Technical Textiles

TECHNICAL TEXTILES- Unit 1

Definition and scope of technical textiles
The definition of technical textiles adopted by the authoritative Textile Terms and Definitions,
published by the Textile Institute1, is ‘textile materials and products manufactured primarily for
their technical and performance properties rather than their aesthetic or decorative
characteristics’.
Characteristics of technical textiles include:

1. Functionality: They are designed to serve a specific function beyond just appearance,
such as providing protection, filtration, insulation, or reinforcing structures.
2. Material Properties: These textiles are often made from advanced fibers (such as
aramid, carbon, or glass fibers) or innovative blends that offer properties like flame
resistance, water resistance, UV protection, or anti-microbial action.
3. Applications: They are commonly used in areas like medical devices (bandages, surgical
gowns), automotive (airbags, seat belts), construction (geotextiles, roofing membranes),
and protective clothing (bulletproof vests, high-visibility garments).

Such a brief description clearly leaves considerable scope for interpretation, especially when
an increasing number of textile products are combining both performance and decorative
properties and functions in equal measure. Examples are flame retardant furnishings and
‘breathable’ leisurewear. Indeed, no two published sources, industry bodies or statistical
organisations ever seem to adopt precisely the same approach when it comes to describing and
categorising specific products and applications as technical textiles.

Applications of Technical Textiles

For many years, the term ‘industrial textiles’ was widely used to encompass all textile products
other than those intended for apparel, household and furnishing end-uses.

This usage has seemed increasingly inappropriate in the face of developing appli- cations of
textiles for medical, hygiene, sporting, transportation, construction, agri- cultural and many other
clearly non-industrial purposes. Industrial textiles are now more often viewed as a subgroup of a
wider category of technical textiles, referring specifically to those textile products used in the
course of manufacturing operations (such as filters, machine clothing, conveyor belts, abrasive

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substrates etc.) or which are incorporated into other industrial products (such as electrical
components and cables, flexible seals and diaphragms, or acoustic and thermal insulation for
domes- tic and industrial appliances).

If this revised definition of industrial textiles is still far from satisfactory, then the
problems of finding a coherent and universally acceptable description and classification of the
scope of technical textiles are even greater. Several schemes have been proposed. For example,
the leading international trade exhibition for technical textiles, Techtextil (organisedbeginnially
since the late 1980s by Messe Frankfurt in Germany and also in Osaka, Japan), defines 12 main
application areas (of which textiles for industrial applications represent only one group):

• agrotech: agriculture, aquaculture, horticulture and forestry

• buildtech: building and construction
• clothtech: technical components of footwear and clothing
• geotech: geotextiles and civil engineering
• hometech: technical components of furniture, household textiles and floorcoverings
• indutech: filtration, conveying, cleaning and other industrial uses
• medtech: hygiene and medical
• mobiltech: automobiles, shipping, railways and aerospace
• oekotech: environmental protection
• packtech: packaging
• protech: personal and property protection
• sporttech: sport and leisure.
The search for an all embracing term to describe these textiles is not confined to the words
‘technical’ and ‘industrial’. Terms such as performance textiles, functional textiles, engineered
textiles and high-tech textiles are also all used in various contexts, sometimes with a relatively
specific meaning (performance textiles are frequently used to describe the fabrics used in activity
clothing), but more often with little or no precise significance.

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Depending upon their endues technical textiles are categorized into 12 broad areas .
technical textiles Applications areas
1. Protect –
` Protech are the protective textiles that are used in protection against various threats
such as heat and radiation for fire fighter clothing, molten metals for welders, bulletproof
jackets for army and police officers, and chemical materials for labors working in
petrochemical. They also provide protection against bacterial and blood pollution in
hospitals. The protective textiles are made with the help of specialty fibers such as high
tenacity Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) or polypropylene (PP), Aramids, Ultra-High
Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE).
2. Sportstech
Sportech are the sports textiles used mainly for making sportswear, including
sports shoes and other sports accessories. Increasing interest in active sports and outdoor
leisure activities such as flying and sailing sports, climbing, and cycling has led to
immense growth in the consumption of textile materials related to sport goods and
equipment.

3. Packtech
Packtech are the packaging textiles used for bags, packaging sacks, Flexible Intermediate
Bulk Carriers (FIBC) and wrappings for textile bales and carpets, durable papers, tea bags, and
other food and industrial product wrappings.
4. Oekotech
Oekotech are the environmental textiles used in environmental protection
applications, such as floor sealing, erosion protection, air cleaning, prevention of water
pollution, water cleaning, waste treatment/recycling, depositing area construction,
product extraction, and domestic water sewerage plants
5. Mobiltech
Mobiltech is used in the transportation industry for the construction of vehicles
such as automobiles, railways, and ships. Examples of Mobiltech include seat covers, seat
belts, nonwovens for cabin air filtration, airbags, parachutes, inflatable boats, air
balloons, truck covers, and restraints which are significant textile end uses in the
transportation sector
6. Medtech
Medtech includes all textile structures that are designed and manufactured for a
medical application. They are used in health care and hygiene applications in both
consumer and medical markets. They are generally used in bandages and sutures that are
used for stitching the wounds.

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7. Indutech
Indutech are the industrial textiles used in different industries for functions such
as separation and filtration, transportation of materials, and serving as substrates for
abrasive sheets and other coated products. They range from lightweight nonwoven filters,
to knitted nets and brushes, to heavyweight coated conveyor belts.
8. Hometech
Hometech is used in manufacturing for many home furnishing fabrics including
carpet backings, curtains, and wall coverings. Much of Hometech consists of fire-
retardant fabrics.
9. Geotech
Geotech are textile fabrics which can be woven, nonwoven, or knitted fabric used
for a variety of purposes such as support, drainage and separation at/or below ground
level, coastal engineering, earth and road construction, dam engineering, soil sealing, and
drainage systems. Geotech must be thick and have good strength and durability, and low
moisture absorption.
10. Clothtech
Clothtech includes functional textile products that are most often invisible
components in clothing and footwear products e.g., interlinings, sewing thread, insulating
fiberfill, and waddings.

11. Buildtech
Buildtech is used in construction and architectural applications, such as for concrete
reinforcement, facade foundation, interior construction, insulation, noise prevention, visual
protection, protection against sun light, and building safety. The field of textile architecture is
also expanding as textile membranes are increasingly being used for roof construction. Main
fabrics used are high tenacity Polyester coated with PVC.
12. Agrotech
Agro-textiles, also known as Agrotech, are used in agricultural applications related to
growing and harvesting of crops and animals. They are also used in forestry, horticulture, and
animal and poultry rearing, including animal clothing. Agro-textiles must be strong,
elongated, stiff, bio-degradable, resistant to sunlight, and nontoxic

The Fig. shows all types of products, materials as well as the process which falls within
the functional textile scope. But there are certain grey regions as well as manufacturing and
development of metallic wires into different products like cable-meshes, reinforcement, and
screens are not considered to fall in the scope of functional textiles.

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Milestones in the development of technical textiles

Although the development of technical and industrial applications for textiles can be traced back
many years, a number of more recent milestones have marked the emergence of technical textiles
as we know them today. Very largely, these have centred upon new materials, new processes and
new applications.

Developments in fibre materials – natural fibres

Until early in the 20th century, the major fibres available for technical and industrial use were
cotton and various coarser vegetable fibres such as flax, jute and sisal. They were typically used
to manufacture heavy canvas-type products, ropes and twines, and were characterised by
relatively heavy weight, limited resistance to water and microbial/fungal attack as well as poor
flame retardancy.
Developments of fibres used in Technical Textiles
The development of fibers used in technical textiles has been a remarkable journey driven by
advancements in materials science, engineering, and manufacturing processes. Technical textiles
are designed for specific functional applications, such as in aerospace, healthcare, construction,
automotive, and sports. Below is an overview of the key stages and trends in the development of
fibers for these specialized textiles:

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1. Traditional Natural Fibers

Natural fibers were the foundation of early technical textiles, primarily used for their availability
and versatility. Examples include:
 Cotton: Used for durable products like tarpaulins and canvas.
 Wool: Known for its insulation properties, used in protective clothing.
 Silk: Valued for its tensile strength, utilized in early parachutes and medical sutures.
 Linen: Employed in ropes and nets due to its strength.
 Natural Fibers (e.g., cotton, flax, wool, silk, jute) were initially used in technical textiles
for applications like ropes, sails, and tents.
 While effective for traditional purposes, these fibers had limitations such as susceptibility
to moisture, rot, and wear.
2. Emergence of Synthetic Fibers (20th Century)

The invention and commercialization of synthetic fibers marked a significant leap in technical
textile development.

The 20th century saw the invention of synthetic fibers, which revolutionized technical textiles:

 Nylon (1930s): The first synthetic fiber, valued for its high strength, elasticity, and
resistance to abrasion.
o Applications: Ropes, fishing nets, and parachutes.
 Nylon (1935): Introduced as a strong, lightweight, and abrasion-resistant fiber. Widely
used in airbags, parachutes, and industrial belts.
 Polyester (1940s): Noted for its strength, durability, and chemical resistance. Used in
geotextiles, ropes, and filtration systems.
o Known for its durability, thermal resistance, and versatility.
o Applications: Industrial fabrics, tire cords, and conveyor belts.
 Polypropylene: Lightweight, water-resistant, and chemically inert, widely applied in
packaging, medical gowns, and geotextiles.
 Acrylic: Used for its thermal insulation properties in protective clothing and blankets.
 Acrylics and Polypropylene: Lightweight, chemically resistant, and used in applications
like filters, upholstery, and nonwoven fabrics.

3. High-Performance Synthetic Fibers

Specialized synthetic fibers developed for extreme environments include:

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 Aramid Fibers (e.g., Kevlar, Nomex): Known for high tensile strength, heat resistance,
and flame retardance. Applications include bulletproof vests, aerospace components, and
firefighter uniforms.
 Carbon Fibers: Extremely lightweight, stiff, and strong, extensively used in aerospace,
sports equipment, and automotive industries.
 Glass fibers: High thermal and chemical resistance, used in composites, filtration
systems, and construction.
 Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE, e.g., Dyneema, Spectra):
Extremely strong and lightweight, used in ballistic protection and high-performance
ropes.
 Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, e.g., Teflon): Chemically inert and heat-resistant, used
in filtration, gaskets, and protective coatings.
4. Biodegradable and Sustainable Fibers
With environmental concerns rising, development has focused on eco-friendly fibers:
 Polylactic Acid (PLA): A biodegradable fiber made from renewable sources, used in
packaging and medical textiles.
 Recycled Polyester: Made from PET bottles, promoting sustainability in various
applications.
5. Nanotechnology and Smart Fibers
Smart and Functional Fibers (21st Century)
Modern advancements focus on multi-functional and "smart" fibers:
Recent advancements have integrated nanotechnology and functional properties into fibers:
 Electrospun Nanofibers: For filtration, tissue engineering, and medical applications.
 Conductive Fibers: Incorporating materials like graphene or metal nanoparticles, used in
wearable electronics and sensors. Conductive fibers (e.g., metal-coated fibers, carbon
nanotubes): Used in wearable electronics, sensors, and energy-harvesting devices.
 Phase-Change Materials (PCMs): Regulate temperature in sportswear and protective
clothing. Phase-change fibers: Incorporated in clothing to regulate temperature by
absorbing, storing, and releasing heat.
 Shape-Memory Polymers: Enable textiles to change shape or structure in response to
stimuli, used in medical and adaptive clothing. Materials that return to their original
shape when exposed to stimuli like heat, used in self-healing textiles.
 Biodegradable and sustainable fibers: Developed to reduce environmental impact,
including polylactic acid (PLA) and regenerated cellulose (e.g., Lyocell).

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6. Bioengineered Fibers
Bioengineered fibers represent the frontier of innovation:
 Spider Silk: Synthetic spider silk fibers mimic the strength and elasticity of natural silk,
used in medical sutures and durable textiles.
 Algae-Based Fibers: Developed for biodegradable and renewable applications in fashion
and medical textiles.

Emerging Innovations
The future of technical textiles is being shaped by:
 Nanotechnology: Enhancing fiber properties like water repellency, antimicrobial activity,
and UV resistance through nano-coatings.
 Graphene-based fibers: Combining lightweight and extraordinary conductivity for
advanced applications in energy storage and electronics.
 Recycled and bio-based fibers: Growing focus on fibers made from recycled plastics or
bio-polymers to address sustainability challenges.
Applications
Technical fibers are tailored for diverse sectors:
 Aerospace: Lightweight and high-strength fibers (carbon, aramid).
 Healthcare: Antibacterial and bio-compatible fibers (silver-infused, PLA).
 Construction: Reinforced fibers (glass, basalt) for structural applications.
 Sports: High-performance and breathable fibers for clothing and equipment.
The ongoing development of technical fibers is driven by advances in material science,
sustainability concerns, and the demand for multi-functional textiles.

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Globalization of Technical Textiles

The globalization of technical textiles refers to the rapid expansion of their production,
trade, and application across the world, driven by technological advancements, market demands,
and international collaboration. This trend has transformed technical textiles into a key segment
of the global textile industry. Here is an analysis of how globalization has influenced the
technical textiles sector:
1. Drivers of Globalization in Technical Textiles
Several factors have contributed to the global spread and significance of technical textiles:
a) Technological Advancements
 Innovation in fiber technology (e.g., aramids, carbon, and conductive fibers) has
broadened the scope of technical textiles.
 Automation and advanced manufacturing techniques, like 3D weaving, nanotechnology,
and digital printing, have lowered costs and improved quality, making these textiles more
accessible worldwide.
b) Growing Global Demand
 Rapid industrialization in emerging economies has increased the need for technical
textiles in construction, automotive, and agriculture.
 Rising health and safety awareness globally has boosted the demand for protective
clothing and medical textiles.
c) Trade Liberalization
 Reduction of trade barriers and establishment of international trade agreements (e.g.,
WTO agreements) have facilitated cross-border trade in technical textiles.
 Export-oriented policies in countries like China, India, and Vietnam have boosted global
production and trade.
d) Shift in Manufacturing Hubs
 Developed nations like the U.S., Germany, and Japan have historically led in technical
textile innovation.
 However, production has shifted to cost-efficient hubs in Asia (China, India, Bangladesh)
due to lower labor and production costs.

2. Global Production and Trade

 Leading Producers:

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o Asia: China is the largest producer and exporter, followed by India, which is
rapidly expanding its technical textile capacity through government initiatives like
the National Technical Textiles Mission.
o Europe: Germany is a leader in high-end technical textiles, focusing on innovation
and specialized applications.
o North America: The U.S. specializes in advanced textiles for aerospace, defense,
and healthcare.
 Emerging Players:
o Southeast Asia (Vietnam, Indonesia): Benefiting from investments and trade
agreements to increase technical textile production.
o Africa: Gradually entering the market as a low-cost production hub for basic
technical textiles.

3. Key Sectors Driving Global Demand

 Automotive Textiles: Used in airbags, seat belts, and upholstery; demand is driven by
global vehicle production.
 Medical Textiles: Growth in healthcare industries, especially in aging populations and
pandemic-driven needs.
 Protective Textiles: Increased global focus on workplace safety and military applications.
 Geotextiles: Expanding infrastructure projects in Asia and Africa.
 Smart Textiles: Rising demand for wearable electronics and sensors in global markets.

4. Challenges of Globalization
 Environmental Concerns: The production of technical textiles often involves energy-
intensive processes, raising concerns about carbon footprints and waste management.
 Supply Chain Disruptions: Globalization increases dependence on complex international
supply chains, which can be vulnerable to geopolitical tensions, pandemics, or trade
restrictions.
 Regulatory Barriers: Different countries have varying standards for technical textiles
(e.g., safety requirements for protective clothing), complicating global trade.

5. Global Collaboration and Initiatives

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 International Standards: Organizations like ISO and ASTM have established standards for
technical textiles, facilitating global trade and collaboration.
 Research Partnerships: Cross-border collaborations between universities and industries to
develop innovative technical textiles.
 Trade Fairs and Events: Global platforms like Techtextil foster international networking
and business development.

6. Future Trends in the Globalization of Technical Textiles

 Sustainability: Increased focus on bio-based and recyclable technical textiles due to
global environmental concerns.
 Automation and AI: Further digitization and smart manufacturing will enhance efficiency
and competitiveness on a global scale.
 Emerging Markets: Africa and South America are expected to play a bigger role in
production and consumption.
 Smart Textiles Growth: Wearable technologies and integrated sensors will drive high-
value exports.
Future Trends
The ongoing development of fibers for technical textiles is guided by the need for materials that
offer superior performance while addressing global challenges like sustainability and resource
efficiency.
 Multifunctional Fibers: Combining properties like self-cleaning, antimicrobial, and UV
resistance.
 3D-Printed Fibers: Tailored for highly specific applications.
 Circular Economy Innovations: Development of fibers that are fully recyclable or
biodegradable to align with sustainability goals.
The future of the technical textile industry looks promising, with significant growth opportunities
driven by advancements in technology, evolving consumer demands, and the push for
sustainability.

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key trends and factors shaping the future of the technical textile sector:

1. Market Growth
 Projected Growth: The global technical textile market is expected to grow at a CAGR
of 4-6% in the coming years, driven by increasing demand across industries such as
healthcare, automotive, construction, and defense.
 Emerging Economies: Markets in Asia-Pacific, Africa, and South America will
experience robust growth due to industrialization, urbanization, and government
investments in infrastructure and defense.

2. Advancements in Technology
 Smart Textiles:
o Integration of electronics and sensors into textiles (e.g., conductive fibers,
graphene-based materials) will lead to increased applications in wearables,
healthcare monitoring, and sports.
o Example: Smart clothing that monitors vital signs and alerts medical
professionals.
 Nanotechnology:
o Nanofibers and coatings will enhance properties like water repellency,
antimicrobial resistance, and durability.
o Applications include filtration systems, protective clothing, and sportswear.
 3D and Additive Manufacturing:
o 3D knitting and printing will enable on-demand and customizable production,
reducing waste and enabling localized manufacturing.
 AI and IoT Integration:
o Artificial intelligence will optimize production processes, quality control, and
supply chain management.
o IoT-enabled textiles will revolutionize sectors like healthcare, where garments can
transmit data in real-time.

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3. Focus on Sustainability
 Eco-Friendly Materials:
o Development of bio-based fibers (e.g., polylactic acid, hemp) and recycled fibers
(e.g., from PET bottles) to meet sustainability goals.
o Circular economy models where end-of-life textiles are recycled into new
products.
 Energy-Efficient Production:
o Adoption of renewable energy and low-impact dyeing/finishing techniques to
reduce the carbon footprint.
 Regulations and Certifications:
o Growing importance of certifications like OEKO-TEX and GRS (Global
Recycled Standard) to ensure sustainable practices.

4. New and Expanding Applications

 Healthcare Textiles:
o Increasing use of antimicrobial, anti-viral, and bio-compatible textiles in wound
care, implants, and personal protective equipment (PPE).
o Growth driven by aging populations and rising healthcare investments.
 Protective and Safety Textiles:
o Demand for advanced protective gear in industries like oil and gas, construction,
and firefighting.
o Military applications will focus on lightweight, durable, and multi-functional
fabrics.
 Geotextiles:
o Use in infrastructure projects (roads, dams, and landfills), especially in
developing regions.
 Aerospace and Automotive:
o Lightweight and high-strength materials like carbon and aramid fibers to improve
fuel efficiency and performance.
o Growth of electric vehicles will increase demand for insulating and fire-resistant
textiles.

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 Sports and Leisure:

o Increasing consumer interest in performance-enhancing textiles, such as moisture-
wicking, breathable, and temperature-regulating fabrics.

5. Regional Trends
 Asia-Pacific:
o Expected to dominate the market due to manufacturing capacity, raw material
availability, and government support.
o Countries like China and India are investing heavily in R&D and infrastructure
for technical textiles.
 Europe and North America:
o Focused on high-end applications such as smart textiles, medical textiles, and
composites for aerospace and defense.
 Emerging Markets:
o Africa and South America are expected to contribute to growth, particularly in
geotextiles and agricultural textiles.

6. Challenges and Opportunities

 Challenges:
o High cost of advanced fibers and technologies may limit adoption in certain
regions.
o Environmental concerns around synthetic fibers and microplastic pollution.
o Complex supply chains vulnerable to geopolitical and economic disruptions.
 Opportunities:
o Partnerships between industry and academia to foster innovation.
o Public and private investments in research, particularly in smart and sustainable
textiles.
o Increasing awareness of safety and health will drive demand for protective and
healthcare textiles.

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7. The Role of Policy and Collaboration

 Governments and industry associations are expected to play a pivotal role:
o Subsidies and Incentives: Encouraging investments in technical textile
production and R&D.
o International Collaboration: Trade agreements and global standardization will
facilitate cross-border growth.
o Industry 4.0 Adoption: Policies promoting digital transformation in
manufacturing will enhance competitiveness.

8. Future Outlook
 The technical textile industry will continue to evolve into a high-value, innovation-driven
sector.
 Personalization: Custom-made solutions will become more common, especially in
healthcare and sports.
 Global Supply Chains: Decentralized, flexible supply chains will help reduce risks and
improve efficiency.
 Sustainability and Circular Economy: These will remain central themes, shaping
consumer preferences and industry practices.

the future of the technical textile industry is bright, characterized by technological advancements,
expanding applications, and a strong focus on sustainability. Companies that prioritize
innovation, sustainability, and global collaboration will be best positioned to thrive in this
evolving market.
High Strength and high-modulus organic fibers
High-strength and high-modulus organic fibers are a critical class of technical fibers engineered
to provide exceptional mechanical performance, combining light weight with superior tensile
strength and stiffness. These fibers are extensively used in applications requiring durability,
toughness, and resistance to harsh environmental conditions, such as aerospace, defense, sports,
and construction. Below is a detailed overview:

1. Key Features of High-Strength and High-Modulus Organic Fibers

 High Tensile Strength: Ability to withstand significant force without breaking.
 High Modulus: High stiffness, indicating resistance to deformation under stress.

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 Lightweight: Despite their strength, these fibers have low density, making them ideal for
weight-sensitive applications.
 Thermal Stability: Some fibers can resist high temperatures without losing structural
integrity.
 Chemical Resistance: Many are resistant to solvents, acids, and bases, enhancing
durability.

2. Examples of High-Strength and High-Modulus Organic Fibers

a) Aramid Fibers
 Examples: Kevlar (by DuPont), Twaron (by Teijin), Technora.
 Properties:
o High strength-to-weight ratio.
o Excellent thermal resistance (stable up to ~500°C).
o High resistance to abrasion and impact.
 Applications:
o Ballistic protection (bulletproof vests, helmets).
o Aerospace and automotive composites.
o Ropes, cables, and protective clothing.
b) Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) Fibers
 Examples: Dyneema (by DSM), Spectra (by Honeywell).
 Properties:
o Extremely high tensile strength.
o Low weight (15 times stronger than steel by weight).
o Excellent resistance to chemicals and moisture.
o Low elongation under load.
 Applications:
o Lightweight armor (body and vehicle protection).
o Marine and fishing ropes, nets, and sails.
o High-performance sports equipment (e.g., climbing ropes).

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c) PBO (Poly-p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) Fibers

 Example: Zylon (by Toyobo).
 Properties:
o Exceptional tensile strength and modulus.
o High thermal stability (decomposition above 650°C).
o Excellent flame resistance.
 Applications:
o Aerospace and spacecraft components.
o Ballistic-resistant materials.
o Reinforcement in composite materials.
d) LCP (Liquid Crystal Polymer) Fibers
 Examples: Vectran.
 Properties:
o High tensile strength and stiffness.
o Excellent resistance to moisture, chemicals, and UV radiation.
o Low creep and excellent dimensional stability.
 Applications:
o Aerospace tethers and ropes.
o High-performance sails and cables.
o Reinforcement in composites for electronics and machinery.

3. Advantages Over Traditional Fibers

 Compared to Metals:
o Lighter and easier to process.
o Higher specific strength (strength-to-weight ratio).
o Non-corrosive and more resistant to fatigue.
 Compared to Natural Fibers:
o Superior uniformity and consistency.

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o Much higher mechanical performance.

4. Manufacturing Processes
 Solution Spinning: Used for fibers like aramids (e.g., Kevlar), where polymers are
dissolved in a solvent and extruded through a spinneret.
 Gel Spinning: Used for UHMWPE fibers to achieve high orientation and crystallinity.
 Heat Treatment: Often applied to improve the modulus and tensile strength of fibers
after initial production.

5. Limitations and Challenges

 Cost: High-strength organic fibers are expensive due to complex production processes.
 Brittleness: Some fibers, like aramids, may show limited flexibility or impact resistance
under certain conditions.
 Moisture Sensitivity: Fibers like PBO can degrade over time when exposed to moisture
and UV radiation.

6. Applications
High-strength and high-modulus organic fibers are used in diverse fields:
 Defense and Security: Personal protective equipment (PPE), vehicle armor, and
reinforced composites for military use.
 Aerospace: Lightweight, high-strength components for aircraft and spacecraft.
 Automotive: Reinforcement in tires, seat belts, and composite body panels.
 Marine: Ropes, cables, and sails designed to withstand high tension and harsh marine
environments.
 Sports and Recreation: High-performance gear such as tennis rackets, golf clubs, and
racing bicycles.
 Civil Engineering: Geotextiles and structural reinforcements in bridges and buildings.

7. Future Trends
 Sustainability:
o Development of bio-based high-performance fibers.

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o Recycling technologies for aramids and UHMWPE.

 Enhanced Properties:
o Hybrid fibers combining organic materials with nanoparticles for
multifunctionality.
o Improved resistance to environmental factors like UV and moisture.
 Cost Reduction:
o Advances in production technologies to lower manufacturing costs and expand
accessibility.

High-strength and high-modulus organic fibers are indispensable in modern technical textiles,
offering unmatched performance for critical applications. As innovation continues, their
applications and efficiency are expected to grow even further.
High Chemical and combustion – Resistant Organic Fibers
High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibers are specialized fibers engineered to
withstand harsh chemical environments and extreme heat or flames without degrading. These
fibers are critical for industries requiring safety, durability, and performance in challenging
conditions, such as firefighting, military, aerospace, and chemical processing.

1. Key Characteristics
 Chemical Resistance: Exceptional stability when exposed to acids, alkalis, solvents, and
other corrosive substances.
 Combustion Resistance: High resistance to ignition, self-extinguishing properties, and
low flammability.
 Thermal Stability: Retain strength and functionality at elevated temperatures.
 Durability: Long service life even under extreme environmental stress.

2. Types of High Chemical- and Combustion-Resistant Organic Fibers

a) Aramid Fibers
 Examples: Nomex (DuPont), Teijinconex (Teijin), Kermel.
 Properties:
o Excellent flame resistance; do not melt or drip.

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o Stable at high temperatures (~400–500°C).

o Good resistance to organic solvents and mild acids.
 Applications:
o Firefighting suits, military uniforms, and industrial protective clothing.
o Heat- and flame-resistant insulation materials.
o Aerospace and automotive heat shields.
b) Polybenzimidazole (PBI) Fibers
 Example: Celazole (by PBI Performance Products).
 Properties:
o Outstanding thermal resistance (does not burn and decomposes above 760°C).
o Excellent resistance to strong acids, bases, and solvents.
o Retains strength and flexibility at high temperatures.
 Applications:
o Firefighter gear, space exploration suits, and high-temperature filtration systems.
o Protective gloves for handling chemicals and molten materials.
c) Polyimide Fibers
 Examples: P84 (Evonik), Kermel® Tech.
 Properties:
o Extremely high heat resistance (continuous operation at 260°C, peaks at 300°C).
o Excellent resistance to chemicals, including organic solvents.
o High dimensional stability and low creep under stress.
 Applications:
o High-temperature filtration in power plants and industrial processes.
o Protective clothing for workers in chemical and high-heat environments.
o Thermal insulation in aerospace applications.
d) Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Fibers
 Example: Ryton (Solvay), Torcon (Toray).
 Properties:

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o High thermal stability (operates at ~190°C with peaks at ~240°C).

o Excellent resistance to acids, alkalis, and organic solvents.
o Inherent flame retardancy and low smoke emission.
 Applications:
o Filter bags for power plants, cement plants, and chemical processing.
o Heat-resistant gaskets, seals, and protective fabrics.
e) Melamine-Based Fibers
 Examples: Basofil.
 Properties:
o Combustion-resistant (self-extinguishing).
o Resistant to acids, alkalis, and solvents.
o Good thermal insulation and lightweight properties.
 Applications:
o Fire-blocking layers in protective garments.
o Thermal insulation and flame barriers in automotive and aerospace.
f) Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Fibers
 Examples: Teflon, Tenara (Gore).
 Properties:
o Exceptional chemical resistance (inert to most acids, bases, and solvents).
o Stable across a wide temperature range (-200°C to 260°C).
o Non-flammable and low-friction properties.
 Applications:
o Chemical filtration, gaskets, and seals.
o Protective clothing and linings for chemical handling.
o Aerospace insulation and industrial belts.
g) Carbon and Modified Acrylic Fibers
 Examples: Carbonized acrylic (pre-oxidized PAN).
 Properties:

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o Excellent heat resistance and flame retardancy.

o Stable in high-temperature oxidative environments.
o High chemical inertness.
 Applications:
o Flame barriers in construction and automotive.
o Heat-resistant reinforcement in composites.

3. Advantages of These Fibers

 Safety: Key for protective equipment, minimizing harm in hazardous environments.
 Durability: Extended lifespan under severe operating conditions.
 Lightweight: Many of these fibers are significantly lighter than metals or traditional
materials with similar properties.
 Versatility: Adaptable to different industries, including aerospace, industrial, and safety.

4. Challenges
 Cost: High-performance fibers are typically expensive to produce.
 Manufacturing Complexity: Requires specialized production techniques, which can
limit accessibility.
 Environmental Concerns: Disposal of synthetic fibers may contribute to pollution if not
properly managed.

5. Applications in Key Industries

 Protective Apparel:
o Firefighter suits, military uniforms, and industrial safety wear.
o Gloves and aprons for handling hazardous chemicals or molten materials.
 Industrial Filtration:
o Dust and gas filtration in power plants, chemical facilities, and cement factories.
 Aerospace:

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o Heat shields, thermal insulation, and protective barriers in spacecraft and aircraft.
 Energy Sector:
o High-performance insulation for turbines, reactors, and solar panels.
 Construction:
o Flame barriers and chemical-resistant membranes in buildings and infrastructure.

6. Future Developments
 Sustainable Alternatives:
o Development of bio-based, high-performance fibers with similar properties.
 Improved Performance:
o Enhanced multi-functional fibers combining thermal, chemical, and mechanical
resistance.
 Cost Reduction:
o Advanced manufacturing techniques to lower production costs and expand market
accessibility.
 Nanotechnology:
o Incorporation of nanoparticles to further improve flame resistance and chemical
stability.

High chemical- and combustion-resistant organic fibers are integral to modern industries that
demand safety, reliability, and high performance under extreme conditions. As technology
evolves, these fibers will continue to play a pivotal role in ensuring safety and efficiency across
diverse applications.

High Performance inorganic fibers

High-performance inorganic fibers are materials with exceptional mechanical, thermal, and
chemical properties, typically made from non-carbon-based materials such as glass, ceramic, or
metal oxides. These fibers are widely used in high-temperature, high-strength, and chemically
aggressive environments. Below is a detailed overview of high-performance inorganic fibers:

1. Key Features

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 High Strength: Exceptional tensile strength and durability.

 Thermal Stability: Can withstand extreme temperatures, often above 1000°C.
 Chemical Resistance: Resistant to acids, alkalis, and most corrosive agents.
 Non-Flammability: Inherent flame resistance, making them ideal for fireproof
applications.
 Electrical Properties: Some inorganic fibers (e.g., glass) have excellent electrical
insulation properties, while others (e.g., metallic fibers) may be conductive.

2. Types of High-Performance Inorganic Fibers

a) Glass Fibers
 Examples: E-glass, S-glass, A-glass.
 Properties:
o High tensile strength and low cost.
o Good thermal resistance (up to 700°C for some types).
o Chemically inert and non-flammable.
 Applications:
o Reinforcement in composites (e.g., fiberglass-reinforced plastics).
o Thermal and acoustic insulation.
o Electrical insulation in electronics and appliances.
b) Ceramic Fibers
 Examples: Alumina fibers, silicon carbide (SiC) fibers, mullite fibers.
 Properties:
o Extremely high temperature resistance (up to 1600°C or higher).
o Low thermal conductivity and excellent insulation properties.
o High resistance to corrosion and chemical attack.
 Applications:
o Furnace linings and thermal insulation in industrial processes.
o Reinforcement in ceramic-matrix composites for aerospace and defense.
o High-temperature filters in metallurgy and chemical industries.

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c) Basalt Fibers
 Properties:
o Made from volcanic basalt rock, offering high strength and durability.
o High temperature resistance (up to 980°C).
o Non-corrosive and resistant to UV, chemicals, and moisture.
 Applications:
o Construction (e.g., concrete reinforcement).
o Automotive and aerospace components.
o Fireproof and heat-resistant fabrics.
d) Carbon Fibers (Inorganic Derivatives)
 Properties:
o High tensile strength and stiffness.
o Low weight and thermal expansion.
o High-temperature resistance (in an inert environment, stable above 3000°C).
 Applications:
o Reinforcement in carbon-matrix or metal-matrix composites for aerospace and
automotive.
o High-performance sports equipment.
o Thermal insulation in high-temperature environments.
e) Metallic Fibers
 Examples: Stainless steel fibers, aluminum fibers, and titanium fibers.
 Properties:
o Excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.
o High strength and corrosion resistance.
o Flexible and durable.
 Applications:
o Conductive textiles and anti-static materials.
o Reinforcement in composites for shielding electromagnetic interference (EMI).
o Heat-resistant fabrics and filters.

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f) Silica Fibers
 Properties:
o Made from high-purity silica; excellent thermal and chemical resistance.
o Can withstand temperatures up to 1200°C.
o Low dielectric constant, making them ideal for electrical insulation.
 Applications:
o Thermal insulation for aerospace and industrial applications.
o High-temperature filtration and furnace linings.
o Reinforcement in composites for lightweight structures.
g) Boron Fibers
 Properties:
o Extremely high tensile strength and modulus.
o High resistance to thermal shock and wear.
o Chemically stable at high temperatures.
 Applications:
o Aerospace components (e.g., aircraft structures, satellite frames).
o High-performance sports equipment.
o Reinforcement in advanced composite materials.

3. Advantages of High-Performance Inorganic Fibers

 Thermal Resistance: Can be used in extreme temperature environments.
 Chemical Stability: Durable in corrosive and oxidizing conditions.
 Fire Resistance: Non-combustible and ideal for fireproof applications.
 Lightweight: Many inorganic fibers offer a high strength-to-weight ratio, reducing the
weight of composite structures.

4. Challenges
 Cost: High-performance inorganic fibers are often more expensive than organic fibers
due to complex manufacturing processes.

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 Brittleness: Some fibers, such as ceramics, are brittle and may crack under impact or
stress.
 Processing Limitations: Special techniques are often required to process these fibers into
usable forms or composites.

5. Applications of High-Performance Inorganic Fibers

Aerospace and Defense
 Heat shields and thermal insulation for spacecraft.
 Lightweight, high-strength composites for aircraft and missiles.
 Protective clothing for extreme environments.
Industrial Applications
 Furnace linings and high-temperature insulation.
 Chemical-resistant filters and gaskets.
 Reinforcement in concrete and other construction materials.
Energy Sector
 Insulation for turbines, reactors, and pipelines.
 High-temperature filters for power plants.
 Reinforcement in wind turbine blades and solar panel structures.
Automotive
 Brake pads and clutches (ceramic fibers).
 Lightweight composites for body panels and structural reinforcements.
Electronics
 Electrical insulation in high-performance circuits.
 EMI shielding using metallic fibers.
Healthcare
 Heat-resistant materials for medical sterilization equipment.
 Composites for prosthetics and implants.

6. Future Trends

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 Nanotechnology: Development of nano-sized inorganic fibers with enhanced properties,

such as increased strength and flexibility.
 Sustainability: Focus on eco-friendly manufacturing processes and recyclable fiber
materials.
 Hybrid Composites: Combining inorganic fibers with organic or metallic components
for multifunctional performance.
 Cost Optimization: Advancements in production techniques to reduce costs and improve
accessibility.

High-performance inorganic fibers play a vital role in industries that demand extreme durability,
thermal stability, and chemical resistance. As technology advances, their applications are
expected to expand, driven by the need for materials that perform under increasingly demanding
conditions.
Ultra-Fine and Novelty Fibers
Ultra-Fine and Novelty Fibers are innovative materials developed to meet the demand for
advanced performance, unique aesthetics, or specialized functionality. These fibers are
characterized by their exceptional thinness, innovative structures, or distinct properties, making
them suitable for high-end textiles, technical applications, and creative designs. Below is an
overview:

1. Ultra-Fine Fibers
Ultra-fine fibers have diameters smaller than traditional fibers, often classified as microfibers
(less than 1 denier per filament) or nanofibers (diameters below 1 micrometer).
a) Microfibers
 Properties:
o Extremely fine, with a soft, silk-like texture.
o High surface area-to-volume ratio.
o Excellent moisture absorption and wicking properties.
o Superior filtration efficiency.
 Applications:
o Textiles: High-performance sportswear, cleaning cloths, and luxury fabrics.
o Filtration: Air and liquid filtration systems.

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o Medical: Wound dressings and hygiene products.

b) Nanofibers
 Properties:
o Ultra-thin (diameters often below 100 nm).
o High porosity and mechanical strength.
o Ability to be functionalized with nanoparticles for advanced properties.
 Applications:
o Medical: Drug delivery systems, tissue scaffolds, and wound care.
o Environmental: Air filtration and water purification membranes.
o Energy: Electrodes for batteries and fuel cells.
c) Key Manufacturing Techniques for Ultra-Fine Fibers
 Electrospinning: A process that uses electric fields to produce nanofibers from a polymer
solution.
 Melt Spinning: Used for microfibers, where molten polymer is extruded through a fine
spinneret.
 Self-Assembly: Produces highly uniform nanofibers for specialized applications.

2. Novelty Fibers
Novelty fibers are engineered to have unique structures, appearances, or functionalities, catering
to aesthetic, creative, or specialized performance needs.
a) Multicomponent Fibers
 Properties:
o Made from two or more polymers with distinct properties.
o Can have concentric (core-sheath) or side-by-side structures.
 Applications:
o Functional textiles (e.g., moisture-wicking layers in sportswear).
o Conductive fabrics for electronics.
o Heat-activated shrinkable fibers for industrial use.
b) Hollow Fibers

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 Properties:
o Contain an empty core, reducing weight.
o High insulation and moisture-wicking capabilities.
 Applications:
o Thermal insulation in outdoor and cold-weather gear.
o Filtration and separation technologies.
c) Shape-Memory Fibers
 Properties:
o Return to a pre-defined shape when exposed to specific stimuli (heat, light, or
moisture).
 Applications:
o Smart textiles, such as self-adjusting garments.
o Medical devices like stents and sutures.
o Actuators in robotics.
d) Bi-Component and Tri-Component Fibers
 Properties:
o Two or three polymers combined in a single filament to deliver multiple
functionalities.
 Applications:
o Self-cleaning or anti-bacterial textiles.
o Durable fabrics with enhanced elasticity and strength.
o Thermal and moisture management in technical clothing.
e) Metallic and Conductive Fibers
 Properties:
o Incorporate metallic or conductive materials, such as silver, copper, or carbon.
o Conduct electricity while maintaining flexibility.
 Applications:
o Smart textiles with embedded sensors or circuits.
o EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding.

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o Wearable electronics and healthcare monitoring systems.

f) Thermochromic and Photochromic Fibers
 Properties:
o Change color in response to temperature (thermochromic) or light
(photochromic).
 Applications:
o Fashion and novelty apparel.
o Heat-sensitive safety garments.
o Light-activated camouflage materials.
g) Luminescent and Glow-in-the-Dark Fibers
 Properties:
o Incorporate phosphorescent or fluorescent materials.
o Emit light after exposure to a light source.
 Applications:
o Safety gear, such as reflective vests and signage.
o Decorative and aesthetic fabrics.
h) Bioengineered Fibers
 Examples: Spider silk-like fibers, collagen fibers.
 Properties:
o Engineered from biological or biomimetic processes.
o Lightweight, strong, and biodegradable.
 Applications:
o Medical sutures, implants, and tissue scaffolds.
o High-performance textiles.

3. Advantages of Ultra-Fine and Novelty Fibers

 High Performance: Exceptional properties like thermal regulation, filtration, and
strength.
 Versatility: Wide range of applications, from medical to fashion.

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 Aesthetic Appeal: Unique textures, colors, and functionalities for creative designs.
 Innovation: Drives advancements in wearable technology, environmental protection, and
health care.

4. Challenges
 Cost: High production costs due to advanced manufacturing techniques.
 Durability: Ultra-fine fibers may have reduced resistance to abrasion.
 Scalability: Difficulties in mass-producing novel fibers while maintaining quality.
 Environmental Impact: Potential microplastic pollution from ultra-fine synthetic fibers.

5. Applications Across Industries

Fashion and Apparel
 Luxury fabrics with ultra-soft textures.
 Color-changing or glow-in-the-dark garments.
Healthcare
 Nanofiber scaffolds for tissue engineering.
 Antibacterial and moisture-wicking bandages.
Aerospace and Automotive
 Lightweight, high-strength composites.
 Thermal and acoustic insulation.
Environmental Solutions
 Nanofiber filters for air and water purification.
 Sustainable fibers from bio-based sources.
Smart Textiles
 Sensors and actuators embedded in fibers for monitoring and feedback.
 Wearable electronics for fitness, health, or communication.

6. Future Trends
 Sustainability:

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o Bio-based ultra-fine fibers to reduce reliance on petroleum-based materials.

o Recycling technologies for novelty fibers.
 Advanced Functionalization:
o Incorporating nanomaterials for enhanced conductivity, antibacterial properties, or
UV resistance.
 Customization:
o On-demand fiber production with specific properties tailored to applications.
 Integration in IoT (Internet of Things):
o Smart fibers enabling real-time data collection in wearables and textiles.

Ultra-fine and novelty fibers represent the cutting edge of textile engineering, enabling
innovative solutions for performance, aesthetics, and functionality. As technology and
manufacturing processes advance, their role in various industries is expected to expand
significantly.

Unit 2
MEDICAL TEXTILES
Introduction
An important and growing part of the textile industry is the medical and related healthcare and
hygiene sector.
The extent of the growth is due to constant improvements and innovations in both textile
technology and medical procedures. The aim of this chapter is to highlight the specific medical
and surgical applications for which textile materials are currently used.

When it comes to technical textiles, it comes to medical textiles. Already medical textiles are an
emerging sector in the present world. The new field that has been created as a result of the
combination of textile technology and medical science is known as Medical textiles or Med-tech.
From the hygienic materials and hospital bed sheets, curtains to surgical masks, gowns, etc. used
in operation theaters, even surgical threads, bandages and artificial bones, ligaments, artificial
kidneys, livers, there are touches of technological and smart textiles everywhere. Medical textiles
have been playing an important role in medicine for centuries.

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Textile materials and products that have been engineered to meet particular needs, are suitable
for any medical and surgical application where a combination of strength, flexibility, and
sometimes moisture and air permeability are required.
Materials used include monofilament and multifilament yarns, woven, knitted, and nonwoven
fabrics, and composite structures.
The number of applications are huge and diverse, ranging from a single thread suture to the
complex composite structures for bone replacement, and from the simple cleaning wipe to
advanced barrier fabrics used in operating rooms.
These materials can be categorised into four separate and specialised areas of application as
follows:
• Nonimplantable materials – wound dressings, bandages, plasters, etc.
• Extracorporeal devices – artificial kidney, liver, and lung
• Implantable materials – sutures, vascular grafts, artificial ligaments, artificial joints, etc.
• Healthcare/hygiene products – bedding, clothing, surgical gowns, cloths, wipes, etc.
The majority of the healthcare products manufactured worldwide are disposable, while the
remainder can be reused.
According to a survey in the USA during the decade 1980–1990, the growth of medical textile
products occurred at a compound annual rate of 11%.
It is estimated that the annual growth was around 10% during 1991–2000.
In western Europe the usage of nonwoven medical products between 1970 and 1994 rose from
3000 tonnes to 19 700 tonnes.

The medicalproduct sales of textile-based items in the USA amounted to $11.3 billion in 1980
and $32.1 billion in 1990.
This figure is expected to have reached a staggering $76 billion by the year 2000.2 The US
market for disposable healthcare products alone was estimated to rise from $1.5 billion in 1990
to $2.6 billion in 1999.
In Europe, medical textiles already have a 10% share of the technical textiles market, with 100
000 tonnes of fibre, a growth rate of 3–4% per year and a market of US$7 billion.32 Although
textile materials have been widely adopted in medical and surgical applications for many years,
new uses are still being found.
Research utilising new and existing fibres and fabric-forming techniques has led to the
advancement of medical and surgical textiles. At the forefront of these developments are the fibre
manufacturers who produce a variety of fibres whose properties govern the product and the

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ultimate application, whether the requirement is absorbency, tenacity, flexibility, softness, or

biodegradability.
A number of reviews concerning textile materials for medical applications have also been
reported elsewhere.

Fibres used
Commodity fibres
Fibres used in medicine and surgery may be classified depending on whether the materials from
which they are made are natural or synthetic, biodegradable or nonbiodegradable. All fibres used
in medical applications must be non-toxic, nonallergenic non-carcinogenic, and be able to be
sterilised without imparting any change in the physical or chemical characteristics
Commonly used natural fibres are cotton and silk but also included are the regenerated cellulosic
fibres (viscose rayon); these are widely used in nonimplantable materials and healthcare/hygiene
products. A wide variety of products and specific applications utilise the unique characteristics
that synthetic fibres exhibit. Commonly used synthetic materials include polyester, polyamide,
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polypropylene, carbon, glass, and so on. The second
classification relates to the extent of fibre biodegradability. Biodegradable fibres are those which
are absorbed by the body within 2–3 months after implantation and include cotton, viscose
rayon, polyamide, polyurethane, collagen, and alginate. Fibres that are slowly absorbed within
the body and take more than 6 months to degrade are considered nonbiodegradable and include
polyester (e.g. Dacron), polypropylene, PTFE and carbon.
Specialityfibres
A variety of natural polymers such as collagen, alginate, chitin, chitosan, and so on, have been
found to be essential materials for modern wound dressings.
Collagen, which is obtained from bovine skin, is a protein available either in fibre or hydrogel
(gelatin) form.
Collagen fibres, used as sutures, are as strong as silk and are biodegradable. The transparent
hydrogel that is formed when collagen is crosslinked in 5–10% aqueous solution, has a high
oxygen permeability and can be processed into soft contact lenses.
Calcium alginate fibres are produced from seaweed of the type Laminariae.
The fibres possess healing properties, which have proved to be effective in the treatment of a
wide variety of wounds, and dressings Medical textiles Year Billion US Dollars 15.2 Disposable
healthcare products in the USA. comprising calcium alginate are non-toxic, biodegradable and
haemostatic.12 Chitin, a polysaccharide that is obtained from crab and shrimp shells, has
excellent antithrombogenic characteristics, and can be absorbed by the body and promote
healing. Chitin nonwoven fabrics used as artificial skin adhere to the body stimulating new skin
formation which accelerates the healing rate and reduces pain.Treatment of chitin with alkali

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yields chitosan that can be spun into filaments of similar strength to viscose rayon. Chitosan is
now being developed for slow drug-release membranes.10 Other fibres that have been developed
include polycaprolactone (PCL) and polypropiolactone (PPL), which can be mixed with
cellulosic fibres to produce highly flexible and inexpensive biodegradable nonwovens.13 Melt
spun fibres made from lactic acid have similar strength and heat properties as nylon and are also
biodegradable.14 Microbiocidal compositions that inhibit the growth of microorganisms can be
applied on to natural fibres as coatings or incorporated directly into artificial fibres.
Medical textiles refer to a specialized branch of textiles designed for medical and healthcare
applications. These materials combine advanced fibers, fabrics, and finishes to meet the
demanding requirements of medical procedures, hygiene, comfort, and patient safety. Below is
an overview of medical textiles, including their types, applications, and innovations:

Types of Medical Textiles

Medical textiles can be categorized based on their application or function:
1. Non-implantable materials
Textiles used externally on the body, such as:
o Bandages and wound dressings
o Compression garments
o Plasters
2. Implantable materials
Textiles used inside the body, such as:
o Sutures
o Artificial ligaments and tendons
o Vascular grafts and stents
o Hernia meshes
3. Healthcare and hygiene products
Items used in hospitals and care environments:
o Surgical gowns, drapes, and masks
o Bedsheets and incontinence pads
o Disposable wipes
4. Extracorporeal devices
Textiles used outside the body in medical devices:
o Dialysis filters

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o Artificial lungs (oxygenators)

o Heart valves
5. Smart textiles in medicine
Advanced textiles incorporating sensors, electronics, or special coatings:
o Wearable devices for monitoring health (e.g., ECG or temperature sensors)
o Antimicrobial and drug-delivery fabrics
o Wound-care materials with built-in diagnostics

Key Properties of Medical Textiles

Medical textiles must meet specific performance criteria, including:
 Biocompatibility: Safe for contact with human tissues without causing irritation or
immune response.
 Sterilization capability: Materials should withstand sterilization processes such as
autoclaving, gamma radiation, or chemical treatment.
 Absorbency: Important for wound dressings and surgical sponges.
 Antimicrobial properties: To reduce infections, especially in hospitals.
 Durability: Resistance to wear, tear, and stress, particularly for implants and reusable
products.
 Comfort: For wearable or patient-contact items like gowns and bandages.

Applications of Medical Textiles

1. Wound Care:
o Traditional and advanced dressings (e.g., hydrogel or foam-based)
o Antimicrobial dressings with silver or other active agents
2. Surgical:
o Sutures, meshes, and drapes
o Protective clothing for healthcare workers
3. Rehabilitation:
o Orthopedic supports (e.g., braces, slings)
o Compression stockings for venous disorders

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4. Hygiene:
o Diapers and sanitary napkins
o Medical wipes and disposable underpads
5. Implants:
o Cardiovascular (e.g., vascular grafts, heart valves)
o Orthopedic (e.g., artificial joints, tendons)

Innovations in Medical Textiles

1. Smart Textiles:
o Biosensor-embedded fabrics that monitor vital signs or detect infections.
o Electrically conductive materials for muscle stimulation.
2. Sustainable Medical Textiles:
o Use of biodegradable fibers for eco-friendly disposables.
o Recyclable and low-carbon production methods.
3. Advanced Coatings:
o Antimicrobial coatings for infection control.
o Drug-impregnated fibers for localized drug delivery.
4. Nanotechnology:
o Nanofibers for wound healing and tissue engineering.
o Nanocoatings for enhanced durability or functionality.
Some Vital Features of Medical Textiles

1. Textile materials must be non-toxic.

2. Must be resistant to allergens and cancer.
3. Medical textiles must have the ability to disinfect without any structural or chemical
changes.
4. Textile materials must be biologically compatible.
5. Complete good dimensional stability.
6. It has air permeability and waterproofing properties.
7. Resistant to acid and alkali.
8. Must be capable of anti-microbial activity, i.e., must be resistant to microorganisms.
9. The quality of the fabric should be good.
10. Re-wash and reusable.

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11. It should be free size.

Types of Fibers Used in Medical Textiles

1) Commodity Fiber:

1. Natural and Regenerated Fibers: Cotton, Silk, Wood Pulp, Viscose.

2. Synthetic fibers: polyester polypropylene, polyethylene, polyamide, PTFA, carbon, glass,
silica.

2) Specialty Fiber:
Collagen, calcium alginate, chitin, chitosan.

Fibers for Medical and Health Care:

Medical textile products comprise textile materials used in hygiene, health and personal care as
well as surgical applications. The Medtech products are available in all forms such as woven,
knitted and non-woven based on the area of application. Medtech needs the basic
textile properties like softness and lightness, flexibility, absorption, filtering, etc.
Textiles materials that are used in medical applications include fibers, yarns, fabrics and
composites. Synthetic fiber is being used largely in manufacturing these products. Depending
upon the application, the major requirements of medical textiles are absorbency, tenacity,
flexibility, softness and at times bio-stability or bio-degradability.
Fibers used in medical field may vary from natural fiber such as cotton, silk, regenerated wood
fluff (absorbent layer), to, manmade fibers like polyester, polyamide, polyethylene, glass fiber
etc.
The various applications of different fiber in medical field are shown as follows:

Sr
Fibre Application in medical field
No.

Surgical clothing gowns, Beddings, Sheets, Pillow cover, Uniforms, Surgical

1 Cotton
hosiery

2 Viscose Caps, Masks, Wipes

3 Polyester Gowns, Masks, Surgical cover drapes, Blankets, Coverstock

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4 Polyamide Surgical hosiery

5 Polypropylene Protective clothing

6 Polyethylene Surgical covers, Drapes

7 Glass Caps mask

8 Elastomeric Surgical hosiery

Current Issues of Medical and Health Care Textiles

A number of crucial issues regarding medical products in general and healthcare and hygiene
products in particular have been identified and debated amongst clinicians, environmentalist,
drug companies etc. for a long time. The issues such as:
1. Natural against chemical or manufactured fibers
2. Disposable against reusable or durable fabrics
3. Antibacterial or antimicrobial fibers against finishes or coatings for infection control
4. Methods of disposal of clinical waste i.e. landfills against incineration and other forms of
medical and clinical waste disposal
There is general move towards an increased use of natural polymers that are biocompatible,
biodegradableand nontoxic.

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AGRO TEXTILES
Introduction
Agriculture is the oldest occupation of mankind. People have been involved in this profession
since the beginning of creation and it is still one of the largest global industries. Extensive
application of textiles can be seen in agriculture, forestry, horticulture, floriculture, fishing,
landscape, animal husbandry, fish farming etc. The new field that has been created as a result of
the combination of textile technology and Agriculture is known as Agro Textiles or Agro-tech.
Agro-textiles are a specialized category of technical textiles used in agriculture, horticulture,
forestry, and animal husbandry to improve productivity, ensure crop protection, and promote
sustainable farming practices. These textiles are designed to meet specific requirements such as
UV resistance, durability, permeability, and biodegradability.
Agro-textiles are an integral part of modern, sustainable farming practices, offering solutions to
maximize productivity while reducing environmental impact.
The Functions of Agro Textiles
Agro textiles are an emerging sector among the twelve sectors of technical textiles. Agro textiles
products can be woven, non-woven or knitted (mostly Agro textile products are knitted) and are
used for various purposes-
1. Used to prevent soil erosion and to build roads for afforestation.
2. Used as a cover for the greenhouse.
3. To make rows of crops on the land.
4. The land is used to clear unwanted grassy areas.
5. Used as resistant to sunlight.
6. Used to prevent excess air.
7. Used in agricultural equipment packaging.
8. Used for fishing.
9. Protects crops from bird attack.
10. Increases the water holding capacity of the land.

Categories of Agro-Textiles
Agro-textiles are broadly classified based on their function:

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1. CropProtectionTextiles
Protect crops from weather, pests, another environmental factors.
o Shade nets: Control sunlight exposure for plants.
o Insect nets: Prevent pest infestation.
o Bird protection nets: Protect crops and orchards from birds.
o Frost protection fabrics: Shield plants from freezing temperatures.
2. Ground Cover Textiles
Control weed growth and soil erosion, while promoting water retention.
o Mulch mats: Suppress weeds and maintain soil temperature.
o Geotextiles: Stabilize soil in landscaping and prevent erosion.
3. Water Management Textiles
Help in water conservation and efficient distribution.
o Irrigation mats: Distribute water uniformly to plant roots.
o Drainage mats: Manage excess water to prevent waterlogging.
4. Horticulture and Nursery Textiles
Facilitate plant growth and nursery operations.
o Root bags: Provide controlled environments for growing saplings.
o Plant support nets: Aid in the vertical growth of plants like tomatoes.
5. Aquaculture Textiles
Used in fisheries and marine farming.
o Fish nets: For fish farming and breeding.
o Protective covers: Safeguard aquatic life from predators.
6. Livestock Protection Textiles
Enhance animal welfare by providing suitable environmental conditions.
o Windbreak fabrics: Reduce wind stress for livestock.
o Protective shelters: Provide shade and temperature regulation.

Key Properties of Agro-Textiles

Agro-textiles are engineered to withstand harsh environmental conditions and meet agricultural
needs:
 UV Resistance: Prevent degradation due to sunlight exposure.

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 Durability: Long-lasting under varying weather conditions.

 Permeability: Allow air, water, and nutrients to pass through as needed.
 Lightweight: Easy to install and handle.
 Eco-Friendliness: Often biodegradable to minimize environmental impact.
 Cost-Effectiveness: Affordable solutions for small and large-scale farming.

Applications of Agro-Textiles
1. Crop Production and Protection:
o Preventing pest attacks and bird damage.
o Regulating temperature, humidity, and sunlight for controlled growth.
2. Soil Conservation:
o Reducing erosion on slopes and embankments.
o Enhancing soil moisture retention.
3. Water Management:
o Conserving water in arid regions through drip irrigation mats.
o Preventing water wastage in nurseries.
4. Horticulture:
o Creating optimal environments for sensitive plants like flowers and herbs.
o Improving yield quality in greenhouses and open fields.
5. Forestry and Landscaping:
o Soil stabilization in afforestation projects.
o Protecting young saplings from harsh environmental conditions.
6. Aquaculture and Animal Husbandry:
o Increasing fish farming efficiency.
o Improving the living conditions of farm animals.

Innovations in Agro-Textiles
1. Smart Agro-Textiles:

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o Textiles with embedded sensors to monitor soil moisture, temperature, and other
parameters.
2. Biodegradable Solutions:
o Development of eco-friendly agro-textiles using natural fibers like jute, coir, or
biodegradable polymers.
3. Weather-Resistant Materials:
o Enhanced UV-stabilized materials for longer life in extreme climates.
4. Nanotechnology Integration:
o Nano-coatings for pest resistance or improved water retention.

Important Properties of Agro Textiles

1. Must have resistance property to adverse weather.
2. Must be resistant to microorganisms and bacteria.
3. Agro textiles should be light weight.
4. Agrotextiles are biodegradable.
5. Must have water holding capacity for long time.
6. Must be resistant to solar radiation and ultraviolet radiations.
7. Higher tensile strength and abrasion resistance.
8. The durability of structure and quality should be higher.
9. Must have other security features.
10. Should have abrasion resistance.
Agro Textiles Are Available in the Following Forms
 Net
 Plain sheet
 Woven fabric
 Knit fabric
 Nonwoven fabric
Fiber/Raw Materials Used in Agro Textiles
Natural Fiber:

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1. Jute fiber
2. Cotton fiber
3. Wool fiber
4. Sisal fiber
5. Hemp fiber
6. Coir fiber
Man-made/Synthetic Fiber:
1. Polyester
2. Viscose
3. Nylon (Mono and Multi Filament)
4. Polypropylene (Mono and Multi Filament)
5. High-Density and Low-Density Polyethylene
6. Polyethylene
7. Blended Fiber:
8. Polyester-cotton blended fiber.
Classification of Agro Textiles on the Basis of Applications
1. Grain production and packing.
2. Gardening and flower cultivation.
3. Forestry.
4. Raising animals and birds.
5. Fish farming.
It is mainly producing Agro textiles based on these five themes and there are widespread use of
textiles and technology in these sectors.
Agro Textiles Products & Fabrics and Their Applications
1. Sunscreen: Sunscreen which is made from polyethylene is a special type of small
perforated mesh type woven fabric. This allows a controlled amount of shade and
sunshine to enter the grain plants. The amount of shade can be more or less according to
the size of the net.

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2. Mulch Mat: This is made off non-woven textiles, which is used as soil
cover so that sunlight cannot reach the grass/weeds thus reducing the
growth of grass/weeds. Mulch mat is made from different types of fiber like
HDPE, LDPE, polypropylene and wool.

3. Harvesting Net: This special type of net is used to protect some fruits
and vegetables from the insects and bird’s attack. These are made from
nylon or polypropylene fibers. Harvesting nets are produced from HDPE,
nylon or cotton.

4. Ground Cover: For long term weed control, to conserve moisture, ground cover is a
simple solution. These can be a type of woven fabric or plastic sheet that is commonly
used in landscaping and gardening.

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5. Packing Material for Agriculture Goods: It is used to pack a variety of grains and
agricultural products. This type of product is made from jute, plastic and polypropylene.

6. Bird Protection Net: This type of net fabric is used to protect seeds,
crops and fruits from damage by birds and other insects. However, the
holes in the net are large enough for the movement of bees.

7. Mosquito Protection Net: This type of net is used to protect vegetables

and fruits from mosquito attacks. It is very important and mostly used
product. It is widely used in various fields and orchards .

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8. Anti-Insect Fabric: This is UV stabilized monofilament polypropylene biomass oven

fabric. It has 32 strands per square inch. Insects of 0.5 mm size cannot enter through it. It
is used in common nurseries, agricultural lands.

9. Fishing Net: This is a kind of knitted fabric and made from nylon
fiber. This type of net is used for fishing. The use of fishing nets is the most.
Fishermen catch fish from rivers and canals, in which different types of
fishing nets are used.

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10. Acquaculture Net: This type of net is used to cultivate different

types and sizes of fish in the same pond. Such as: Cultivation of predatory
fish with normal fish.

11. Cold & Frost Control Fabric: This is an oven fabric used to protect
crops from extreme cold and glaciers. Cold and frost controlling fabrics are
made from polypropylene.

12. Cold & Frost Control Fabric: This is an oven fabric used to
protect crops from extreme cold and glaciers. Cold and frost controlling
fabrics are made from polypropylene.

13. Agro Protective Textiles: In agriculture, a lot of pesticides have

to be sprayed to protect the crop from various insects and pests, so that the
body of the pesticide sprayer is not harmed, agro garments are used.

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14. Wind Protection Fabric: Knitted windshields are made using

commercial grade UV stabilized yarn. This protects crops or infrastructure
from excessive wind damage. It is mostly used in various farms, dairy
factories etc.

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