PMT

Cambridge International AS & A Level

ENGLISH LANGUAGE 9093/31

Paper 3 Language Analysis May/June 2021

2 hours 15 minutes

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

* 5 7 8 9 1 1 4 4 3 1 *

You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.
● Dictionaries are not allowed.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 50.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 8 pages.

DC (LK/CB) 201560/4
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Section A: Language change

Question 1

Read Texts A, B and C.

Analyse how Text A exemplifies the various ways in which the English language has changed
over time. In your answer, you should refer to specific details from Texts A, B and C, as well as to
ideas and examples from your wider study of language change. [25]

Text A

Extracts from a blog entry by blogger and men’s fashion writer, Robert van Tongeren (2019)

10 Casual Style Tips for Guys Who Want to Look Sharp

FEBRUARY 20, 2019 BY ROBERT – 139 COMMENTS — THIS ARTICLE MAY CONTAIN AFFILIATE LINKS. I
RECEIVE A SMALL COMMISSION AT NO COST TO YOU WHEN YOU MAKE A PURCHASE USING ONE OF
MY LINKS.

Annoying, isn’t it? 5

You want to dress better, but most style advice revolves around suiting up or just around
whatever’s trendy this season.

But that’s not what you’re looking for.

You just want to make a better first impression on people you meet in everyday life. You just
want to look good in your clothes without looking too flashy. 10

You just want to look like a better-dressed version of you.

And that version of you still likes to keep it casual.

So what you’re really looking for is some casual style tips for guys who want to look sharp
outside of a suit and tie.

Well, you’ve come to the right place. 15

Let’s begin…

1. Stop Dressing Like a Boy, Dress Like a Grown-Up

Many men approach their casual style from the wrong angle; they aim to look youthful.

But if you want to look well-dressed, you should always aim to look mature.

[…]

That doesn’t mean you have to dress like your dad. It doesn’t mean you have to dress old. It 20
just means you have to avoid portraying yourself as a teenager… Unless you actually are a
teenager.

[…]
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3. Rock Jeans That Actually Make You Look Good

The go-to casual legwear for any guy is a pair of jeans.

And nothing is wrong with that. Many men come to my site looking to move on from the 25
T-shirt and jeans look. But jeans can look amazing, as long as you’re wearing the right pair.

[…]

And FYI — avoid baggy jeans. You want to avoid having to pull up your jeans every two
seconds. They should keep themselves up without a belt. Also, they should not pool around
your ankles.

Also, avoid embellishments. That means: No excessive distress, no rips, and none of that 30
bleaching nonsense.

And finally — this should go without saying, but I have to say it anyway — Avoid big logos
anywhere on your outfit, PERIOD.

Instead, keep your jeans simple. Go for a clean, dark-blue pair that fits like the ones
suggested below. Trust me; you’ll look awesome. 35

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Text B

The top six synonyms for ‘awe’ in the English Historical Book Collection corpus (books from 1473
to 1800) and ‘awesome’ in the English Web 2015 corpus (texts collected from the internet in 2015)

‘awe’ ‘awesome’
1473–1800 2015
dread amazing
reverence fantastic
veneration wonderful
admiration incredible
aſtoniſhment cool
terrour nice

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Text C

0.0000300%
0.0000280%
0.0000260%
0.0000240%
0.0000220% FYI
0.0000200%
0.0000180%
0.0000160% for your information
5

0.0000140%
0.0000120%

9093/31/M/J/21
0.0000100%
0.0000080%
n-gram graph for FYI and for your information (1900–2000)

0.0000060%
0.0000040%
0.0000020%
0.0000000%
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

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Section B: Child language acquisition

Question 2

Read the following text, which is a transcription of a conversation at home between Carmini (age
4 years), her brother Rui (age 7 years) and their father. Carmini is drawing.

Analyse ways in which Carmini, Rui and their father are using language in this conversation. In
your answer, you should refer to specific details from the transcription, as well as to ideas and
examples from your wider study of child language acquisition. [25]

Father: what can you draw me↗

Carmini: / f ɪs /

Father: why dont you draw a daddy↗

Carmini: no i don’t want to

<Carmini starts to draw> 5

Father: what is it↗

Carmini: its a car (.) no its not cause (.) cause (.) a big elephant [laughs]

Father: whys it a big elephant↗

Carmini: and its a big big policeman

Father: what (.) theres a policeman riding the elephant↗ (.) okay (1) okay so what are 10
you going to do now↗ (.) are you going to write your name now↗

Carmini: no

Father: so what are you going to do↗

Carmini: yes i am going do my (.) do my name

Father: use the pen with the flower on it 15

Carmini: is it this one↗

Father: yes (.) what colours that↗

Carmini: black (.) blue (.) blue (.) no i can do this one (.) /wɪd/ this one

Father: okay↗ (.) or one of these↗

Carmini: /dəʊz/ 20

Father: which colours your favourite↘ (.) that one or that one↘

Carmini: erm white (.) /baʊn/ (.) brown

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<Rui enters the room and starts to draw>

Father: you two play nicely please

Carmini: why did you do that on mine↗ (.) why did you do that on mine↗ (.) on me again 25

Rui: no

Carmini: naughty rui

Father: im sure he didnt mean it

Carmini: yes he did

<Father goes out of the room> 30

Carmini: (4) dont do that never again not your paper (.) cause this is my paper

Rui: no its not

Carmini: yeah it is (.) i show you my paper cause i bought it for me (.) my my nana bought
it for me (.) and (.) and she said oh /m/ buy something for my daught (.) my my
daughter (.) my carmini er (.) only carmini 35

Rui: no she said buy it for rui as well

Carmini: no she said buy it for me (.) only for ME (.) its only for me

TRANSCRIPTION KEY
(1) = pause in seconds
(.) = micropause
underlined = stressed sound/syllable(s)
// = speech overlap
[italics] = paralinguistic features
<italics> = contextual information
UPPER CASE = words spoken with increased volume
°word° = words spoken with decreased volume
↗ = upward intonation
↘ = downward intonation
/wɪv/ = phonemic representation of speech sounds

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REFERENCE TABLE OF IPA PHONEMIC SYMBOLS (RECEIVED PRONUNCIATION)

1 Consonants of English 2 Pure vowels of English

/f/ fat, rough / iː / beat, keep
/v/ very, village, love /ɪ/ bit, tip, busy
/ɵ/ theatre, thank, athlete /e/ bet, many
/ð/ this, them, with, either /æ/ bat
/s/ sing, thinks, losses /ʌ/ cup, son, blood
/z/ zoo, beds, easy / aː / car, heart, calm, aunt
/ʃ/ sugar, bush /ɒ/ pot, want
/ʒ/ pleasure, beige / ɔː / port, saw, talk
/h/ high, hit, behind /ə/ about, sudden
/p/ pit, top / ɜː / word, bird
/t/ tip, pot, steep /ʊ/ book, wood, put
/k/ keep, tick, scare / uː / food, soup, rude
/b/ bad, rub
/d/ bad, dim 3 Diphthongs of English
/g/ gun, big / eɪ / late, day, great
/ tʃ / church, lunch / aɪ / time, high, die
/ dʒ / judge, gin, jury / ɔɪ / boy, noise
/m/ mad, jam, small / aʊ / cow, house, town
/n/ man, no, snow / əʊ / boat, home, know
/ŋ/ singer, long / ɪə / ear, here
/l/ loud, kill, play / eə / air, care, chair
/j/ you, beyond / ʊə / cure, jury
/w/ one, when, sweet
/r/ rim, bread
/ʔ/ uh-oh

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