power > Colonial Elites > () > Population (Everybody else)
-> No Middle Class
-> Everybody else lives below the poverty line

Communism: Equality -> Destroys colonial hierarchy & creates equality

-> Raise population ALL above the poverty line
-> DELETE the Oppressors (Colonial Power & Elites)

Marxism
-> Critique of economic system of capitalism and its role in maintaining classism in world affairs
-> Economy -> Social Inequity -> Global political inequality

Q: How history determines development?

-> Colonization: Investment in infrastructure, political institutions, and the population depended on
the motivation for colonization (resource extraction, settlement, location, etc)
-> Decolonization: Depended on value to the colonial power & investment in political institutions
(How does decolonization determines development of a colony)
-> Cold War Conflicts: Communism was attractive to colonies but minority-rule responded to
capitalist alliances & the monetary and military support of conflict in former colonies meant
conflict lasted longer
-> Post-Colonial Political Power:
1. Countries with conflict lag behind in development
2. Countries with colonial minority rule become western-allied autocracies

Case Study: German Expulsions

Actors: Allies, USA, UK, USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Austria (Gov in exile)
-> Non-state actor: Red Army, ethnic German
Nation: Shared identity
Realist POV: Allied victory, monopoly over violence, retaliation

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/17: Nation-States & Nationalism

Critical IR Theories
-> IR is inherently inequitable because it was created and is controlled by Western powers,
perspectives, and priorities
-> “the powerful get more power at the expense of the exploited”
-> Marxism: Class-based structures of oppression
-> Post-colonialism: Identity-based structures of oppression
-> Feminism: Gendered structures of oppression

Colonial Governance Determines Decolonization & Development

Cultural Administration
-> Minority groups who have a lot to gain from the alliance are put in charge; they have incentive
because they wouldn’t otherwise have power

Colonial benefits over time -> Western Educated Elites

Power given to those who are loyal -> exacerbation of existing inequities

Loyal Local Western Educated Elites -> Peaceful Decolonization and Autocracy -> Continued
Colonial Economic Dependency

Ex: Allied Elite Autocracy: Senegal & Senghor

-> Leopold Senghor = 1st President of Senegal
-> Socialist, Colonialist

Capitalism -> Allied Elite Autocracy

-> Autocracy: Anything that isn’t democracy (lack of accountability)
-> Western-educated elites allied from former colonies
-> Structural Adjustment Programs

Communism -> Cold War Conflict

Cold War: Conflict fought between the USA and USSR through monetary and military support of
civil wars in former colonies (proxy wars)

The Nation -> Social Identity

-> Nationalism is about heritage and the collective identity
-> Bottom Up; Above the people; Us vs. Them; Citizenship is inherited

The State -> Political Ideology

-> Nationalism is about political or economic systems
-> Top-Down; About the government; Nation & state as separate; Citizenship can be acquired

Q: How do you think colonial borders, colonial investment, decolonization, and the Cold War
shaped nationalism in your country?

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/19: Nation-States & Nationalism

Nation-State System: Recognized global structure with sovereign, internationally recognized, and
geographically defined territories with populations and governments
-> created through cycles of colonization & exploitation
-> for the powerful to get more power at the expense of the exploited
-> ex. Marxism, Post-colonialism (both suggests cyclical oppression)

Identity as …
-> Means of Mobilization -> Us vs. Them used to achieve political aims
-> Means of Marginalization -> Some social groups are systemically disenfranchised

Ex. Kurdistan, Tuareg

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/24: Tariffs & Trade

Q: Why are some places & populations wealthy while others remain in poverty?
A: History!
Q: How History Determines Development
-> Slavery started an inequitable global capitalist system whereby the powerful get more power at
the expense of the exploited
-> Colonization: investment in infrastructure, political institutions, and the population depended on
the motivation for colonization and led to different power structures
-> Decolonization & Cold War conflicts: capitalist allied autocracies do not distribute wealth,
conflicts pause & prevent development

Cold War Conflicts

-> Conflicts are costly!
- Interrupts public service provision
- Prevents economic development
-> Cold War Conflicts last longer! (For decades)
- Someone else supplying resources & weapons
Allied Capitalist Autocracies <-> Structural Adjustment Programs
-> Austerity Measures: Cutting down government spending on public service provision
-> Exports & Resource Extraction: Economy to focus on exports and resource extraction
-> Trade Liberalization & FDI: get rid of tariffs & subsidies, open up for MNCs
-> Privatization of Public Enterprises: for efficiency of development in global economy

Result: Development Discrepancies!

1. Allied Capitalist Autocracies

-> Develop, but using inequitable trade treaties with the West
-> Structural Adjustment - creates capitalist dependency & worsens poverty

2. Cold War Conflicts

-> Don’t develop during conflict
-> Cold war - funds conflicts so they last longer, worsening poverty

Slavery -> Global South specializing in cheap land and labor & West diversifying their economy
-> Specialization - economic focus on a good/service for which a country has an advantage in
production
-> Diversification - economic development of multiple sectors, producing various goods/services

Specialization -> Global South - Cheap Land & labor

-> Pros: More efficient production processes; economies of scale
-> Cons: Volatile; dependent on world market prices & trade

Diversification -> The West - Industrialization & Urbanization

-> Less impacted by shocks to particular product markets
-> More ways to trade
-> Less dependent on trading partnerships
-> More imports & fewer exports

Infant Industries - new industries/sectors/products need time to develop before they can compete
on the world market
-> Capitalism/Free Trade = best product for the lowest price, survival of the fittest
-> Protectionism = government intervention to protect domestic industries

Global Capitalist Economy

1. The Good: Best Product for the Lowest Price
-> Trade = Specialization = Efficiency
2. The Bad: Specialization = inequality
-> Some countries specialize in high cost products
-> Others specialize in large-scale, low skill labor
3. The Ugly: The rich get richer in the expense of the poor!

Free Trade: Countries benefit from specializing in the production of some goods and trade for
others, making an efficient economy
-> Consumers & Producers
-> Industries with comparative Advantage & Infant Industries

Tariffs: A Tax on Imports

-> - $ domestic producers
-> + $$$ foreign producers
-> + $$$ domestic consumers

Inequality & Specialization

Specialization
-> Most efficient way to trade
-> Best product at the lowest price
- Diversification requires initial investment in infant industry
Diversification
-> Competition drives innovation
-> Stable and sustainable economic growth
-> Specialization makes for dependency and volatility

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 09/26: Trade Treaties & MNCs:

Q: Why are some places & populations wealthy while others remain in poverty?
A: History!
Result: Development Discrepancies!

1. Allied Capitalist Autocracies

-> Develop, but using inequitable trade treaties with the West
-> Structural Adjustment - creates capitalist dependency & worsens poverty

2. Cold War Conflicts

-> Don’t develop during conflict
-> Cold War - funds conflicts so they last longer, worsening poverty

Pros and Cons of Free Trade

-> Consumers win - best product, lowest price
-> Infant industries lose - can’t compete -> Increases inequality
-> Producers lose - always are competing

Inputs: what is needed to produce a good or service

-> State of production technology
-> Expectations about future prices
-> Government taxes and subsidies

Ex: Price of product, wage paid to workers, price of materials, cost of capital
Global Value Chains: When the production process crosses international borders to minimize the
costs of inputs

Core Concept: Some producers can sell products at a lower price!

Ex. Egypt can sell chocolate at a lower price than Belgium because they have cheaper labor costs
-> If Belgium want so product chocolate, then it should import its cocoa
-> BUT farmers at Egypt only earn avg. 75 cents per day
-> Lower costs of production (wages) = lower cost of the product

Trade Protectionism & Tariffs Pros and Cons

-> Consumers lose - they always pay more -> Tariffs are rarely repealed
-> Foreign producers lose
-> In idea, infant industries can enter
-> In idea, emerging economics can compete

Trade Treaties & Tariffs

-> Consumers lose - they always pay more
-> Foreign producers lose
-> In idea, infant industries can enter
-> In idea, emerging economics can compete
-> In Practice, the most developed economies impose the most tariffs
-> In Practice, poorer countries sign inequitable trade treaties where they can’t impose tariffs

Trade Treaties & Tariffs

Infant Industries = new industries/sectors/products need time to develop before they can compete on
the world market
-> Capitalism/ Free Trade= best product for the lowest price, survival of the fittest > specialization
of global south in cheap land/labor
-> Protectionism = Government intervention to protect domestic industries
1. In idea, can enable infant industries to compete -> diversification
2. In practice, benefits diversified global north with bargaining power on inequitable trade treaties -
> global south imports more

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 10/01: Trade, Aid & FDI:

Midterm: MCQ, Short Answer Questions, and Five paragraph Essay

National Interest - the agenda or actions which serve to secure a particular state/government’s
power acquisition

Free Trade
-> Survival of the fittest & Government non-intervention
-> States are specialized in goods that can compete on the world market

Protectionism
-> Gov imposition tariffs on imports to make them more expensive and encourage consumers to
choose domestic or infant industries
-> States can diversify by protecting/promoting domestic and infant industries

Q: Why are some places & populations wealthy while others remain in poverty?
1. History -> Histories of colonization led to the global south specializing in land/labor and the
global north diversifying
2. Free Trade -> Meant that specialized economics couldn’t diversity because infant industries
can’t compete
3. Protectionism -> Promote infant industries by imposing tariffs
4. Trade Treaties -> Stronger states use unfair trade treaties to pursue national interest & protect
their domestic industries over development of poorer states

Q: What is the best way for countries in poverty to develop economically? Trade? Aid? Or FDI?
Answer 1: Trade -> Trade creates lasting cooperation through the global capitalist economy
-> Developing states can diversify: creating stability, jobs, and more trade

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - Involvement of a company/individual from country X in a

business/asset in country Y

For the Host Country (X) Receiving the Investment:

-> Economic Inflow - local & increased production
-> Economic Advancement - New technologies & human capital

For the Investor Country (Y):

-> More diversification
-> More Resources
-> Cheaper Inputs

Issues with FDI?

Competition - for domestic markets & other infant industries
Exploitation
-> Avoiding labor protection
-> Increasing local corruption
-> Skirting (avoiding) environmental regulations

FDI Country Case Study: Ethiopia

Sectors of FDI Inflow: Agriculture, manufacturing, construction, hospitality
Top Investors: China, Netherlands

Pros - diversifies & develops while benefiting both countries

-> Hosts can overcome funding issues and diversify by developing infant industries through
external investment
-> Create jobs & human capital
-> Improves infrastructure -> attracts more investment

Cons - sacrificing sovereignty, regulations, & possible profit

-> Investors/MNCs get some autonomy that undermines government’s ability to protect its
population
-> Inequality worsened: profits & people involved

Q: MNCs & International investment directly diversifies?

-> FDI can immediately improve infrastructure, infant industries, and job opportunities

Foreign Aid - the transfer of resources from one country or organization to another place or
population

Foreign Aid & Foreign Policy (Bilateral)

In idea: Donor government to recipient
-> Government for development or crisis response

In Practice: For foreign policy goals

-> Political: Leverage with a leader, democratization, regional influence
-> Economic: Trade Treaties, Trade Liberalization, MNCs & FDI

Foreign Aid & Foreign Policy (Multilateral)

In Idea: Aid given by donors through international institutions
-> Avoids use of aid for foreign policy goals (bilateral aid as a bribe)
-> Enables aid delivery by organizations with local capacity and expertise

In Practice: More effective, STILL political

-> Goals of international institutions are controlled by the powerful
-> Politics of power within international institutions

Foreign Aid can be used for Foreign Policy!

Bilateral Aid: One Government to another -> For foreign policy goals
Multilateral Aid: International Institutions as cooperation for common goal -> Still political,
though less so
NGOs, Non-Profits & Private Flows -> Depends on dependency (where they get their funding
from)

Q: Aid can help overcome histories of inequality?

-> Developing states can put money into infrastructure, infant industries, and the population without
sacrificing sovereignty

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 10/08: Foreign Policy & Security

Free Trade
-> Survival of the fittest, gov non intervention
-> States are specialized in goods that can compete on the world market

Protectionism
-> Gov imposition tariffs on imports to make them more expensive and encourage consumers to
choose domestic or infant industries
-> States can diversify by protecting/promoting domestic and infant industries

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) - Involvement of a company/individual from country X in a

business/asset in country Y
-> PROS: Economic Inflow: Job creation, investment in infrastructure, increased production
-> CONS: Competition for infant industry & Exploitation of land and labor
Ex. Avoids environmental regulations, avoids labor protections

Foreign Aid can be used for Foreign policy!

-> Bilateral Aid: One gov to another -> for foreign policy goals
-> Multilateral Aid: International institutions as cooperation for common goal -> still political,
though less so
-> NGOs, Non-Profits, & Private Flows -> Depends on dependency (where they get their funding
from)
Foreign Policy depends on National Interest - the agenda or actions which serve to secure a
particular state/government’s population or power
-> National Interest DETERMINES Foreign Policy, or strategies used to achieve national interest
-> Result: Used to promote peace OR acquire power

National Interest
1. Realism: Power Acquisition & Relative Gains
-> Competition: Cooperation only for power acquisition
2. Liberalism: Promoting Peace & Absolute Gains
-> Cooperation: Competition from non-democracies

National Security
-> “A nation is secure to the extent to which it is not in danger of having to sacrifice core values if
it wishes to avoid war, and is bale, if challenged, to maintain them by victory in such a war.”
-> No existing threat to core values
-> If there is a threat, they can conquer it

Some Security related National Interest Goals:

-> Most Important: Protecting borders & Safety of Citizens!
-> Protecting Allies
-> Protecting geo-strategic interests
-> Projecting power

Some Economy related National Interest Goals:

-> Protecting domestic economy & employment
-> Ensuring economic growth
-> Establishing trade relations
-> Projecting power

Some Ideology related National Interest Goals:

-> Protecting ideological influence
-> Protecting cultural practices

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 10/08: Interstate War

National Interest - the agenda or actions which serve to secure a particular state/government’s
population or power

National Security
-> “A nation is secure to the extent to which it is not in danger of having to sacrifice core values if
it wishes to avoid war, and is bale, if challenged, to maintain them by victory in such a war.”
-> No existing threat to core values
-> If there is a threat, they can conquer it

It isn’t in the national interest to fight so …

-> Deterrence - aims to prevent aggressive action through the threat of the consequences

Arms Races -> The Action-Reaction Model

-> States build up arms in reaction to the actions or signals of other states
-> “If there is a perceived threat or acquisition of power, arms balance it. If other states add arms,
so do they.”
WMDs, Security, & IR Theory
1.“More May be Better.” -Waltz
-> Nuclear deterrence increases state security by alleviating the prospect of direct attack
-> ensures peace through fear of retaliation
-> new nuclear states will use nuclear capabilities to deter threats and preserve peace
2. “More will be Worse.” -Sagan
-> New nuclear states lack institutionalized control over new weapons

Institutions - Durable and pervasive rules that guide behavior and facilitate cooperation buy
providing expectations for the actions of others and consequences for your actions

Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) is seen as an institution permitting

non-nuclear stats to overcome a collective action problem

Collective Action - Olson, 1965

-> Individuals have interests and identities
-> People have some shared interests based on those identities
-> So we want to cooperate to make things easier for everyone
-> but as we cooperate, some free-ride or do nothing, knowing that others will do something
-> They still get the goods but if everyone does nothing then nothing happens

Nuclear Inventories
-> Each state would prefer to become the only nuclear weapons power in its region
-> since that is an unlikely outcome if it develops a nuclear arsenal, it is unwilling to refrain from
proliferation
-> If, and only if, its neighbors remain non-nuclear

Speech Acts - the idea that by saying something, something is done

1. Claims that a referent object is existentially threatened
2. Demands the right to take extraordinary countermeasures to deal with that the threat
3. Convinces an audience that rule-breaking behavior to counter the threat is justified

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 10/08: Internationalized Conflict

Interstate War - between two or more countries

Civil War - between a government and at least one non-state actor (terrorists, rebel groups)
-> Internationalized Civil War - between a government and at least one non-state actor with other
states also involved

International Intervention -> It isn’t in the national interest to fight so …

-> Deterrence - aims to prevent aggressive action through the threat of the consequences
BUT sometimes war still happen!

Interstate War - between two or more countries

-> Fought over ideology or territory
-> Less common in the 21st century

Civil War - a government vs. at least one non-state actor

-> usually fought over internal sovereignty
-> Almost always … Internationalized Civil War!
-> States intervene in civil wars in other countries to influence the outcome according to their own
national interest
Hobbes: Liberty & Security Tradeoff -> More freedom people have, less secure they are

Securitization - pursuing national interest for power projection or peace promotion in international
relations
-> In South Africa 1960-90, there’s apartheid (system of segregation based on racial classification)
-> In US? Cold War & Civil Rights Movement

National Security Strategy

International -> Cold War, which is Security!
Domestic -> Civil rIghts & Democracy, which is Liberty!

Hobbes: Liberty & Security Tradeoff

Q: How should the US gov handle instability in South Africa during the Cold War?
1. Military cooperation and political collaboration with Apartheid republic of South Africa
2. Continue to ostracize the Apartheid regime but risk further Soviet expansion of influence and
economic dominance
Solution: Externally project we will not support the Apartheid regime, but secretly help them

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 10/29: Human Rights

Human Rights (in idea)

-> Universal and inalienable
-> Interdependent and indivisible
-> Equal and non-discriminatory
-> Rights and obligations

In Practice:
-> Who provides and protects them? Protected and provided by government
-> How do we monitor provision and protection? Who you are and where you are

Human rights are both rights (inherently granted to each individual by fiction of their existence)
-> but are also, obligations for states to provide and protect these rights

Q: Are human rights contingent on citizenship? YES

Human Rights -> Universal and inalienable; Equal and non-discriminatory
Citizenship Rights -> Protection & Provision; Obligations (who you are & where you are)

IF individuals inherently have rights, but governments must protect and provide them!
What about those populations whose government cannot or will not protect or provide for them?
-> Lack the resources/capacity to provide and protect human rights
-> Only provides & protects the human rights of some portion of the population
-> Violates the human rights of it population

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 10/31: Refugees & Human Rights

Refugees: Persons who flee their country of national origin due to conflict or a well-founded fear of
persecution on the basis of an identity characteristic
-> National Origin: Country of citizenship or birth
-> Persecution: Action take on Discrimination
-> Identify Characteristic: Race, religion, national origin, gender, ethnicity, or membership to a
particular social or political group
-> Refugee - someone fleeing their country of national origin with a well-founded fear of death or
persecution based on identity
-> IDPs - internally displaced persons who are forced to leave home but remain within their country
of national origin
-> Stateless Persons - lack recognized citizenship
-> Economic Migrants - fleeing their country of national origin for other reasons

Freedom of Movement
Article 13
1. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state
2. Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own

Article 14
1. Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution

Non-refoulement
-> The principle of non-refoulement is firstly expressed in Article 33(1) of the 1951 Refugee Act
with states that:
-> “No Contracting State shall expel or return a refugee in any manner whatsoever the frontiers of
territories where his life or freedom would be threatened on account of his race religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion.”

Q; Where do refugees go?

1. Proximity (distance to flee)

Q: Why?
1. Cost
2. Transportation availability (closures)
3. Transportation access (passports & costs)

Asylum is political!
-> Availability of assistance in seeking asylum
-> Attention from international actors (media, states, institutions)

Q: What happens when you leave your country?

-> With documentation…you technically are protected by the government you go to
-> Without documentation…you are vulnerable to exploitation
-> Documentation = Obligation of a government to protect and provide for you

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 11/05: Migration

IF individuals inherently have rights, but governments must protect and provide them!
What about those populations who do not have citizenship rights?

A Decade of Migrant Deaths in the Mediterranean

-> Mediterranean has by far the largest number of migrant deaths 2014 - 2024
-> Migrants use human traffickers to travel across the sea in unsafe, unregulated conditions as the
only option
Core Concept: The Issue of Immigration
-> Most migrants (especially refugees) move within the Global South
-> In general, the Global North has more economic opportunity and safety (more human rights
provided for and protected)
-> The Global North generally holds anti-migrant attitudes and limit entry
-> Too few (3%) refugees are able to become asylees (and enter legally)
-> People risk everything to get to the EU and the US
-> If they arrive alive, they lack documentation (obligation) and are exploited in employment

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 11/12: Collective Action

Climate Crises as a Collective Action Dilemma

-> Some public goods are in the collective interest of everyone
-> to protect these public goods we must act collectively
-> but because the problem is so big, one individual doesn’t make a visible difference
-> so some free-ride or do nothing, knowing that others will do something
-> BUT they still get the goods because they are indivisible
-> BUT if all do nothing then nothing happens

Absolute Gains vs Relative Gains

-> Olson, 1965: “We all need to work collectively to combat climate change, the problem is so big
it’s difficult to see the difference.”

Diffuse Interests: the population cares a little about many things and aren’t going to take action
Concentrated Interests: Industry cares intensely (are concentrated on) about policies and politics
which affect them

Climate Crisis & Inequality

-> Twenty of the richest billionaires are estimated, on average, to be emitting as much as 8,000
times more carbon than the billion poorest people!

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 11/14: Developing States Debates

International Institutions: Governance in General

-> Governance: protect and provide public services for the population
IN idea: Central governments redistribute resources to ensure equitable access to public
goods/services
-> local government use local knowledge to redistribute resources
IN practice: redistribution rarely happens equitably
-> Central governments can be corrupt

The Climate Change Blame Game

1. Harming the Climate historically
-> Developed Countries: Natural resource extraction, industrialization, urbanization
2. Helping the Climate today
-> Developed Countries: Europe & North America
3. Harming the Climate
-> Developing countries: SSA, China/India, Latin America
4. Harmed by the Climate Crisis
-> Poor people in poor places: BRICS - people in poverty, countries w/o state capacity

Industrialization & Development

-> Agriculture: Large-scale, low-skill labor with low returns
-> Free Trade: Specialization
1. Developed Global North specializes in high-cost & high human capital products
2. Global South specializes in low-cost land and labor
-> To diversify, they must industrialize and protect (put tariffs on) exports
-> which the west obviously don’t want …

Without industrialization & diversification …

-> The POOR stay POOR and primarily working in agriculture and resource extraction
-> which is VERY climate dependent …

Collective Action Dilemma

-> Protecting the climate is in everyone’s national interest
-> to protect the climate we must all cooperate
-> but powerful countries free ride because they do not feel the effects as acutely, or if they do they
can recover
-> So the climate continues to be harmed, while poor people in poor places are disproportionately
impacted

Q: Who is to blame?
-> 74 LDCs account for a total of 1/10 of Greenhouse gas Emissions
-> The LDCs have been hit by 8x more natural disasters than all other countries

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 11/19: Ethics & Environment

What We Know …
-> Climate change can be seen as a collective action dilemma whereby concentrated interests
win and industries free ride despite the international community’s diffuse interests in combatting
climate crises
-> Least Developed countries are hit first and worst by climate crises. While developed countries
harm the climate the most, they are less likely to be impacted and more likely to recover if impacted
by climate crisis
-> Least Developed Countries are climate dependent - specialized in cheap land and labor, often
agriculture or resource extraction. Specialization means dependency and volatility which means
climate crises = economic crises
-> Diversification is not in powerful countries’ national interest and would contribute to climate
change so LDCs stay specialized

The PROBLEM
-> LDCs are agriculturally dependent: they contribute the least, but impacted most by climate crises

SOLUTIONS?
-> Urbanization: More economic opportunity and more public services
-> National Resource Extraction: Immediate employment, FDI, no need to leave
TOURISM -> Enable states to diversify and develop without harming the climate and within the
national interest of powerful states?

Tourism as Diversification
1. Economy in otherwise unsustainable industry/agriculture
-> Employment at different levels of education
-> Investment in Expenditures
2. SIDS - small

PROs of tourism
-> Exposure Effect - with exposure to different international issues (education) populations are
more tolerant and likely to care:
1. Adds to diffuse interests
2. Adds to absolute gains
3. Education/exposure -> tolerance
-> Exposure Effect - more knowledge, more support

CONs of tourism
1. Exploitation in Employment
2. Racial/Ethic Dichotomies of Inequality
3. Ethics of tourism vs travel

PRO: portion of profits to conservation <- Education -> Exposure -> Conservation

IR210: Introductory Analysis to International Relations 11/21: Terrorism

Institutions: Durable and pervasive rules that guide behavior and facilitate cooperation by
providing expectations for the actions of others and consequences for your actions

Terrorism
-> Objectives: to force a government to act/concede to terms/demands through loss of life
(compromising government’s ability to protect their people)
-> Methods: Indiscriminate & large scale violence
-> Public Misconception: Terrorism actually kills far fewer people than other forms of violence…

Terrorism used as a means of Mobilization & Marginalization

-> Mobilization: The United States & Islamophobia to defend the war on terror
-> Marginalization: The Mapuche in Chile, The Somalis in Kenya, Immigrants in the USA

Terrorism has differences in definition

-> Terrorism as connected to conflict - aiming to harm militaries & strategic territories (98% in 23)
-> Terrorism as indiscriminate violence threatening civilians (this is RARE)

Q: What is classified as terrorist activity?

-> The incident must be intentional
-> The incident must entail some level of violence or immediate threat of violence
-> The perpetrators of the incidents must be sub-national actors
• The act must aim to attain a political, economic, religious, or social goal
• There must be evidence of intention to coerce, intimidate, or convey some other message to a
large audience (or audiences) than the immediate victim
• The action must be outside the context of legitimate warfare activities

Q: When do groups launch terrorist campaigns?

-> Lack of numbers (small resistance group)
-> Lack of access to the polity
-> Lack of access to resources
-> Lack of strength in comparison to government
-> Lack of popular support

Case Study: Mapuche “Terrorism” in Chile

-> Goal: Reduce deforestation, restore land ownership, relief from oppression
-> Methods: Arson & attacks on forestry properties & infrastructure
Why Terrorism?
-> Lack access to resources
-> Lack strength compared to the government
-> Do NOT lack popular support but lack political cohesion

Week1 Reading: Globalization

Globalization -> A complex web of social processes that intensify and expand worldwide
economic, cultural, political, and technological exchanges and connections
-> Series of social processes
-> Deterritorialization: Geographical territory becomes less of a constraint on social interaction
-> Interconnectedness: the local and the global
-> Compression of Time

Globalization throughout history -> Start of humanity

-> Facilitated technological processes and social exchanges
-> Colonialism, nation-state system(division of world into sovereign territories)
-> Mass media
-> Warfare like Cold War and World War 2
-> Awareness of globalization began with industrial capitalism

Production Chain & Value Chains

Dimensions of Globalization

1. Contemporary Economic Globalization

-> WTO, IMF, World Bank, multinational corporations and global economics institutions
-> Traced back to Bretton Woods Conference (1944): US and British led economic conference that
attempt to establish common rules for financial global transactions
-> Privileging national goals led to high tariffs and devaluation of currencies -> led to warfare
-> Established new “open” economic system by creating an international monetary system that
reduces barriers to trade
-> Keynes’ mixed economy -> both state and private sector play roles

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development -> Loaning money to developing
countries to bolster economic development
International Monetary Fund (IMF) -> Take charge of international monetary system -> regulate
currency exchange rates
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (turned into WTO in 1995) -> Provide loans
for developing countries; change to promote free trade and banking by integrating and deregulating
markets after neoliberalism movement
Ex. Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs): Specially designed programs that make debtor nations
more likely to repay their loans -> led to riots and fever because led to pollution, reduced subsidies,
and spending on basic public services

Neoliberalism: A rejection of Keynesian economic theory which posited that state must play an
active role in capitalist economy -> argues that limited gov involvement in economy is better
-> Occurred in 1970s where global instability, inflation took role in the world
-> A political movement that pairs with liberalism
-> Contributed to the globalization of trade/finance we see today
Ex. NAFTA: A free trade agreement between US, Canada, and Mexico

Controversies surrounding free trade? Rich and poor gap, destroying local industries, etc
-> Rise of multinational/transnational corporations (MNC/TNC) -> “corporate globalization”

2. Political Globalization
-> Nation: Ethnic or cultural community
-> State: Sovereign political entity
-> Multiculturalism: Belief that different cultures can exist peacefully in a territory -> or they
force cultural assimilation -> violence

Supranational Organizations: Given the authority by its member nations to make decisions that
take precedence over individual members’ nations
-> ex. Local gov within nations, regional groups of nation states, NGOs

3. Cultural Globalization
-> Culture: Beliefs, values, norms, ideals, symbols and lifestyles of a specific entity
-> Culture led to creation, but also set limits in which social behaviors sometimes must be contained
-> Enculturation: Process through which one becomes a member of culture demonstrating
understanding of rules, norms, and expectations
-> Socialization: Process which one learns that accepted rules of behavior for culture or society
Local and global cultures -> global cultural shifts toward homogeneity
-> Cultural Imperialism: A form of domination that tingles privileging one culture of a powerful
nation into other cultures and nation-states
-> Counterpoint: Cultural cross-fertilizations