MID-TERM TEST S7.

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Name: ……………………………….. Class: ………………………………..

I. LISTENING (20 minutes)

SECTION 3
Questions 21-22
Choose TWO letters, A-E. What TWO problems do the students identify with ‘learning videos’?
A. Babies lose interest too quickly.
B. Babies need to explore things.
C. Babies want to be with other babies.
D. Babies’ eyes may be damaged.
E. Babies should have contact with adults.
Questions 23-24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
When discussing the ‘present research’, Maia is surprised that
A. ordinary people have altered their habits.
B. the findings are very detailed.
C. most babies behave the same way.
D. boys and girls like different toys.
E. the methodology has been criticised.
Questions 25-26
Choose TWO letters, A-E. What impresses the students about the bilingual experiment in Spain?
A. the long-term effects of the lessons
B. the large number of research subjects
C. the fact that the children enjoyed themselves
D. the fact that teachers had the same training
E. the response of schools to the findings
Questions 27-30
What comment does the speaker make about each of the following events?
Write the correct letter, A, B or C, next to questions 16-20. You may use any letter more than once.

Findings Research studies

A. Babies understand cause and effect. 27. Dr Pritchard’s study …………
B. Babies like physical exercise. 28. The three-year-olds study …………
 C. Babies like their actions to be copied. 29. Professor Michelson’s study …………
D. Babies are excited by surprises. 30. The United States study …………
E. Babies recognise basic grammar.
F. Babies like to help other people.

SECTION 4
Question 31-40
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
The Engineer Sarah Guppy, 1770-1852

Background

• women were active in many areas of 19th-century British society,

e.g. Jane Harrison was the first female 31 …………………………

• by the end of the century there were 140 female dentists and 212 32 …………………………, as
well as many musicians and actors

Sarah Guppy

• was born in Birmingham and moved to Bristol with her husband

• designed bridges that could survive 33 …………………………

• built 34 ………………………… of the Clifton Suspension Bridge

• was a significant 35 ………………………… in the Clifton Suspension Bridge together with her
husband

• designed a ‘barnacle buster’ that allowed 36 …………………………to go faster

• helped stop 37 ………………………… near railway lines

• built an amusing machine for making different parts of 38 ………………………… at the same
time

• designed an early type of 39 ………………………… equipment

Conclusions

• other women worked as engineers, e.g. Ada Lovelace and Hertha Marks Ayrton

• it was not until 1906 that a woman 40 ………………………… in engineering

II. READING (40 minutes)
READING PASSAGE 2

Sleep should be prescribed:

what those late nights out could be costing you
Leading neuroscientist Matthew Walker on why sleep deprivation is increasing our risk of cancer,
heart attack and Alzheimer's — and what you can do about it

A Matthew Walker dreads the question ’What do you do?’ On aeroplane it usually means that
while everyone else watches movies, he will find himself giving a talk for the benefit of passengers
and crew alike. To be specific, Walker is the director of the Center for Human Sleep Science at the
University of California. No wonder people long for his advice. As the line between work and leisure
grows more blurred, rare is the person who doesn't worry about their sleep. Indeed, it's Walker's
conviction that we are in the midst of a ’catastrophic sleep-loss epidemic’. He has now written Why
We Sleep, the idea being that once people know of the powerful links between sleep loss and poor
health, they will try harder to get the recommended eight hours a night. Sleep deprivation constitutes
anything less than seven. ’No one is doing anything about it but things have to change. But when did
you ever see a National Health Service poster urging sleep on people? When did a doctor prescribe,
not sleeping pills, but sleep itself? It needs to be prioritized.
B Why are we so sleep-deprived in this century? In 1942, less than 8% of the population was
trying to survive on six hours or less sleep a night; in 2017, almost one in two people is. Some
reasons are obvious, but Walker believes, too, that in the developed world sleep is strongly
associated with weakness. "We want to seem busy, and one way we express that is proclaiming how
little sleep we're getting. When I give lectures, people wait behind until there is no one around and
then tell me quietly: “I seem to be one of those people who need eight or nine hours’ sleep,” It's
embarrassing to say it in public.’
C Walker has found clear evidence that without sleep, there is lower energy and disease, and
with sleep, there is vitality and health. More than 20 studies all report the same relationship: the
shorter your sleep, the shorter your life. For example, adults aged 45 years or older who sleep less
than six hours a night are 200% more like to have a heart attack, as compared with those sleeping
seven or eight. This is because even one night of sleep reduction will affect a person's heart and
significantly increase their blood pressure as a result. Walker also points out that when your sleep
becomes short, you are susceptible to weight gain. Among the reasons for this are the fact that
inadequate sleep increases levels of the hunger-signalling hormone, ghrelin. ’I'm not going to say
that the obesity crisis is caused by the sleep-loss epidemic alone.’ Says Walker. ‘However, processed
food and sedentary lifestyles do not adequately explain its rise. It's now clear that sleep is that third
ingredient.
D Sleep also has a power effect on the immune system, which is why, when we have flu, our
first instinct is to go to bed. If you are tired, you are more likely to get sick. The well-rested also
respond better to the flu vaccine so this is something people should bear in mind before visiting their
doctors. Walker's book also includes a long section on dreams. Here he details the various ways in
which deep sleep — the part when we begin to dream — to how important deep sleep is to young
children. If they don't get enough, managing aggressive behavior becomes harder and harder: Does
Walker take his own advice when it comes to sleep? ’Yes. I give myself a non-negotiable eight-hour
sleep opportunity every night, and I keep very regular hours. I take my sleep incredibly seriously
because I have seen the evidence.’
E Sleep research shows that we sleep in 90-minute cycles, and it's only towards the end of each
that we go into deep sleep. Each cycle comprises of NREM sleep (non-rapid eye movement sleep),
followed by REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. ’During NREM sleep ... your body settles into this
lovely low state of energy,’ Walker explains. ’REM sleep, on the other hand is ... an incredibly active
brain state. Your heart and nervous system go through spurts of activity.’ Because we need four or
five of these cycles to stay healthy, it's important for people to break bad sleep habits. For example,
they should not be regularly working late into the night as this affects cognitive functioning.
Depending on sleep pills is also not a good idea, as it can have a damaging effect on memory.
F So what can individuals do to ensure they get the right amount of sleep? Firstly, we could
think about getting ready for sleep in the same way prepare for the end of a workout — say, on a spin
bike. ’People use alarms to wake up,’ Walker says. ’So why don't we have a bedtime alarm to tell us
we've got half an hour, that we should start cycling down?’ Companies should think about rewarding
sleep. Productivity will rise and motivation will be improved. We can also systematically measure
our sleep by using personal tracking devices, Walker says, and points out that some far-sighted
companies in the US already give employees time off if they get enough it. While some researchers
recommend banning digital devices from the bedroom because of their effect on the sleep-inducing
hormone melatonin, Walker believes that technology will eventually be an aid to sleep, as it helps us
discover more about the way we function.
Questions 14-18
Reading Passage 2 has six paragraphs, A-F.
Which paragraph contains the following information?
Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more
than once.

14 a comparison between two different types of sleep that people experience

15 an explanation for some people not wanting to admit the amount of sleep they require
16 examples of different behaviours that have a negative impact on mental performance
17 a suggestion that medical professionals are not taking the right approach
18 a reference to changing trends in the average amount of sleep people get

Questions 19-22
Complete the sentences below.
Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.
Write your answers in boxes 19-22 on your answer sheet.
19 Over 20 studies have shown a person’s ................... goes up when they are sleep deprived..
20 Insufficient sleep is one of the three factors which explain the………………..
21 People who are given the ...................... by doctors find it more effective if they sleep
properly.
22 Walker has described how a lack of deep sleep is linked to.................. in young children.

Questions 23 and 24
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 23 and 24 on your answer sheet.
The list below mentions some things that individuals can do to ensure they get the right amount of
sleep.
Which TWO of these things are recommended by Matthew Walker?
A taking a natural product that encourage sleep
B avoiding looking at brightly lit screens after dark
C negotiating later start times for work with employers
D keeping a regular record of hours spent sleeping
E reducing your activity level at a set time of day

Questions 25 and 26
Choose TWO letters, A-E.
Write the correct letters in boxes 25 and 26 on your answer sheet.
Which TWO of the following statements are true of Matthew Walker?
A He is sometimes reluctant to admit what his profession is.
B He has based his new book on a series of lectures.
C He has experienced significant improvements in his health.
D He has carried out research into the meaning of dreams.
E He always makes sure he gets enough sleep each night.
READING PASSAGE 3
The future of cities

Professor of Urban Planning Sarah Holmes looks at the challenges of urban living

The World Health Organisation has produced a report predicting that 9.8 billion of us will be
living on this planet by 2050. Of that number, 72% will be living in urban areas — a higher
proportion than ever before. Presented with this information, governments have a duty to consider
how best to meet the needs of city residents, and not just for the short-term. Certain problems
associated with urban living have been highlighted by research company Richmond-Carver in its
latest global survey. At the top of the list survey respondents’ concerns is the fact that competition
amongst tenants for rental properties has driven the median price up — so much so people need to
hold down two or more jobs to meet all their expenses. Another issue the survey highlighted is the
difficulty commuters face. Overcrowding means that seats are often not available on long
journeys, but more significant is that schedules are unreliable. Many studies have shown the effect
that has on a country’s productivity. Interestingly, certain problems seem more common in some
cities than others: respondents from increasingly crowded European cities, including Manchester
and Barcelona, commented on how their quality of life was affected by loud machinery, other
people’s music and car alarms. Something the survey failed to ask about was the value people
placed on having access to nature in urban neighborhoods. However, some countries are already
moving forward. Singapore is a prime example; its rooftop gardens make the city a far more
desirable place to live. It is the Singaporean government that is behind this push for sustainable
living.

Perhaps some clearer government direction would benefit other cities. Take New York City, a
place where I frequently meet up with other researchers in my field. Luckily for me, I am driven
from the airport to the research centre, so do not need to navigate the freeways and constant
congestion. Admittedly my experience of the urban lifestyle here is limited to the hotels I stay in,
and the blocks within a three-kilometre walk. But whenever I leave my room in search of an outlet
providing fruit or anything with nutritional value, none can be found. It seems ridiculous that this
should be the case. New York has made great advances in redeveloping its museums and arts
centres, but authorities must recognize that people’s basic needs must be met first.
Sometimes these basic needs are misunderstood. In some urban areas, new residential
developments are provided with security features such as massive metal fences and multiple gates
in the belief that these will make residents safer. There is little evidence such steps make a
difference in this way, but we don’t know they make residents feel reluctant to go outside and
walk around their neighbourhood. Instead, they are more likely to remain inactive indoors. Grassy
areas inside fences developments are hardly used by householders and tenants either. All this adds
up to a feeling of being cut off from others.

So where are planners and developers going wrong? Inviting a group of locals to attend a
consultation event is the conventional method for discovering what a community might want. The
issue here is that it often attracts the same few voices with the same few wishes. But the internet
now makes it possible for others to contribute. A community website can be a place where local
people propose ideas for making their neighborhood a better place to live. Developers that pay
attention to these ideas can get a clearer picture of the things residents actually want and reduce
the risk of throwing away money on things they don’t. An example of a project that truly meets the
needs of residents is Container City – a development in London’s Docklands area. Constructed
from metal containers once used to transport cargo on ships, it is a five-storey architectural
masterpiece. The containers have been turned into sunny work studios, and despite their limited
size, some come with a bed, shower and kitchen unit. Smart planning and skillful construction
mean they take up very little room. Furniture and fittings are made from recycled products. Other
countries have their own versions Container City – Amsterdam and Copenhagen have created
container dormitories to house students – but the Docklands site shows how work and living areas
can effectively be combined. The units are ideal for young entrepreneurs hoping to establish a
business while keeping costs down.

Successful development is taking place in many urban areas around the world, and city planners
have a duty to see for themselves the transforming effect this can have on residents’ lives. There is
no better way to do this than to visit these places in person. These might be neighbourhoods
constructed for the first time, or developers might have transformed what was already there. In
either case, the idea of cars determining urban planning, and indeed the whole concept of private
car ownership, is now outdated and must be abandoned. Instead, the layout of an area under
development must make it easier for people to meet up in pedestrianized zones and community
spaces. At the heart of the development should be a cultural area, providing venues for art, music
and street theatre. Such activities bring communities together, and do far more for positive
relations than a new mall or shopping precinct. For this reason, these kinds of performance spaces
should be prioritized. Finally, planners and developers must be obliged to create, within the same
neighbourhood, different types of homes for wealthy professionals, for families, for the elderly
and for young people just starting out. This kind of mix is essential to ensure people can buy a
home in an area convenient for work, and for a community to stay alive.

Questions 27-31

Complete the summary using the list of words, A-H, below.

Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet.
Survey on problems facing city dwellers
The world Health Organisation has recently published data concerning 27 ................. in cities. This
data should indicate the governments that they must think about ways to improve the lives of
residents. According to a Richmond-Carver survey, the worst problem facing many city dwellers was
28 .................. The survey also indicated that in some cities, poor 29 ................. can impact
dramatically on the economy.
Another issue seems to be 30 ................ although this is more often mentioned by survey
participants in European countries. Questions on people’s views on the need for 31............... were
unfortunately omitted from the survey, but countries like Singapore already seem to be making
progress in this respect.

A. noise pollution E. population growth

B. recycling facilities F. affordable housing
C. green areas G. antisocial behaviour
D. employment opportunities H. public transport

Questions 32-35
Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.
Write the correct letter in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.
32. When staying in New York, the writer is frustrated by the fact that
A. healthy food cannot easily be obtained.
B. bad road design causes daily traffic problems.
C. certain venues cannot be reached by foot.
D. visitors are all directed to the same kinds of place.
33. What point does the writer make about the use of security features?
A. It greatly reduces levels if criminal activity.
B. It helps create a sense of community.
C. It discourages people form taking exercises.
D. It creates unnecessary fear among residents.
34. According to the writer, the problem with some planners and developers is that they
A. distrust the use of certain technologies for communication.
B. create buildings using traditional construction methods.
C. tend to put profits before the needs of residents.
D. rely on the opinions of a narrow range of people.
35. What is the writer doing in the fifth paragraph?
A. explaining which construction materials are most sustainable
B. emphasising the importance of clever design in small spaces
C. comparing reasons for choosing to live in an unusual building
D. proposing which specific urban locations should be developed
Questions 36-40
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below. Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes
37-40 on your answer sheet.
YES If the statement agrees with the claims of the writer
NO If the statement contradicts the claims of the writer
NOT GIVEN If it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this

36 City planners should travel to urban areas that are good models of development.
37 It is easier to plan an entirely new neighbourhood than redevelop an existing one.
38 In the future, planners must think about the needs of car drivers as they design urban areas.
39 Cultural venues need to take second place to retail opportunities when developing a
neighbourhood.
40 It is important that new housing developments encourage social diversity.
III. WRITING (60 minutes)
WRITING TASK 1
The following diagram shows how essential oil is produced from leaves.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons
where relevant
Write at least 150 words.

WRITING TASK 2
You should spend about 40 minutes on this task
Write about the following topic:
Some people think that boys and girls should be educated in the same schools. Others,
however, believe that girls achieve better results when educated in single-sex schools.
Discuss both these views and give your opinion.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or
experience.
Write at least 250 words.