First part: Basic elements

1.3 Calculation on matrix

1.3.1 Definition of a vector
1.3.2 Some useful functions
1.3.3 Definition of a matrix
1.3.4 Particular matrices
1.3.5 Extraction of sub-arrays
1.3.6 Matrix construction by blocks
1.3.7 Operations on tables
1.3.8 Multiplication, division and power in the matrix sense
1.3.9 Distinction between term operations and matrix operations
1.3.10 Relational or logical operations on arrays
1.3.11 Creation of the .m file of a function

15
First part: Basic elements

1.3 calculation on matrix

With Matlab, we essentially work with one type of object: matrices. A scalar variable is a matrix
of dimension 1 x 1 and a vector is a matrix of dimension 1 x n or n x 1. It is essential to be
comfortable with these notions to better understand the philosophy of Matlab and to exploit it
effectively.
1.3.1 Definition of a vector
A vector is nothing else than a picture of stocks. There are several manners of creating a vector
and the simplest of them is to write it expressly.
>> v = [1 3 3 4]
v =
1 3 3 4
All components are given in brackets and values are separated by a space (or a comma « , »).
Here we have defined a line vector. A column vector is created using a semicolon « , » as
delimiter.
>> v = [1 ; 3 ; 3 ; 4]
v =
1
3
3
4
Although simple, this method is not practical for defining large vectors. A second method uses
the two-point operator « , » to discretize an interval with a constant step.
>> v = 0:0.2:1
v =
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
This statement creates a vector containing values ranging from 0 to 1 with a step of 0.2. The
syntax is as follows: vector = initial_value: increment: final_value. By default, the step is equal
to 1.
>> v = 0:6
v =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Finally, predefined functions make it possible to automatically generate vectors.
>> v = linspace(0,10,1000);
>> v = logspace(-1,2,1000);
The first function creates a vector of 1000 points with stocks going of 0 - 10 also spacing out.
The second creates a vector of 1000 points on space from 10-1 to 102 with a logarithmic spacing
out.
>> v = [9 4 -1 3 11 0.3];
>> v(4)
ans =
3
>> v (2:4)
ans =
4 -1 3
16
First part: Basic elements

v(3) returns the 3rd element of vector v. Argument 2:4 selects a block of elements (here from the
second to the fourth).
1.3.2 Some useful functions
We present in this paragraph a set of usual functions related to the use of tables.

+ addition of matrices

- subtraction of matrices

* die product

^ power

eye (n) unit matrix (identity matrix) of size n x n

inv (X) inverse of square matrix X

rank (X) X matrix rank (number of independent columns or rows)

det (X) determining the square matrix X

X' transposed from matrix X

/ right division: A / B is equivalent to A * inv(B)

\ left division: A B is equivalent to inv(A) * B

length(v) returns the size of the table.

max(v) returns the maximum value of the array.

min(v) returns the minimum value of the table.

mean(v) returns the average value of the array elements.

sum(v) calculate the sum of the elements in the table.

prod(v) calculating the product of the elements in the table.

sort(v) Ranks the elements in the table in ascending order.

All mathematical functions are applicable to vector-type variables.

In this case, the function is performed on each element of the vector.
>> v = [0 pi/4 pi/2 pi 2*pi]
v=
0 0.7854 1.5708 3.1416 6.2832
>> cos(v)
ans =

17
First part: Basic elements

1.0 0.7071 0.0000 -1.0000 1.0000

1.3.3 Definition of a matrix
The definition of a matrix is delimited by square brackets «[ ]». The different elements of a line
are separated by a space and the different lines are separated by semicolons «; ». Thus to define
1 2 3
a matrix variable M=[4 5 6].
7 8 9
We will write:
>> M = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 9];
ou
>> M = [1, 2, 3; 4, 5, 6; 7, 8, 9];
Access to an element of a matrix is done by specifying indices in parentheses following its name.
The element located 𝑖 ième line and the 𝑗 ièmej column is obtained by the command M (i,j). For
example, the value is retrieved by typing 𝑀23
>> M (2, 3)
ans =
6
You can also modify one of the elements directly by assigning it a new value.
>> M (2, 3) =11;
>> M
M =
1 2 3
4 5 11
7 8 9
1.3.4 Particular matrices
Some particular matrices, and very used, are more easily defined through functions. These
functions take in argument the dimensions of the matrix which they like to construct. The first
indicates the number of lines and second numbers it of columns.
The no matrix:
>> Z = zeros (2, 4)
Z =
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
A matrix full of 1:
>> U = ones (3, 3)
U =
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
The matrix identity:
>> I = eye (3)
I =
1 0 0
0 1 0

18
First part: Basic elements

0 0 1
A random matrix (elements between 0 and 1):
1) :>> R = rand (2, 2)
R =
0.9575 0.1576
0.9649 0.9706
A diagonal matrix:
>> D = diag([42,33,0,71])
D =
42 0 0 0
0 33 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 71
Unlike the previous ones, this last function takes as an argument a vector. The size of the diagonal
matrix is therefore determined by the size of the vector.
1.3.5 Extraction of sub-arrays
It is often useful to extract blocks from an existing table. For this we use the operator « : ». To
do this, it is necessary to specify for each index the start value and the end value. The general
syntax is therefore as follows (for a two-dimensional array): array (start:end, start:end).
23
Thus to extract the block [ ] from the matrix M, we will type:
56
>> M(1:2,2:3)
ans =
2 3
5 6
The character « : » alone, means the entire length is extracted. In this way, one can isolate a
complete row, or column.
Example
>> M(1:2,:)
ans =
1 2 3
4 5 6
>> M(1,:)
ans =
1 2 3
>> M(:,2)
ans =
2
5
8
1.3.6 Matrix construction by blocks

You know this principle in mathematics. For example, to start the previously defined matrices
and vectors, we can define the matrix

19
First part: Basic elements

Which is a 4x4 matrix. To do ¸can under Matlab, we do as if the blocks were scalars, and we
simply write:
>> N= [M V U 0]
N =
1 2 3 11
11 12 13 12
21 32 23 13
1 2 3 0
Or by using the character;
>> N= [M V; U 0]
This syntax is very used to lengthen vectors or matrices, for example if I want to add a column
A M, made up by V:
>> M= [M V]
M =
1 2 3 11
11 12 13 12
21 32 23 13
If I want to add a line to him, made up of U:
>> M = [M; U]
M =
1 2 3
11 12 13
21 32 23
1 2 3
1.3.7 Operations on tables
We saw in the preamble that Matlab did not make a strong distinction between tables and
matrices. In fact, for Matlab, everything is a picture, and a matrix is only a table which has a
particular mathematical meaning.

So, if historically MATLAB offered functions in most cases for counting implicating matrices,
today the functional ghost broadly stretched, and MATLAB offers functions for all counting
on numerical data, tabulées in picture, or matrices in the mathematical sense of term. In this
chapter, we review the arithmetic operations that we can perform with tabulated data or
matrices [3].

20
First part: Basic elements

 Addition and subtraction

Both operators are the same as for scalars, namely + and -. From the moment the two tables
concerned have the same size, the resulting table is obtained by adding or subtracting the terms
from each table.

1.3.8 Multiplication, division and power term to term

These operators are noted.*, / And.^ (Be careful not to forget the point).

They are planned to carry out term operations on two tables of the same size.

These operations are fundamental when we want to trace curves, and we will always see it
again in this case of use, or more generally when we want to carry out these arithmetic
operations on a set of tabulated data.

 Multiplication

Since you can manipulate matrices, Matlab also offers these matrix operations. The
multiplication is noted simply * and should not be confused with the term term multiplication
(which by definition does not give the same result).

It goes without saying that if we write a*b, the number of columns of A must be equal to the
number of B lines for the multiplication to work.

 Division

The matrix division is defined as the multiplication by the reverse of the matrix. Thus A/B
represents the matrix has multiplied (in the matrix sense) by the reverse matrix of B.

 Complement

There is also a division on the left which is noted \.Thus the syntax A \ B means the opposite
of A multiplied by B. This symbol can also be used to resolve linear systems: if V is a vector,
a \ v represents mathematically a^(- 1) to say the solution of the linear system AX = V.

 Power

The umpteenth power of a matrix represents this matrix multiplied, in the matrix sense, n times
by itself.

21
First part: Basic elements

1.3.9 Distinction between term operations and matrix operations

It is fundamental to clearly distinguish the multiplication operation (and by consequence of

division and power) defined term term of that defined for matrices.

In many cases (and especially if the matrices are square and of the same dimensions), the two
types of operations can be carried out, without producing a syntax error for the Matlab language,
but will produce completely different digital results.
Example
To show the difference between operators. * And *, let's take a trivial example involving the
Multipliée Identity matrix at the matrix (I*A). Here is the multiplication in the sense of matrices:
>> [1 0; 0 1] * [1 2; 3 4]
ans =
1 2
3 4

12
In this case, we find the matrix[ ], by definition of what the identity matrix is.
34

And now let's look at the term -term multiplication:

>> [1 0; 0 1].* [1 2; 3 4]
ans =
1 0
0 4

 Fundamental

If you handle tabulated data, the operations you are going to carry out are necessarily term
term; the operators *, / and ^ will then be preceded by a point.

If you perform matrix calculations, the operators have no point.

 Complement

For these three operations, for tables or matrices, there are also functions that can replace
operators:

Operators and equivalent functions

Term term operations matrix operations

A.*B times(A,B) A*B mtimes(A,B)
A./B rdivide(A,B) A/B mrdivide(A,B)
A.^B power(A,B) A^B mpower(A,B)

22
First part: Basic elements

 Transposition
The transposition operator is the character and is often used to transform line vectors into
column vectors and vice versa.
 Summary
The following table summarizes the various operators applicable to matrices.
The following table summarizes the different operators applicable to matrices or tables.

The different operators applicable to matrices or tables

Matlab operator Mathematical writing General term

A A Aij
B B Bij
A+B A+B Aij+Bij
A-B A−B Aij−Bij
A.*B AijBij
A./B Aij/Bij
A.^B AijBij
A.^s Aijs
A*B AB ∑kAikBkj
A/B AB−1
A\B A−1B
A^n An
𝐴 , 𝐴T Aji
Example
Entering a square matrix of size 3 x 3:
>> A = [2 4 6 ; 1 9 7 ; -3 1 1]
A =

2 4 6
1 9 7
-3 1 1
>> A (2, 3)
ans =
7
>> A (2, 3) = 7
A =

2 4 6
1 9 7
-3 1 1
>> A'
23
First part: Basic elements

ans =

2 1 -3
4 9 1
6 7 1
>> inv(A)
ans =

0.0238 0.0238 -0.3095

-0.2619 0.2381 -0.0952
0.3333 -0.1667 0.1667
>> D = A * inv(A)
D =

1.0000 0 0
0.0000 1.0000 0.0000
0 -0.0000 1.0000
>> rank(A)
ans =
3
>> det(A)
ans =

84
>> eye(7)
ans =
ans =

1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
>> B = [1 9 0 ; 1 3 1 ; 0 -1 1]
B =

1 9 0
1 3 1
0 -1 1
>> A + B

ans =

24
First part: Basic elements

3 13 6
2 12 8
-3 0 2
>> 11 + A

ans =

13 15 17
12 20 18
8 12 12
>> 11 * A
ans =

22 44 66
11 99 77
-33 11 11
>> A * B
ans =
6 24 10
10 29 16
-2 -25 2
>> B * A
ans =
11 85 69
2 32 28
-4 -8 -6
>> A*A*A*A
ans =
-768 4008 2880
-1428 7812 5772
180 -564 -420
>> A^6
ans =
-55440 324576 240480
-110016 635760 470304
7200 -42048 -30384
Entering a matrix with complex coefficients of size 2 x 3:
>> C = [2- i 0 0; 1 - i 2*i 2]
C =

2.0000 - 1.0000i 0 0
1.0000 - 1.0000i 0 + 2.0000i 2.0000
>> C * A

25
First part: Basic elements

ans =

4.0000 - 2.0000i 8.0000 - 4.0000i 12.0000 - 6.0000i

-4.0000 6.0000 +14.0000i 8.0000 + 8.0000i
1.3.10 Relational or logical operations on tables
As with arithmetic operations, logical operations that exist for scalar numbers can also be applied
to digital tables. Relational operators make it possible to make logical comparisons between
digital values.

The logical value 'True' is called True, and 'False' is called False; These values are of the logical
type.

All relational or logical operations refer a result equal to logical value 0 or 1.

 Relational operators

Relational operators allow the comparison of two values between them. The following table
synthesizes the syntaxes of the different relational operators available:

Syntax of relational operators

Relational operation Syntaxe MATLAB

symbol function
A equal to B A == B eq(A,B)

A different from B A ~= B ne(A,B)

A greater than B A>B gt(A,B)

A greater than or equal to B A >= B ge(A,B)

A less than B A<B lt(A,B)

A less than or equal to B A <= B le(A,B)

Example
Let's take some examples of relational operations on any numeric values:
>> 20 == 20
ans =
1
>> 1.4 > 6.2
ans =
0

 Comparison of a table and a scalar

26
First part: Basic elements

Example
>> A=[2 4; 5 2]
A =
2 4
5 2

>> A > 3

ans =

0 1

1 0
Les termes de A supérieurs à 2 donnent 1 (true), les autres 0 (faux). La possibilité d'appliquer
une opération relationnelle sur un tableau sera exploitée dans la suite pour calculer les valeurs
d'une fonction définie par morceaux.
 Comparison of two tables
Example
Now let's take any two tables of the same dimension, and compare them:
>> A=[-1 6 ; 3 -4]
A =
-1 6
3 -4
>> B=[-9 2.5 ; 1 -2]
B =
-9.0000 2.5000
1.0000 -2.0000

>> T = A > B

T =

1 1

1 0

 Complement
It may be useful to know if the Table T Result of a test contains that non-zero values (or logical
values true) or if there is at least one non-null value (or logical value True).
To do this, you can use the All (T) and Any (T) functions, respectively. By default, if T is not a
vector, these functions test the presence of non -zero values according to the columns of T.
Example
Let's resume the previous example:
>> all(T)

27
First part: Basic elements

ans =

1 0
>> any(T)
ans =
1 1
>> all(all(T))
ans =
0
>> any(any(T))
ans =
1
 Logical operators
Logical operators are operators that apply exclusively to logical type values. They allow the
combination of logical conditions. The following table gives the syntax of logical operators
available in Matlab:
Syntax of logical operators

Relational operation Syntaxe MATLAB

symbol function
A et B A&B and(A,B)

A ou B A|B or(A,B)

A or exclusive B xor(A,B)

Negation of A ~A not(A)

While this table recalls the result of these logical operations:

Logic table

A B and(A,B) or(A,B) xor(A,B) not(A)

0 0 0 0 0 1

0 1 0 1 1 1

1 0 0 1 1 0

1 1 1 1 0 0

A and B can be logical scalar values or logical values tables of the same dimensions. For tables,
these operations apply to term.

28
First part: Basic elements

 Short-circuit logic operators

We call logical operators short-circuit operators ** and ||. Unlike operators * and |, short-circuit
logical operators do not assess the second opendial, if the value of the first already allows you to
know the overall result.
 Table lengths
The size function applied to a matrix returns a table of two integers: the first is the number of
lines, the second the number of columns. The command also works on the vectors and returns 1
for the number of lines (resp. Columns) of a line vector. For vectors, the Length command is
more practical and returns the number of components of the vector, whether line or column.
1.3.11 Creation of the .m file of a function

To define a new function in Matlab, we write the definition of the function in a file with an
extension .m (M-File function). The name of the file must be the name of the first defined
function (the visible only one). It is performed by typing the name of the function with the list of
arguments in parentheses.

The first line of the file of function must follow the following syntax:

Function arguments of exit = name (arguments of entrance)

They must therefore declare stocks calculated by function in arguments of exit, and parameters
of function in arguments of entrance.

Example 1

Recursive function computing by dichotomy of the root of a function if f(x)=x^3-3*x-7 and

x on [a,b]=[1,4].

function x=racinefun(a,b)%[a,b]=[1,4]
% calcul la racine de f(x) définie ci-après sur [a,b]
fa=f(a); fb=f(b); x=(a+b)/2;
if (fa*fb>0) x=-Inf; return; end;
while (b-a)>eps*x
x=(a+b)/2; fx=f(x);
if(sign(fx)==sign(fa))
a=x; fa=fx;
else
b=x; fb=fx;
end;
end;
% definition de f(x) (fonction locale)
function y=f(x)
y=x^3-3*x-7;

29
First part: Basic elements

The function root ci over is written in a racinefun.m file. To carry it out, they knock simply
>> racinefun(1,4)
ans =
2.4260
Example 2
we want to create a function which calculates the cube of a number X then returns the result y.
The program will be:
function y = cub3(x)
% cette fonction calcule le cube d’un nombre x
y = x^3 ;
end
>> cub3(5)
ans =
125
The function will be recorded under the name "cub3.m". A function must always end with an end
delimator ("end").
Example 3

function y = foc(x)
% cette fonction calcule le cube d’un nombre x
y =cos( x.^2)+x.^3+10./(x-1) ;
end
Let be the function:

a) Start to open a text editor: In the Matlab command window:

File -> New -> M-file

With version 6.5. the default text editor is the 'M-File Editor' application.

b) Give this function a name (in this example foc) and enter its mathematical expression:

c) Safeguard the file in your working directory (for instance c:USERS)

Name:foc
Extension: .m
d) Add the way of the directory where is your foc.m file
>> path(path,'c:\USERS')
File -> Set Path -> Add Folder
-> Save -> Close
 Valuation of a function

Calculation of y ( x = 0 ) :

>> foc(0)

30
First part: Basic elements

ans =
-9
Calculation of y ( x = 10 ) :
>> foc(10)
ans =
1.0020e+003
>> foc(1)
Warning: Divide by zero
ans =
Inf
With a vector in argument, the function returns a vector:

>> foc([0 1 2 3 4 5])

ans =
-9.0000 Inf 17.3464 31.0889 66.3757 128.4912>> >>
x=0:6
x =
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
>> y = foc(x)
y =
-9.0000 Inf 17.3464 31.0889 66.3757 128.4912 217.8720
With a matrix in argument, the function returns a matrix:
>> foc( [ 0 1 2 3 ; 5 6 7 8] )
ans =
-9.0000 Inf 17.3464 31.0889
128.49127.8720 344.9673 513.8204
Exercise:
1 4 1 1
1 7 1 2
Be the matrix A=( )
1 4 1 2
3 10 2 5

a/ Create matrix A using MATLAB

b/ Extract the following blocks from the matrix A:
1 2 1 7 1
b1=(1 2),b2=(1 4 1).
2 5 3 10 2

c/ Give the values of A(3,2) , A(3 :4,3) , A(3, :), tril(A)

d/ Write with MATLAB the matrix D defined by:
D = Id - A.*At where Id denotes the identity matrix and At the transpose matrix of A.

31
First part: Basic elements

e/ Define matrix B = [0.5*ones(4,2) - 2*ones(4,2)] and give acquired result. Is the product of A
and B possible ? Justify your answer. If yes which is the MATLAB order which allows to make
this product?
Solutions
A =

1 4 1 1
1 7 1 2
1 4 1 2
3 10 2 5
b1 =
1 2
1 2
2 5
b2 =
1 7 1
1 4 1
3 10 2
ans =
4

ans =
1
2

ans =

1 4 1 2
ans =
1 0 0 0
1 7 0 0
1 4 1 0
3 10 2 5
D =
0 -4 -1 -3
-4 -48 -4 -20
-1 -4 0 -4
-3 -20 -4 -24
B =
-1.5000 -1.5000
-1.5000 -1.5000
-1.5000 -1.5000
-1.5000 -1.5000
ans =
4 4
ans =
4 2
ans =

32
First part: Basic elements

-10.5000 -10.5000
-16.5000 -16.5000
-12.0000 -12.0000
-30.0000 -30.0000

33
First part: Basic elements

1.4 Graph in two dimensions and management of the

graphic windows
1.4.1 Draw the graph of a function
1.4.2 The Plot command
1.4.3 The loglog command
1.4.4 Caption a figure
1.4.5 Display multiple curves in a single window

34
First part: Basic elements

1.4 Graph in two dimensions and management of the graphic windows

1.4.1 Draw the graph of a function

 Functions
fplot trace point by point the graph of a function

grid adds a grid

xlabel adds a legend for the x-axis

ylabel adds a legend for the y-axis

title adds a title

axis modifies the scales of the axes

zoom zooms in

gtext places a legend with the mouse

hold adds a graph in the current window

figure creates a new window

The fplot command draws the graph of a function over a given interval.
Syntax is: fplot(’nomf’, [xmin , xmax]) où
 nomf is either the name of an incorporated matlab function, or an expression defining a
function of the variable X, or the name of a user function.
 [xmin , xmax] is the interval for which the function graph is drawn.
Let us illustrate by examples the three ways to use the command fplot.
Example 1
Draw the function graph 'x*cos(2*x)+x^2'in [-2*pi 2*pi]
>> fplot('x*cos(2*x)+x^2',[-2*pi 2*pi])

35
First part: Basic elements

50

40

30

20

10

-10
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

Fig. 1 – Function graph 'x*cos(2*x)+x^2'in [-2*pi 2*pi]).

To plot the graph of the function h(x), we can define the user function h in the file h.m as follows:
function y=h(x)
y=…. ;
>>fplot(’h’, [-x x]).
To plot the graph of the function h(x), we can define the user function h in the file h.m as follows:
fplot(’h’, [-x x]).
Example 2
plot the graph of the function 2*x^2*sin(-2*x)+x in [-pi pi]
function y=foc(x)
y='2*x^2*sin(-2*x)+x';
end
ans =

2*x^2*sin(-2*x)+x
>> fplot('2*x^2*sin(-2*x)+x', [-pi pi])

36
First part: Basic elements

15

10

-5

-10

-15
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3

Fig. 2 – Function graph 2*x^2*sin(-2*x)+x in [-pi pi]).

It is possible to draw several functions on the same figure. It is necessary to use for this
the fplot command as follows: fplot('[nom_f1 , nom_f2 , nom_f3]', [x_min , x_max]) where
nomf_f1, nom_f2, nom_f3 is either the name of an embedded matlab function, or an expression
defining a function of variable x, or the name of a user function.
It is also possible to manage the bounds of the values in ordinates. To limit the graph to the
ordinates between the values y_min and y_max we will pass as the second argument of the fplot
command the array [x_min , x_max , y_min , y_max ] ,[4].
Example 3
plot the graph of the function -sin(-x) , x*cos(-x) in [-3, 2, -2, 1]
fplot('[-sin(-x) , x*cos(-x)]', [-3 ,2, -2 ,1])

37
First part: Basic elements

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2
-3 -2.5 -2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig. 3 – Function graph (-sin(-x) , x*cos(-x)) in [-3, 2, -2, 1].

1.4 .2 The Plot command
The plot command allows you to draw a set of coordinate points (xi, yi)
i = 1, .... N. The syntax is plot(x,y) where x is the vector containing the x values on the abscissa
and y is the vector containing the yi values on the ordinate. Of course the vectors x and y must
be of the same dimension but they can be row or column vectors.
By default, the points (xi, yi) are connected to each other by straight segments.
Example 1
plot the graph of the function h(x) = 2x sin(2x)-1 in [-pi pi]
x=[-5*pi:0.001:5*pi];
y = 2*x.*sin(2*x)-x;
plot(x,y)

38
First part: Basic elements

50

40

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Fig. 4– Function graph 2x*sin(2*x)-x in [-5pi 5pi]).

We can specify to matlab what should be the color of a curve, what should be the line style and
/ or what should be the symbol at each point (xi, yi). For this we give a third input parameter to
the plot command which is a string of 3 characters of the form 'cst' with c denoting the color of
the line, s the symbol of the point and t the line style. The possibilities are as follows:

Color Name Short Name

'red' 'r'
'green' 'g'
'blue' 'b'
'cyan' 'c'
'magenta' 'm'
'yellow' 'y'
'black' 'k'
'white' 'w'

: Point

o: Circle

39
First part: Basic elements

x: X-Mark

+: Plus

s: Square

*: Star

d: Diamond

v: Triangle (down)

^: Triangle (up)

<: Triangle (left)

The default colors are listed here:

Keywords--Flow control functions, such as for and if, as well as the continuation ellipsis (...),
are colored blue.

Comments--All lines beginning with a %, designating the lines as comments in MATLAB, are
colored green. Similarly, the block comment symbols, %{ and %}, as well as the code in between,
appear in green. Text following the continuation ellipsis on a line is also green because it is a
comment.

Strings--Type a string and it is colored maroon. When you complete the string with the closing
quotation mark ('), it becomes purple. Note that for functions you enter using command syntax
instead of function syntax, the arguments are highlighted as strings. This is to alert you that in
command notation, variables are passed as literal strings rather than as their values. For more
information, see MATLAB Command Syntax in the MATLAB Programming documentation.

Unterminated strings--A single quote without a matching single quote, and whatever follows
the quote, are colored maroon. This might alert you to a possible error.

40
First part: Basic elements

System commands--Commands such as the ! (shell escape) are colored gold.

Errors--Error text, including any hyperlinks, is colored red.

Example 2

X = -10 : 0.05 : 10;

Y = x.^4 - x.^2;
plot (x, y, 'r')

50

40

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Fig. 5– Function graph Y = x.^4 - x.^2;in [-10 10].

X = -10 : 0.5 : 10;
Y = x.^4 - x.^2;
plot (x, y, 'dr')

41
First part: Basic elements

50

40

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Fig. 6– Function graph Y = x.^4 - x.^2;in [-10 10].

Example 3
x = [-4:0.01:4];
y = x.^3.*sin(3*x)-x; z = 2*x.*sin(2*x)-x;
plot(x,y,'b-',x,z,'r:');

42
First part: Basic elements

30

20

10

-10

-20

-30

-40

-50

-60
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Fig. 7– Function graph y and z.

Example 4

N=100;
x = rand(1,N); y = rand(1,N);
plot(x,y,'bd')

43
First part: Basic elements

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Fig. 8 – Function graph x and y.

1.4.3 The command loglog
If x and y are two vectors of the same dimension, the loglog(x,y) command displays the log(x)
vector against the log(y) vector. The loglog command is used in the same way as the plot
command
Example

x = [1:40:3000];
y = x.^3;
loglog(x,y)

44
First part: Basic elements

12
10

10
10

8
10

6
10

4
10

2
10

0
10
0 1 2 3 4
10 10 10 10 10

Fig. 9 – Result of the order loglog(x,y).

1.4.4 Legend of a figure

It is recommended to put a legend to a figure. The xlabel command is used to caption text below
the x-axis. The syntax is xlabel(' legend ') to get the word legend in legend. The ylabel command
does the same for the ylabel axis. The title command is used to give a title to the figure. The
syntax is title(' the title ') to get the title as the title.
You can also write a given text at a specific position on the figure thanks to the text command.
The syntax is text(posx,posy,'a text') where posx and posy are the coordinates of the point where
a text is to begin writing.
The gtext command allows you to place the text at a chosen position on the figure using the
mouse. The syntax is gtext(' a text '). A sight, which is moved using the mouse, appears. All it
takes is a "mouse click" for the text to appear at the selected position.
It is possible with these commands to display a value contained in a variable in the middle of the
text. To do this, we build an array of type character string by converting the value contained in
the variable into a character string using the num2str command.
For example, suppose the numex variable contains the number of the sample being processed,
say 5. The title of the figure Example number 5 is obtained by the statement: title(['Exemple
numero ', num2str(numex)]).
Example

t = [0:0.001:8];
h = 15*exp(-t) - 8*exp(-5*t);

45
First part: Basic elements

plot(t,h);
grid
xlabel('temps en minutes')
ylabel('concentation en gramme par litre')
title(['evolution de la concentration du produit , num2str(P),
... au cours du temps'])
gtext('concentration maximale')

evolution de la concentration du produit , num2str(P), ... au cours du temps

10
concentration maximale
9

8
concentation en gramme par litre

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
temps en minutes

Fig. 10 – Graph of the function h.

1.4.5 Display multiple curves in a single window

It is possible to display several curves in the same graphics window thanks to the hold on
command. The results of all graphics statements executed after calling the hold on command will
be overlaid on the active graphics window. To restore the previous situation (the result of a new
graphic instruction replaces the previous drawing in the graphics window) we will type hold off.
Example 1
clc
figure
hold on
fplot('-2*exp(x)',[-1 1],'k')
fplot('log(x)',[1/3 4],'g')
plot([-1:0.01:3],[-1:0.01:3],'r')
grid on
hold off
46
First part: Basic elements

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5

-6
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4

Fig. 11 – Multiple curves in the same graphics window.

It is possible to break down a window into panes and display a different figure on each of these
subwindows using the subplot command. The syntax is subplot(m,n,i) where
• m is the number of sub-windows vertically;
• n is the number of subwindows horizontally;
• i is used to specify in which pane the display should be made.
Example 2
clc
figure
subplot(2,3,1), fplot('cos(-2*x)',[1 4*pi]), title('cosinus(-
2*x)'), grid
subplot(2,3,2), fplot('sin(-5*x)',[1 4*pi]), title('sinus(-
5*x)'), grid
subplot(2,3,3), fplot('tan(x^2+1)',[-pi pi]),
title('tangente(x^2+1)'), grid
subplot(2,3,4), fplot('acos(x^2-1)',[-2 2]), title('arc-
cosinus(x^2-1)'), grid
subplot(2,3,5), fplot('asin(x^2)',[-2 2]), title('arc-
sinus(x^2)'), grid
subplot(2,3,6), fplot('atan(x^2+x)',[-sqrt(9) sqrt(9)]),
title('arc-tangente(x^2+x)'), grid

47
First part: Basic elements

cosinus(-2*x) sinus(-5*x) tangente(x 2+1)

1 1 600

0.5 0.5 400

0 0 200

-0.5 -0.5 0

-1 -1 -200
2 4 6 8 10 12 2 4 6 8 10 12 -2 0 2

arc-cosinus(x 2-1) arc-sinus(x 2) arc-tangente(x 2+x)

4 2 1.5

3 1.5 1

2 1 0.5

1 0.5 0

0 0 -0.5
-2 0 2 -2 0 2 -2 0 2

Fig. 12 – Graphic window broken down into sub-windows.

Example 3
Time (hours) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Temperature (°C) 20 23 30 33 32 37 34 39 36

clc
Time = [0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16];
Temperature = [20 23 30 33 32 37 34 39 36];
plot(Time , Temperature)
grid on
xlabel ( ' Time ( hours)' )
ylabel ( ' Temperature ( °C)' )
title ( ' Monitoring of temperature ')
axis ( [ 0 18 10 40 ] )

48
First part: Basic elements

Monitoring of temperature
40

35

30
Temperature ( °C)

25

20

15

10
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Time ( hours)

Fig. 13 – Graph of the Monitoring of temperature.

Example 4

𝑡(𝑡 2 +1)
𝑦=
10
t = 0 : 0.001 : 2
y = t.*(1 + t.^3)./5
plot ( t , y ) ; grid on

49
First part: Basic elements

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2

Fig. 14 – Graph of the function y.

Example 5

x = 4cos(2*t),y = sin(3*t)

t = 0 : pi/200 : 2*pi
x = 4*cos(2*t)
y = sin(3*t)
plot ( x , y )
grid on

50
First part: Basic elements

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

Fig. 15 – Graph of the function x and y.

Example 6

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 2𝑥 + sin(3𝑥 2 )

• First method:
fplot('1+ 2*x + sin(3*x*x)', [ 1 8 ]),grid on

51
First part: Basic elements

18

16

14

12

10

2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

fplot('1+ 2*x + sin(3*x*x)', [ 2 3 4 9 11]),grid on

7.5

6.5

5.5

4.5

4
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3

grid off
xlabel(axis of abscissa ')
ylabel('axis of ordinates')
title('y=f(x)')

52
First part: Basic elements

y=f(x)
8

7.5

6.5
axis of ordinates

5.5

4.5

4
2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3
axis of abscissa

Fig. 16 – Graph of the function f(x).

zoom on

right click: zoom out

left click: zoom in

left click and drag: zoom of an area

zoom off

To draw several graphs in the same window:

fplot('[1+ 2*x + sin(2*x*x) , 1+ 2*x - sin(2*x*x) ]', [ -2 2 6

]),grid on

53
First part: Basic elements

-1

-2

-3

-4
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

gtext('fonction 1')
gtext('fonction 2')

4
function 1
3

2
function 2
1

-1

-2

-3

-4
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Fig. 16 – Graph of the function f1(x) end f2(x).

54
First part: Basic elements

• Second method

cos(𝑥) sin(𝑥)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = sin(2𝑥) + −
2 4

We are going to create the function's .m file:

function y=f2(x)
y=sin(2*x)+0.5.*cos(x)-0.25.*sin(2*x);
>> fplot('f2', [ 1 11]),grid on

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

>> hold on
>> fplot('sin(2*x) ', [ 0 10 ] ,'g')

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

55
First part: Basic elements

>> [X Y] = fplot ( 'sin(2*x) ' , [ 1 11 ] )

X =
1.0000
1.0200
1.0400
1.0600
……………….
10.9000
10.9800
11.0000
Y =
0.9093
0.8919
0.8731
………………
0.1900
0.0311
-0.0089
>> fplot ( 'sin(2*x) ' , [ 1 11 ] , '.' ),grid on

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

-0.8

-1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

56