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Information Theory and Sampling Theorem

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5 views3 pages

Information Theory and Sampling Theorem

Uploaded by

cabdullaahi sheekh yaxye
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Information Theory Coding (ITC)

Information Theory Coding refers to techniques used for converting data into a form that
can be efficiently transmitted or stored. It's about how to represent information
(messages) in a way that minimizes the amount of space (bits) used without losing any
information. There are two main parts: source coding (data compression) and channel
coding (error correction).

Entropy in ITC
Entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness in a set of data or messages. In simple
terms, it tells you how much 'information' is on average contained in each symbol from a
source.
- High Entropy means the symbols are unpredictable (like flipping a fair coin).
- Low Entropy means the symbols are predictable (like always getting heads on a coin
flip).

Formula for Entropy:


H(X) = - Σ p(x_i) log2 p(x_i)
Where p(x_i) is the probability of each symbol x_i.

Shannon’s Noiseless Coding Theorem in ITC


Shannon's Noiseless Coding Theorem tells us that there's a limit to how efficiently you
can compress data without losing any information. The entropy of a source gives us this
limit: it's the minimum average number of bits needed to represent each symbol. If you
compress data below this limit, you will lose information.

The Huffman coding algorithm is one example of a method that helps achieve this
optimal compression.

Source Coding in ITC


Source Coding refers to compressing data from a source (like text or audio) to use fewer
bits for transmission or storage, while still being able to retrieve the original data
perfectly (lossless compression).
- Lossless compression means no information is lost (e.g., ZIP files).
- Lossy compression (like JPEG or MP3) discards some information for better
compression.
The goal of source coding is to reduce the redundancy in the data by finding patterns or
repetitions.

Channel Capacity in ITC


Channel Capacity is the maximum amount of data that can be transmitted over a
communication channel with no errors. It’s determined by:
- The bandwidth (how much data the channel can carry).
- The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) (how strong the signal is compared to the noise).

Formula for Channel Capacity C:


C = B log2 (1 + γ)
Where:
- C = Channel Capacity (bits per second)
- B = Bandwidth (Hz)
- γ = Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

The higher the bandwidth and SNR, the more data can be transmitted reliably.

Shannon’s Channel Capacity Theorem


Shannon’s Channel Capacity Theorem is a mathematical formula that tells you the
maximum rate at which information can be transmitted over a noisy channel without
error. It shows that the amount of data you can send reliably depends on the bandwidth of
the channel and the noise level.

If the noise is high or bandwidth is low, the transmission rate will be lower, but if you
have a good signal and high bandwidth, you can transmit more data.

Sampling Theorem: Practical Aspects and Signal Recovery


The Sampling Theorem explains how to convert a continuous signal (like sound or
images) into digital form (discrete samples) while still being able to perfectly reconstruct
the original signal. It says:

- A signal can be perfectly reconstructed if you sample it at twice the maximum


frequency present in the signal.
- This minimum rate is called the Nyquist Rate.

In simpler terms:
If you want to capture all the details of a signal (like sound), you need to take samples at
least twice as fast as the highest frequency in the signal to avoid losing important
information.

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