Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

University of Mosul

Collage of Petroleum and Mining Engineering

Department of Mining Engineering

3D Design and Numerical Simulation of a

Refinery Centrifugal Pump

A Project Submitted As Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering

SUBMITTED BY

Mohammed Muthana Mohammed Zakaria Douraid Najeeb

Mustafa Khaled Abdulkarim Hassan Safwan Hazem

SUPERVISIED BY

Dr. Ahmed M. Daabo Mrs. Shahd S.Ibrahim

2023
 Abstract
This study focused on designing and, aerodynamically, improving a
petroleum pump, numerically, using ANSYS software i.e. CFX application.
After designing the main two parts of the pump, volute part and rotor part, the
main work aimed for enhancing the pump’s performance by focusing on
improving the rotating part as it has a direct influence on the pump’s overall
efficiency. The study was 3D analysis and the effect of fluid properties was
taken into account by defining the fluid properties. The rotor blade shape was
modified based on changing some of its parameters and the relationships
between head, efficiency and power with the values of the blade angle were
figured out, where the objective was to achieve maximum pump’s efficiency
and reducing the consumed power. The results showed that the twist angle of
24.5o from shroud side and 35.5o from hup side were the ideal value for highest
efficiency of (95.75%).

I
 Acknowledgment

For God...

For home...

For the humanity of man in a comfortable time..!!

For my Colleagues, they are falcons who love to travel.

They desire freedom for their insides

Filled with passion, longing, and memories.

For those

They were a beacon and a sun that lit up the darkness of our path and the
darkness inside us by knowledge and light.

For everyone who taught me letter in this mortal world.

II
 Contents
Content page

Abstract ……………………………………………………………………... I

Contents ……………………………………………………………………..III|

List of Figures ……………………………………………………………… IV

List of Tables ………………………………………………………………. V

Nomenclature ……………………………………………………………… VI

Chapter One :Introduction ………………………………………………….. 1

1.1 Background ……………………………………………………………. 1

1.2 What is a centrifugal pump ……………………………………………. 2

1.3 The main components of the centrifugal pump ……………………….. 3

1.4 What are the main applications for centrifugal pumps ……………….. 7

1.5 How does a centrifugal pump work …………………………………… 8

Chapter Two :Literature review …………………………………………… 9

Chapter Three Methodology ……………………………………………… 11

3.1 Pump Equation ……………………………………………………….. 11

3.2 Software Numerical ………………………………………………...... 16

3.3 Parameters Changed …………………………………………………. 17

Chapter Four Results & Discussions ……………………………………. 22

Conclusion ………………………………………………………………. 28

References ………………………………………………………………. 29

III
Figure Title Page

1 Components of the centrifugal pump 3

2 Type of impeller 4

3 Volute casing design 5

5 Picture when angle = 15 17

6 Picture when angle = 30 17

7 Screenshot of a vista CPD window 18

8 Picture of a pump volute 18

9 Screenshot of a Bladegen window 19

10 Picture of a mesh impeller 19

11 Screenshot of the result window 20

12 Screenshot of the report window 20

13 Home page for software 21

14 The relationship between angle and head 22

15 The relationship between angle and efficiency 23

16 The relationship between angle and power 23

17 The relationship between blade angle and head 25

18 The relationship between angle and efficiency 25

19 The relationship between angle and power 26

IV
Table Title Page

1 Operation condition for centrifugal pump 14

2 Head, Efficiency and Power values with blade angle from 24

shroud side

3 Head, Efficiency and Power values with blade angle from 27

hup side

V
 Nomenclature
Symbols
P Pressure (pa)

ρ Density (kg/ m³)

V Velocity (m/s)

g Gravitational acceleration (m/s²)

h Height (m)

L Pipe length (m)

D Pipe diameter (m)

Q Volume flow rate (m³/s)

A Area of the flow section (m²)

N Pump rotation speed (rpm)

H Potential Energy Head (m)

η Efficiency of the pump (%)

K friction constant in joint

VI
CHAPTER ONE

VII
 1. Introduction
1.1 Backgrounds

The transfer of liquids against gravity existed from time immemorial. A pump is
one such device that expends energy to raise, transport, or compress liquids.
The earliest known pump devices go back a few thousand years. [1]

The ancient Egyptians invented water wheels with buckets mounted on them to
transfer water for irrigation. More than 2000 years ago, a Greek inventor,
Ctesibius, made a similar type of pump for pumping water. During the same
period, Archimedes, a Greek mathematician, invented what is now known as the
'Archimedes' screw' - a pump designed like a screw rotating within a cylinder.
[1]

1.2 What is a centrifugal pump?

A centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed to move a fluid by means
of the transfer of rotational energy from one or more driven rotors, called
impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly rotating impeller along its axis and is cast out
by centrifugal force along its circumference through the impeller’s vane
tips. The action of the impeller increases the fluid’s velocity and pressure and
also directs it towards the pump outlet. The pump casing is specially designed
to constrict the fluid from the pump inlet, direct it into the impeller and then
slow and control the fluid before discharge [2].

1.2.1.For example (characterization of centrifugal pumps)

There are dozens of pumps that are designed in various sizes and capacities to
suit all requirements, and are manufactured from different materials such as cast
iron, carbon steel and others. In this project we will focus on centrifugal pumps
because they are characterized by [3].
1. Suitable for a wide range of operating speeds.
2. The amount of disbursement and the compressor depends on the fan's
rotational speed, diameter and width.
3. The horsepower to run it depends on the disposition, compressor and
pump efficiency.
4. The total hydraulic pressure increases and the horsepower decreases as
the action decreases when the speed is constant vice versa.
5. The performance of the pumps can be affected by the change of the pump
or the motor or both.

1
1.3 Main components of the centrifugal pump
1. Shaft
2. Impeller
3. Casing
4. Stuffing Boxes
5. Wearing Rings

Figure 1: Components of the centrifugal pump [1].

1.3.1 Shaft and shaft sleeve

The shaft is a central part of the pump, which rotates with the connected
impeller. It is coupled with the prime mover to get the power. The shaft fits with
the ball bearing. Shaft sleeve is also employed, which prevents the shaft of the
pump from leakage and corrosion. One end of the sleeve should be sealed [2].

1.3.2 Impeller
The impeller consists of a series of backward-curved vanes. It is mounted to the
shaft of an electric motor. An impeller is a rotating part of the centrifugal pump.
It is enclosed in a watertight casing. The centrifugal pump impeller is divided
into three types [2]:Figure2 shows the impeller types.

2
 Figure 2 type of impeller [1].

a) Open Impeller
An open impeller consists of vanes attached to a central hub and mounted
directly on the shaft. The vanes have no walls or cover around them, making
open impellers weaker than closed valves. Still, these are generally quick and
easy to clean and repair.

b) Closed Impeller
The closed impeller has both front and back cover plates. In this, the impeller
vanes are sandwiched between two cover plates. These are installed in radial
flow centrifugal pumps and can be either single or double inlets.

c) Semi-open impeller
Semi-open impellers have a back-wall cover plate that gives mechanical power
to the van, while the other side remains open. Semi-open impellers are used in
medium-sized pumps. This impeller is designed for debris-loading fluid [2].

1.3.3 Casing
The casing is an airtight passage surrounding the impeller. It is designed in such
a way that the kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet is converted
into pressure energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery
pipe [2].

3
 Figure 3: Volute casing design [2].

The casing works as a cover to protect the system.Figure 3 presents the volute
casing. The casing of the centrifugal pump is further classified into three types.

a) Volute casing (Spiral casing)

It is surrounded by the impeller. Such a casing provides a gradual increase in
the area of a flow, thus decreasing the velocity of water and correspondingly
increasing the pressure.

b) Vortex casing
A vortex casing is a circular chamber introduced between the impeller and
casing. Here the fluid from the impeller has to first pass through the vortex
chamber and then through the volute casing. In such a case, there is a better
conversion done that is velocity energy into pressure, and it has good efficiency
than the volute casing.

c) Casing with Guide Blades

In casing with guide blades, the blades surround the impeller. These blades are
designed and arranged in such a way that the water from the impeller enters the
guide vane without shock and creates a passage of increasing area, through
which the water passes and reaches the delivery to leave with pressure [2].

1.3.4 Stuffing box

It is obvious during the operation of the pump that the impeller is completely
immersed in the fluid in addition to that it takes its movement from a shaft
whose end passes through the pump casing Therefore a means must be found to
prevent the fluid from leaking around this column so the stuffing box is used
4
which is a body with a cylindrical cavity with a diameter greater than the
diameter of the column that surrounds it The filling material fills the space
between them and is then pressed by means of a threaded cylindrical sleeve that
is installed from one end [2].

1.3.5 Wearing rings

It is used in the pump to ensure easy rotation of the impeller inside the casing
with the least clearance to reduce water leakage. One of these rings is installed
with the casing, while the other is installed with the impeller and is replaced
when it wears out and the clearance increases in a way that affects the
performance of the pump [2].

1.4 What are the main applications for centrifugal pumps?

Centrifugal pumps are commonly used for pumping water, solvents, organics,
oils, acids, bases and any ‘thin’ liquids in both industrial, agricultural and
domestic applications [2].

1.5 How does a centrifugal pump work?

The impeller is the key component of a centrifugal pump. It consists of a series
of curved vanes. These are normally sandwiched between two discs (an
enclosed impeller). For fluids with entrained solids, an open or semi-open
impeller (backed by a single disc) is preferred .Fluid enters the impeller at its
axis (the ‘eye’) and exits along the circumference between the vanes. The
impeller, on the opposite side to the eye, is connected through a drive shaft to a
motor and rotated at high speed (typically 500-5000rpm). The rotational motion
of the impeller accelerates the fluid out through the impeller vanes into the
pump casing.
There are two basic designs of pump casing: volute and diffuser. The purpose
in both designs is to translate the fluid flow into a controlled discharge at
pressure.
In a volute casing, the impeller is offset, effectively creating a curved funnel
with an increasing cross-sectional area towards the pump outlet. This design
causes the fluid pressure to increase towards the outlet. The same basic
principle applies to diffuser designs. In this case, the fluid pressure increases as
fluid is expelled between a set of stationary vanes surrounding the impeller.
Diffuser designs can be tailored for specific applications and can therefore be
more efficient. Volute cases are better suited to applications involving entrained
solids or high viscosity fluids when it is advantageous to avoid the added
constrictions of diffuser vanes. The asymmetry of the volute design can result
in greater wear on the impeller and drive shaft [2].

5
CHAPTER TWO

6
 2. Literature review
E.C. Bacharoudis et al. (2008) in this study, the performance of impellers with
the same outlet diameter having different outlet blade angles is thoroughly
evaluated. The One-dimensional approach along with empirical equations is
adopted for the design of each impeller. The predicted performance curves
result through the calculation of the internal flow field. Head-discharge curve
play important role into different outlet angles. The influence of the outlet blade
angle on the performance is verified with the CFD. The performance curve
becomes smoother and flatter with the increase with the increase outlet blade
angle. At nominal capacity, when the outlet blade angle was increased from 20°
to 50°, the head was increased by more than 6% but the hydraulic efficiency
was reduced by 4.5%. However, at high flow rates, the increase of the outlet
blade angle caused a significant improvement of the hydraulic efficiency [5].

LIU Houlin, et al. (2010) add verb they found that the blade number play the
important role during designing the pump which affects the characteristics of
the pump. The model pump has a design specific speed of 92.7 and an impeller
with 5 blades. The blade number is varied to 4, 6, 7 with the casing and other
geometric parameters keep constant. The inner flow fields and characteristics of
the centrifugal pumps with different blade number are simulated and predicted
in non- cavitation and caviation conditions by using commercial code FLUENT.
Using rapid prototyping the impeller with different blade numbers is made.
With the increase of blade number, the area of low pressure region at the
suction of blade inlet grows continuously, and the uniformity of static pressure
distribution at screw section become worse and worse while at diffusion section
become better and better. The head of model pump is increase with the increase
with pump but there is variation with efficiency and cavitation is complicated.
These results are important to design of the centrifugal pump [6].

Sambhrant Srivastaava et al. (2014) discussed natural frequency and

deformation of mixed flow pump impeller were evaluated considering two
different blade positions in the meridional annulus. ANSYS was used for the
investigation of natural frequency and deformation. It was observed that the
mixed flow pump impeller with inlet inclined blade position in the meridional
annulus was more suitable than the trapezoidal one [7].

Neelambika,et al. a (2014) a detailed CFD analysis was done to predict the flow
pattern inside the impeller which is an active pump component. The optimum
inlet and outlet vane angles are calculated for the existing impeller by using the
empirical relations.This study was divided in to three cases. In the first case,
outlet angle is increased by 5°. From the outlet flow conditions, obtained from
the CFD analysis, it is evident that the reduced outlet recirculation and flow
7
separation cause the improved efficiency. By changing the outlet angle the
efficiency of the impeller is improved to 59%. In the second case,the inlet angle
is decreased by 10%. The efficiency of the impeller in this case is 61%. From
this analysis it is understood that the changes in the inlet vane angle did not
change the efficiency of the impeller as much as the changes in outlet angle. For
existing impeller, the head and efficiency are found out to be 19.24 m and 55%
respectively. The impeller 1, the percentage increase in the head and efficiency
are 3.22% and 7.27% respectively. The impeller 2, the percentage increase in
the head and efficiency are 10.29% and 10.91% respectively.For the impeller 3,
the percentage increase in the head and efficiency are 13.66% and 18.18%
respectively. Based on the above, it is concluded that impeller 3 gives better
performance [8].

8
CHAPTER THREE

9
 3. Methodology
A centrifugal pump is a machine used to transfer fluid from one place to
another. The basic principle behind the working of a centrifugal pump is the
transfer of kinetic energy from the impeller to the fluid. This energy transfer
results in an increase in the fluid's pressure and its flow rate.
The design of a centrifugal pump is an iterative process that involves several
steps. The first step is to determine the design flow rate and the required head.
This can be done by analyzing the system in which the pump will operate and
the required operating conditions. The next step is to select the type of impeller
that will be used in the pump. Impellers are designed to convert the kinetic
energy of the fluid into pressure energy. The type of impeller chosen depends on
the required head, the fluid properties, and the flow rate.
Once the impeller type is selected, the next step is to determine the impeller
geometry. This includes the diameter, the number of blades, the blade angle, and
the blade thickness. The geometry of the impeller is critical in determining the
pump's performance, including its efficiency, head, and flow rate [3].

3.1 Pump Equations

3.1.1 Conservation of Energy

The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or
destroyed only transferred from one form to another. In a centrifugal pump, the
kinetic energy of the impeller is transferred to the fluid, resulting in an increase
in the fluid's pressure and flow rate [9].

3.1.2 Mass flow rate

The law of conservation of mass states that mass cannot be created or destroyed
only transferred from one location to another. In a centrifugal pump, the mass
flow rate of the fluid must remain constant throughout the pump [9].

3.1.3 Bernoulli's Principle

This principle states that an increase in the fluid's velocity results in a decrease
in the fluid's pressure. In a centrifugal pump, the fluid is accelerated by the
impeller, which increases its velocity, and subsequently lowers the pressure
within the pump [9].
P V2
+ + h = constant (1)
ρg 2g

10
Where P is the pressure (in pascals), ρ is the density (in kilograms per cubic
meter), V is the velocity (in meters per second), g is the gravitational
acceleration (in meters per second squared), and h is the height (in meters)

3.1.3.1 Head:
It is the height of the column of fluid at a certain level and it is measured in
meters. It is also called the column of water corresponding to the fluid energy
(Pressure energy + Kinetic energy + Potential energy) at a certain point.
Component of Head:
1- Static Section Head (hs)
The vertical distance between the free surface of the fluid to be
pumped and the center of the pump

2- Static Delivery Head (hv)

The vertical distance between the free surface of the fluid reservoir
and the center of the pump
v2
hv = (2)
2g

3- Total Static Head (ht)

The sum of Static Section Head and Static Delivery Head
ht = hs + hv (3)

4- Total Manometric Head

It is total static head additional head overcome friction loss
Friction Head:
It is the loss of pressure by friction during the fluid flow in a specific
path, whether in the suction line or the discharge line, and it is
expressed in meters (m), this loss is classified into two main types:

a) Pressure loss in pipes:

L v2
hf = f (4)
D 2g
Where: the coefficient of friction depends on the type of flow and
surface roughness.

L= Pipe length (m), D = pipe diameter (m), v = the velocity of

the fluid inside the tube (m/s)..

11
 b) Pressure loss in connections such as elbow joints, valves, and
others. (shock)
v2
hsh = K (5)
2g

where K friction constant in joint

5- Pump head: the total head which a pump operates is based on.[9]

H = hs + hv + hf + hsh (6)

3.1.4 Law of Conservation of Mass equation:

Q = AV (7)
Where Q is the flow rate (in cubic meters per second), A is the cross-sectional
area of the pump (in square meters), and V is the flow velocity (in meters per
second).

3.1.5 Affinity Laws:

The affinity laws relate the performance of a centrifugal pump to changes in its
rotational speed, impeller diameter, and flow rate. They are given by:
a) Capacity Q change in direct proportion to the change pump speed N
ratio:
N2
Q 2 = Q1 × (8)
N1

b) Head change in direct proportion to the square of the speed N ratio:

N 2
H2 = H1 × ( 2) (9)
N 1

c) Power change in direct proportion to the cube of the speed N ratio:

N 3
P2 = P1 × ( 2) (10)
N 1

12
3.1.6 Specific Speed:
Specific Speed: The specific speed is a dimensionless parameter used to classify
pumps based on their flow rate, head, and rotational speed. It is given by:
N√Q
Ns = 3 (11)
(H) ⁄4

Where Ns is the specific speed, N is the rotational speed (rpm), Q is the flow
rate (m3/s), and H is the head (m).

3.1.8 Hydraulic Power: in KW

𝐐×𝛒×𝐠×𝐇
PKW = (12)
𝟑.𝟗×𝟏𝟎𝟔
3.1.8 Pump Efficiency equation:
η = (Pout / Pin) × 100% (13)
Where η is the efficiency of the pump, Pout is the output power of the pump (in
watts), and Pin is the input power to the pump (in watts).

13
3.2 Software Numerical

3.2.1 Software Used

ANSYS 2021R2 is a simulation software program used in engineering analysis
to simulate how products and systems will behave in real-world conditions. It is
a finite element analysis tool that allows engineers to model and analyze the
behavior of a wide range of physical phenomena, including structural
mechanics, fluid dynamics, heat transfer, electromagnetic fields, and more.
With ANSYS, engineers can optimize the performance of their designs, reduce
costs, and improve safety by accurately predicting how their products will
perform before they are built. The program offers a range of features and tools,
including pre-processing, solution, and post-processing capabilities, making it a
versatile and powerful tool for engineers and researchers in various fields.
Overall, ANSYS is an essential tool for any engineer or researcher seeking to
design, analyze, and optimize products and systems.

3.2.2 Pump design

We have based our design on the specifications of an oil pump from Midland
Refineries Company (M.R.C) in Iraq as shown in Table (1)

Considering that the impeller is open type and the casing is spiral type
They are the most suitable for oil pump design, as they are suitable for complex
oil properties

Operation Condition
1 Liquid Hydrocarbon
2 Capacity 252 m3/hr.
3 Head 38.5 m
4 Density 654.78 Kg/m3
5 Speed 1500 [ rpm]
6 Temp. 45 C
7 Pressure outlet 3 bar
Table-1- Operation condition for centrifugal pump

14
3.2.3 Parameter changed

Two parameters have been changed

 The first is the blade angle from the shroud side

 The second is the blade angle from the hup side

Figure 5 and Figure 6 show the torsion of the blade when the angle is changed

Figure 5: Blade angle = 15o Figure 6: Blade angle = 30

15
3.2.3 Procedure

1. Start Workbench
2. Create "Vista CPD" from toolbox

Figure 7: Screenshot of a vista CPD window.

3. Create Volute

Figure 8: The volute of the designed pump.

16
4. Bladegen

Figure 9: Screenshot of a Bladegen window.

5. Transfer data to Turbo Grid, then transfer the data to ICEM CFD:

Figure 10: Meshed impeller.

6. Transfer data to CFX

7. Connection Volute with CFX
8. Solution CFX

17
9. Result

Figure11: Screenshot of the result window.

10. Impeller pump report

Figure12: Screenshot of the report window

18
Figure 13: Toolbox of the workbench showing the complete steps of the
designed pump.

19
CHAPTER FOUR

20
 4. Result and Discussion
From the figure (14) it can be noticed that there is a relationship which is taken
in consideration between the impeller’s blade angle and the pump head. The
chart shows that whenever we decrease the blade angle then we get a shorter
head and vice versa. The evidence of our context is as we see in the figure. We
made many empirical runs and we figured out that the best angle is 24.5 where
we get the maximum head. From this point we can give an advice of taking this
angle in your designs

43.5

43

42.5

42
head (m)

41.5

41

40.5

40
19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.5 25.5 26.5 27.5
blade angle

Figure 14: Variation of head with the change in blade angle (shroud) and head.

From the figure (15) it can be seen that there is a relationship which is taken in
consideration between the impeller’s blade angle and its own efficiency. The
chart shows that whenever we decrease the blade angle then we get worse
efficiency for the impeller and vice versa. The evidence of our context is as we
see in the figure. Moreover, we made many empirical runs and we figured out
that the best angle is 24.5 where we get an ideal efficiency. From this point we
can give an advice of taking this angle in your designs

21
 Effiecnecy
96

95.5

95

94.5
Effiecnecy

94

93.5

93

92.5

92
19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.5 25.5 26.5 27.5
blade angle

Figure 15: Variation of head with the change in blade angle (shroud) and
efficiency.

Now we’ll speak about the most important section per any project (the cost)
which is here represented in the pump’s power after a long time of empirical
runs we figured out the chart (16) and it gives a perceive that it’s whenever we
decrease the impeller’s angle then we’ll need less amount of the provided power

Power
20.4

20.3

20.2

20.1
power (KW)

20

19.9

19.8

19.7

19.6

19.5
19.5 20.5 21.5 22.5 23.5 24.5 25.5 26.5 27.5
bade angle

Figure 16: Varation of head with the change in blade angle (shroud) and power.

22
 Blade Angle Head Efficiency Power
degree (m) % (KW)
20.5 40.44 92.63 19.62

21.5 41.23 93.69 19.78

22.5 41.71 94.13 19.91

23.5 42.49 95.09 20.08

24.5 43.16 95.75 20.26

25.5 42.58 94.29 20.29

26.5 42.43 93.66 20.36

Table-2-:Charging of Head, Efficiency and Power values with blade angle from
shroud side

23
It is very clear from the chart (17) that there is a changeable head curve where
we got the maximum head at the angle 35.5 and the minimum one was at 38.5.

Head
43.3
43.2
43.1
43
42.9
head (m)

42.8
42.7
42.6
42.5
42.4
42.3
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
blade angle

Figure 17: Variation of head with the change in blade angle (hup) and head.

It's evident from the figure (18) that there is a random change with the
efficiency curve where we got the maximum efficiency at the angle 35.3 and the
minimum one was at 38.5 ..

Efficiency
96

95.8

95.6

95.4
Effiecnecy

95.2

95

94.8

94.6

94.4

94.2
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
blade angle

Figure 18: Variation of head with the change in blade angle (hup) and
efficiency.

24
When we made run it was seen that there is a random change with the power
curve where we got the maximum power at the angle 35.5 and the minimum
one was at 37.5 Figure (19)

Power
20.28
20.26
20.24
20.22
power (KW)

20.2
20.18
20.16
20.14
20.12
20.1
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

blade angle

Figure 19: Variation of head with the change in blade angle (hup) and power.

25
 Blade Angle Head Efficiency Power
degree (m) % (KW)

32.5 42.85 95.17 20.24

33.5 43.05 95.44 20.27

34.5 43.12 95.64 20.26

35.5 43.17 95.75 20.267

36.5 42.98 95.4 20.25

37.5 42.57 94.66 20.12

38.5 42.41 94.4 20.19

Table-3- Charging of Head, Efficiency and Power values with blade angle from
hup side.

26
CHAPTER FIVE

27
 5. Conclusions and Recommendations
5.1 Conclusions:
The main outcomes of this project can be summarised as follow:
1. The 3D pump was successfully designed and modelled using the CFX
application in Ansys by starting with the mean line design in VISTA
CPD.

2. Various values of head and efficiency were achieved by modifying the

blade shape where their maximum values were achieved at a rotor shroud
blade angle of 24.5o

3. We figured out that the blade angle from the shroud side has a serious
effect on the rotor efficiency value .Where the hub has less impacting on
the rotor efficiency value.
5.2 Recommendations:
1. Including the effect of the volute and/ or the stator within the analysis of
the pump’s model to have more accurate results.

2. The structural analysis is another important field that need to be included

within the analysis of the pump’s model to accurately evaluate any
modifying occurs in the aerodynamic blade’s shape.

28
 References
[1] Paresh Girdhar. “Practical Centrifugal Pumps”.(2004)
https://books.google.com.eg/books?hl=ar&lr=&id=3RjnmvQSFvcC&oi=
fnd&pg=PP1&dq=info:waFQ5ADZbY4J:scholar.google.com/&ots=8zY9
inDV5I&sig=Psgyhi8OrTomVEodnr27-
PndVNk&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
[2] https://www.michael-smith-engineers.co.uk/resources/useful-
info/centrifugal-pumps
[3] Imad Touma Bani Karsh. “ Centrifugal pump design”.(2014).
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