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8 views6 pages

Organized

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mallahzaib80
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Group #: 02;

Group Members:
1. Abdul Raffay 24AI-28
2. Jawad Ahmed 24AI-29 (Logical Connectives)
3. Abdul Hameed 24AI-30 ( Logic )
4. Ghulam Qadir 24AI-31 (Simple Statement )
5. Ali Muhammad 24AI-32 (Compound Statement )

LOGIC
Logic is the study of the principles and methods that distinguishes between a valid and an invalid argument.

 Logic is the branch of philosophy and mathematics that studies the forms and processes of reasoning.
 Evaluate the truth or falsity of statements.
 Create precise (Exact) algorithms.
 Formulate proofs and solve problems systematically.

1
10/24/2024
LOGIC
Logic is the study of the principles and methods that distinguishes between a valid and an invalid argument.

SIMPLE STATEMENT:
A statement is a declarative sentence that is either true or false but not both.
A statement is also referred to as a proposition
Example: 2+2 = 4, It is Sunday today
If a proposition is true, we say that it has a truth value of "true”.
If a proposition is false, its truth value is "false".
The truth values “true” and “false” are, respectively, denoted by the letters T and F.
EXAMPLES:

Propositions Not Propositions


1) Grass is green. 1) Close the door.
2) 4+2=6 2) x is greater than 2.
3) 4+2=7 3) He is very rich
4) There are four fingers in a hand.
10/24/2024 11
If the sentence is preceded by other sentences that make the pronoun or variable reference clear, then the
sentence is a statement.

A statement is something that you say or write which gives information in a formal or definite way.

Example: Example
x=1 Bill Gates is an American He is very rich
x>2 “He is very rich” is a statement with truth- value TRUE.
x > 2 is a statement with truth-value FALSE.

Non-Statements include questions, commands, and expressions with variables (unless the variables are
assigned values)

UNDERSTANDING STATEMENTS
1) x + 2 is positive. Not a statement
2) May I come in? Not a statement
3) Logic is interesting. A statement
4) It is hot today. A statement
5) -1 > 0 A statement
6) x + y = 12 Not a statement

10/24/2024 12
COMPOUND STATEMENT :
Simple statements could be used to build a compound statement.
LOGICAL CONNECTIVES
AND, OR, NOT are called LOGICAL CONNECTIVES

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION:
Statements are symbolically represented by letters such as p, q, r,...
EXAMPLES:
1. “3 + 2 = 5” and “Lahore is a city in Pakistan”
2. “The grass is green” or “ It is hot today”
3. “Discrete Mathematics is not difficult to me”

10/24/2024 13
EXAMPLES:
p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”
q = “17 is divisible by 3”

EXAMPLES

p = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan”


q = “17 is divisible by 3”
p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan and 17 is divisible by 3”
p  q = “Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan or 17 is divisible by 3”
~p = “Islamabad is not the capital of Pakistan”
10/24/2024 14
TRANSLATING FROM ENGLISH TO SYMBOLS

Let p = “It is hot”, and q = “ It is sunny”

SENTENCE SYMBOLIC FORM


1. It is not hot. ~p
2. It is hot and sunny. p q
3. It is hot or sunny. pq
4. It is not hot but sunny. ~ p q
5. It is neither hot nor sunny. ~ p  ~ q

EXAMPLE

Let h = “Zia is healthy” w = “Zia is wealthy” s = “Zia is wise”

Translate the compound statements to symbolic form:


1) Zia is healthy and wealthy but not wise. (h  w)  (~ s)
2) Zia is not wealthy but he is healthy and wise. ~ w  (h  s)
3) Zia is neither healthy, wealthy nor wise. ~h~w~s

10/24/2024 15

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