Syllabus

Syllabus
 Introduction
• We have seen Machine Learning as a buzzword for the past few
years, the reason for this might be the high amount of data
production by applications, the increase of computation power
in the past few years and the development of better algorithms.
Introduction
 Machine Learning Introduction
• Machine learning (ML) is the study of computer algorithms that
improve automatically through experience and by the use of data
• It is seen as a part of artificial intelligence. Machine learning
algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as "training
data", in order to make predictions or decisions without being
explicitly programmed to do so.
• Machine learning algorithms are used in a wide variety of
applications, such as email filtering and computer vision, where it is
difficult or unfeasible to develop conventional algorithms to perform
the needed tasks.
 What is Machine Learning?
• Have you ever shopped online? So while checking for a
product, did you noticed when it recommends for a product
similar to what you are looking for? or did you noticed “the
person bought this product also bought this” combination of
products. How are they doing this recommendation? This is
machine learning.
 What is Machine Learning?
• Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence which
focuses mainly on provide learning capability to the machine
from their experience and making predictions based on its
experience.
 Why use Machine Learning?
• When building non-learners, we usually follow these steps:
– Make rules
– Write an algorithm
– If the algorithm performs well, we deploy. If not, we go back to step 1

The traditional
 Why use Machine Learning?
• However, if the problem is complex, we'll likely endup
with a long list of rules that are hard to maintain and
scale to other similar problems. An ML system would be
much shorter, easier to maintain, and in many cases,
more accurate.

• Simply train an algorithm on a large dataset, then

inspect the algorithm's feature importance coefficient
to gain a better understanding of the relation between
the data & the problem. This is called data mining.
Machine Learning Automatically adapting to
approach change
 Machine learning applications
Machine Learning is used anywhere from automating mundane tasks to offering intelligent
insights, industries in every sector try to benefit from it. You may already be using a device
that utilizes it. For example, a wearable fitness tracker like Fitbit, or an intelligent home
assistant like Google Home. But there are much more examples of ML in use.
• Prediction — Machine learning can also be used in the prediction systems. Considering the
loan example, to compute the probability of a fault, the system will need to classify the
available data in groups.
• Image recognition — Machine learning can be used for face detection in an image as well.
There is a separate category for each person in a database of several people.
• Speech Recognition — It is the translation of spoken words into the text. It is used in voice
searches and more. Voice user interfaces include voice dialing, call routing, and appliance
control. It can also be used a simple data entry and the preparation of structured documents.
• Medical diagnoses — ML is trained to recognize cancerous tissues.
• Financial industry and trading — companies use ML in fraud investigations and credit
checks.
Some more Machine learning
applications
Some more Machine learning
applications
Types of Machine Learning

Supervised, Unsupervised and

reinforcement learning
 Types of Machine Learning

Machine learning is sub-categorized to three types:

• Supervised Learning
• Unsupervised
• Reinforcement Learning
• Semi-supervised Learning
 What is Supervised Learning?

• Supervised learning is a technique in which we teach or train

the machine using data which is well labeled.
• To understand Supervised Learning let’s consider an
analogy. As kids we all needed guidance to solve math
problems. Our teachers helped us understand what addition
is and how it is done.
• Similarly, you can think of supervised learning as a type of
Machine Learning that involves a guide.
• The labeled data set is the teacher that will train you to
understand patterns in the data. The labeled data set is
nothing but the training data set.
 What is Supervised Learning?

Consider the figure in the next slide.

• Here we’re feeding the machine images of Tom and Jerry
and the goal is for the machine to identify and classify the
images into two groups (Tom images and Jerry images).
• The training data set that is fed to the model is labeled, as in,
we’re telling the machine, ‘this is how Tom looks and this is
Jerry’.
• By doing so you’re training the machine by using labeled
data.
• In Supervised Learning, there is a well-defined training
phase done with the help of labeled data.
supervised Learning *Image from edureka
 What is Supervised Learning?

• Another example of Supervised Learning

• Suppose you have a niece who has just turned 2 years
old and is learning to speak. She knows the words, Papa
and Mumma, as her parents have taught her how she
needs to call them. You want to teach her what a dog
and a cat is. So what do you do? You either show her
videos of dogs and cats or you bring a dog and a cat and
show them to her in real-life so that she can understand
how they are different.
example of Supervised Learning
 supervised learning
• In supervised learning, the training data you feed to the
algorithm includes the desired solutions, called labels.

A labeled training set for supervised learning (e.g., spam classification)

 Types of Supervised Learning

Supervised Learning has been broadly classified into 2

types.
• Regression
• Classification
 Types of Supervised Learning
Supervised Learning, the training set we feed into the algorithm contains the targets/labels/desired
predictions. Most supervised learning tasks fall under two umbrellas: Classification and Regression
• Classification: With classification, we are interested in predicting discrete values (example: is the
email spam 1 or not spam 0).
• Regression: On the hand, deals with continuous target values (example: predict the price of houses in
dollars).
• Some regression-based models are used for classification as well, such as Logistic Regression which
outputs a probability ∈[0,1] of belonging to a given class (e.g., 20% chance of being spam)..
Here are a few popular supervised learning algorithms
K-nearest Neighbors
Linear Regression
Logistic Regression
Decision Trees and Random Forests
Artificial Neural Networks
Naive Bayes
 Unsupervised learning
• “Unsupervised learning involves training by
using unlabeled data and allowing the model
to act on that information without
guidance.”
• Think of unsupervised learning as a smart
kid that learns without any guidance. In this
type of Machine Learning, the model is not
fed with labeled data, as in the model has no
clue that ‘this image is Tom and this is Jerry’,
it figures out patterns and the differences
between Tom and Jerry on its own by taking
in tons of data.
Unsupervised learning
 Reinforcement Learning
• The learning system, called an agent in this context, can
observe the environment, select and perform actions, and get
rewards in return (or penalties in the form of negative rewards).
It must then learn by itself what is the best strategy, called a
policy, to get the most reward over time. A policy defines what
action the agent should choose when it is in a given situation.
`
Reinforcement Learning
 Reinforcement Learning
• Reinforcement Learning is a part of Machine learning
where an agent is put in an environment and he learns to
behave in this environment by performing certain actions
and observing the rewards which it gets from those
actions.
• This type of Machine Learning is comparatively different.
Imagine that you were dropped off at an isolated island!
What would you do?
• Panic? Yes, of course, initially we all would. But as time
passes by, you will learn how to live on the island. You will
explore the environment, understand the climate
condition, the type of food that grows there, the dangers
of the island, etc. This is exactly how Reinforcement
Learning works, it involves an Agent (you, stuck on the
island) that is put in an unknown environment (island),
where he must learn by observing and performing actions
that result in rewards.
• Reinforcement Learning is mainly used in advanced
Machine Learning areas such as self-driving cars,
AplhaGo, etc.
 Another Example on Reinforcement Learning

• Consider teaching a dog a new trick: we cannot tell it what to

do, but we can reward/punish it if it does the right/wrong
thing. It has to find out what it did that made it get the
reward/punishment.
• We can use a similar method to train computers to do many
tasks, such as playing backgammon or chess, scheduling
jobs, and controlling robot limbs.
• Reinforcement learning is different from supervised
learning. Supervised learning is learning from examples
provided by a knowledgeable expert.
 Use cases or problem statements
• Problem Statement 1: Study a bank credit dataset and
make a decision about whether to approve the loan of
an applicant based on his socio-economic profile.
• Problem Statement 2: To study the House Sales
dataset and build a Machine Learning model that
predicts the house pricing index.
• Problem Statement 3: To cluster a set of movies as
either good or average based on their social media
outreach.