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REVISION – AC & semiconductors(2024-25)

CLASS XII
PHYSICS

1. Distinguish between a conductor, a semiconductor and an insulator on the basis of energy band diagrams. How does
the change in temperature affect the behaviour of these materials? Explain briefly.
2. Explain, how a depletion region is formed in a junction diode?
3. Draw the voltage-current characteristic of a p-n junction diode in forwarding bias and reverse bias.
4. Draw the circuit diagram of a half wave rectifier. Explain its working showing its input and output waveforms
5. What is meant by doping and doping agent?
6. What do you mean by half wave rectifier. In half-wave rectification, what is the output frequency if the input frequency
is 50 Hz. What is the output frequency of a full-wave rectifier for the same input frequency.
7. When a p-n junction is forward-biased and the voltage supplied exceeds the potential barrier the diffusion
current increases exponentially as the number of holes diffusing into the n-region increases. Will the
concentration of the holes become equal in p-region and n-region after some time and diffusion current become
zero? Give a reason for your answer.

8. What is meant by intrinsic semiconductor and extrinsic semiconductor? What are the differences between
intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductor?
9. Suppose that a pure Si crystal has 25 x 1028 atoms m-3. It is doped by 1 ppm concentration of boron. Calculate
the concentration of holes and electrons, given that ni= 1.5 x 1016 m-3.Is the doped crystal n-type or p-type?
10. Draw the circuit diagram of a full wave rectifier. Explain its working showing its input and output waveforms.
11. The current through a resistor is 2 A when connected to a 220 V, 50 Hz line. Find the value of capacitor which is
to be connected to reduce the current to 1 A.

12. A coil of 0.01 henry inductance and 1 ohm resistance is connected to 200 volt, 50 Hz ac supply. Find the
impedance of the circuit and time lag between max. alternating voltage and current.
13. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series to a source of voltage V = Vo sin ω t. The voltage is found to
lead current in phase by π/4. If the inductor is replaced by a capacitor C, the voltage lags behind current in phase by
π/4. When L, C and R are connected in series with the same source, Find the :
(i) average power dissipated and
(ii) instantaneous current in the circuit.

14. (b) The variation of inductive reactance (XL) of an inductor with the frequency (f) of the ac source of 100 V

and variable frequency is shown in the fig. g

(i) Calculate the self-inductance of the inductor.
(ii) When this inductor is used in series with a capacitor of unknown value and a resistor of 10 Ω at 300 s–1,
maximum power dissipation occurs in the circuit. Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor.
15. A series LCR ac circuit has L = 2·0 H, C = 32 µF and R = 10 Ω. (a) At what angular frequency of ac will it
resonate ? (b) Calculate the Q value of the circuit.
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16. An ideal inductor of 5/π H inductance is connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz ac supply.

(a) Calculate the rms and peak value of current in the inductor.
(b) What is the phase difference between current through the inductor and the applied voltage ? How will it
change if a small resistance is connected in series with this inductor in the circuit ?

17. a)Show that an ideal inductor does not dissipate power in an ac circuit. A 44 m H inductor is connected to
220 V, 50 Hz ac supply. Determine the rms value of the current in the circuit.
18. A series LCR ac circuit has L = 2·0 H, C = 32 µF and R = 10 Ω. (a) At what angular frequency of ac will it
resonate ? (b) Calculate the Q value of the circuit.
19. Draw the circuit diagram for obtaining the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode. Explain briefly the
salient features of the V-I characteristics in (i) forward biasing (ii) reverse biasing.
20. Name the important process that occurs during the formation of p-n junction. Explain Briefly, with the help
of a suitable diagram, how a p-n junction is formed. Define the term barrier potential.
21. Define depletion region in p-n junction diode. Two semiconductor materials A & B shown in given fig,
are made by doping germanium crystal with arsenic and indium respectively. The two are joined end to end
and connected to a battery as shown .Will the diode be forward or reverse biased ?

22. (i)Find the value of phase difference between the current and the voltage in the series LCR circuit Th.
Which one leads in phase: current or voltage?
(ii) without making any change , find the value of the additional capacitor , C1, to be connected in parallel
with the capacitor C, in order to make the power factor of the cicuit.
23. The primary coil of an ideal step up transformer has 100 turns and transformation ratio is also 100. The input
voltage and power are 220 V and 1100 W respectively. Calculate
(i) the number of turns in secondary coil.
(ii) The current in primary coil.
(iii) The voltage across the secondary coil.
(iv) The current in the secondary coil.
(v) The power in secondary coil
24. What do you mean by impedance. A series LCR circuit is connected to an ac source having voltage V = Vo sin
ω t. Derive the expression for the impedance, instantaneous current and its phase relationship to the applied voltage.
Find the expression for resonant frequency.
25. Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram, the basic elements of an ac generator. State its underlying
principle. Show diagrammatically how an alternating emf is generated by a loop of wire rotating in a magnetic
field. Write the expression for the instantaneous value of the emf induced in the rotating loop.
26. Describe briefly, with the help of a labelled diagram the working of a step up transformer. A step up
transformer converts a low voltage into high voltage. Does it not violate the principle of conservation of
energy? Explain.
27. Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a 90 % efficient transformer which steps down 220 V to 22 V, if
the output resistance is 440 ohm.

28. Explain why the reactance provided by a capacitor to an alternating current decreases with increasing frequency.
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29. A capacitor of unknown capacitance, a resistor of 100 Ω and an inductor of self-inductance = 4/𝛑2 henry are
connected in series to an ac source of 200V and 50 Hz. Calculate the value of the capacitance and impedance of
the circuit when the current is in phase with the voltage. Calculate the power dissipated in the circuit.
30. In a step up voltage transformer, explain giving reasons, the following facts:
(a) the output current is less than the input current
(b) the iron core is laminated
(c) the input power is more than the output power
31. An electrical device draws 2kW power from AC mains (voltage 223 V rms = √ V). The current differs (lags) in phase
by θ (tan θ = -3/4) as compared to voltage. Find (i) R, (ii) XC – XL, and (iii) IM.
32. (a) Draw graphs showing the variations of inductive reactance and capacitive reactance with frequency of applied
ac source.
(b) Draw the phasor diagram for a series RC circuit connected to an AC source.
33. An alternating voltage of 220V is applied across a device X, a current of 0.25A flows, which lag behind the applied
voltage in phase by radian. If the same voltage is applied across another device Y, the same current flows but
now it is in phase with the applied voltage.
(i) Name the devices X and Y.
(ii) Calculate the current flowing in the circuit when the same voltage is applied across the series combination of
X and Y.
34. A resistor R and an inductor L are connected in series to a source of voltage V = V0 Sin ωt. The voltage is found to
lead current by π/4. If the inductor is replaced by capacitor C, the voltage lags behind current by π/4. When L, C
and R are connected in series with the same source, find (i) average power dissipated (ii) instantaneous current
in the circuit.

35. Calculate the current drawn by the primary of a 90 % efficient transformer which steps down 220 V to 22 V, if
the output resistance is 440 ohm.
36. Given are two ac circuits, each connected to identical power supplies.

The ac source is of angular frequency ω in both the circuits (i) and (ii) initially.
If the frequency is changed to ω/3, maintaining the same voltage, the current in the circuit (i) is halved whereas
the current in the circuit (ii) is doubled.
Determine the initial ratio of capacitive reactance in a circuit (i) to the inductive reactance in the circuit (ii), that
is, when the angular frequency in both the circuits was ω.
37. The output emf of an ac generator is 10sin100πt. The ac generator is connected to the following circuit elements
individually:
a. 100-ohm Resistor b. 10μF Capacitor c. 10mH Inductor.
Determine the instantaneous voltage and current through each one of them.
38. (i) Draw a labelled diagram of a step-up transformer. Obtain the ratio of secondary to primary
voltage in terms of number of turns and currents in the two coils.
(ii) A power transmission line feeds input power at 2200 V to a step-down transformer with its
primary windings having 3000 turns. Find the number of turns in the secondary to get the power
output at 220 V.
39. The hole and electron concentration in the intrinsic semiconductor of germanium at room temperature is 2 x
1018 m-3. After doping with an element Q, the concentration of electrons in the doped semiconductor becomes
6 x 1022m-3. The concentration of germanium atoms is 6 x 1030m-3.
(a) Is Q trivalent or pentavalent element? Give reason.
(b) What is the ratio of atoms of element Q and germanium in the doped semiconductor?
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40. D1 and D2 represent the position of two ideal diodes that are connected in an electric circuit
If the ammeter reading is 2A, then with the help of diagram(s) show the possible orientation of D1 and D2. Explain.

41. (a)Draw the diagram of a device which is used to decrease high ac voltage into a low ac
voltage and state its working principle. Write four sources of energy loss in this device.
(b) A small town with a demand of 1200 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 20 km away
from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the two wire line carrying
power is 0.5 Ω per km. The town gets the power from the line through a 4000-220 V step-down
transformer at a sub-station in the town. Estimate the line power loss in the form of heat.

42. A 60 W load is connected to the secondary of a transformer whose primary draws line voltage.
If a current of 0.54 A flows in the load, what is the current in the primary coil? Comment on the
type of transformer being used.