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Chapter 3 - Multicasting

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10 views22 pages

Chapter 3 - Multicasting

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mrksa8000
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Multicasting

Computer Network II (CSE 461)


What is multicasting?
• Multicasting is sending a message from a
single source to multiple destinations.

2
Issues with Multimedia Traffic Using Unicast

• Unicast is the term used to describe communication


where a piece of information is sent from one point to
another point. In this case there is just one sender, and
one receiver.
• If an application sending same data to multiple clients,
a different copy of each packet will be delivered to
every client.
• This approach is fine, only, when few clients need to
access the application.
• If same message need to be delivered to large number
of clients, with above mentioned approach, message
will be delivered on same link multiple times.

3
cont.
• Hence, bandwidth usage will be proportional
to number of users.
• And, routers will make individual routing
decisions based on each pair of source and
destination.

4
Issues with Multimedia Traffic Using Broadcast

• Broadcast is the term used to describe


communication where a piece of information is
sent from one point to all other points. In this
case there is just one sender, but the information
is sent to all connected receivers.
• Application sends only one copy of the message
• All end hosts need to process it
• It is not a recommended approach for
applications delivering data to multiple users.
5
Resolving issues by
Multimedia Traffic Using Multicast
• Multicasting approach:
– reduces server side processing as it has to deliver
only one copy
– better bandwidth utilization as instead of several
copies only one copy of the message will be
delivered on transmission medium
– less processing load on routers and end hosts.
• instead of many packets routers will forward
only one packet
• only multicast registered hosts (or multicast
subscribers) will process the multicast packets 6
cont.
• Multicast is the term used to describe communication where a
piece of information is sent from one or more points to a set of
other points, and the information is distributed to a set of receivers
(there may be no receivers, or any other number of receivers).
• delivering the same packet simultaneously to a group of clients.
• IP multicast provides dynamic many-to-many connectivity between
a set of senders (at least 1) and a group of receivers.
• IP multicast packets is identical to that of unicast packets and is
distinguished only by the use of a special class of destination
address (class D: IPv4 address) which denotes a specific multicast
group.
• Since TCP supports only the unicast mode, multicast applications
must use the UDP transport protocol. Why?
7
cont.
• User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a simpler, connectionless Internet
protocol wherein error-checking and recovery services are not
required. So, with UDP, there is no overhead for opening a
connection, maintaining a connection, or terminating a connection;
data is continuously sent to the recipient, whether or not they
receive it. Generally, it is faster than the Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP) and ideal for video conferencing, streaming, DNS, VoIP, etc.

• Although UDP isn’t ideal for sending an email, viewing a webpage,


or downloading a file, thus, it is largely preferred for real-time
communications like broadcast or multitask network transmission.

8
cont.

9
How multicast works?
1) Multicast server configured with class D address.
2) Multicast application installed on all hosts (or subscribers).
This application indicates router that this group of hosts want
to receive multicast messages. Internet Group Management
Protocol (IGMP) is used here.
3) Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM) comes into action. It
defines mode of multicasting.
4) Calculate layer 2 (i.e. MAC) multicast address. IGMP
snooping/CGMP protocol used. CGMP (Cisco Group
Management Protocol) is an old alternative to IGMP
snooping and helps L2 Cisco Switches to learn where to
forward multicast traffic to.

10
How multicast works? cont.

11
Multicast IP addresses
• Multicast IP Addresses
224.0.0.0 ---- 239.255.255.255 (range)
– Permanent Multicast Group
224.0.0.0 --- 224.0.1.255 (range)
224.0.0.0 --- 224.0.0.255 (routed range)
224.0.1.0 --- 224.0.1.255 (non-routed range)
– Source Specific Multicast
232.0.0.0 ---- 232.255.255.255 (range)
– Private Multicast Addresses
239.0.0.0 ---- 239.255.255.255 (range)
12
cont.
• Reserved Link Local Addresses
– 224.0.0.0 --- 224.0.0.255 (range)
– These addresses are used by a network protocols on a
local network segment.
– Routers do not forward packets on this address range.
– Typically send with Time to Live (TTL) value 1.
– Networking protocols use these addresses for automatic
router discovery and to communicate important routing
information.
• For example, OSPF uses following IP addresses to exchange link
state information:
– 224.0.0.5 (All SPFRouters)
– 224.0.0.6 (All DRothers)
13
Protocols Used For Multicasting
• Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)
– IGMP is used for end host to router communication.
– The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) is used
to set up multicasting groups. IGMP snooping allows
network switches to be aware of these groups and forward
network traffic accordingly.
• Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM)
– PIM is used for router to router communication.
– PIM is a family of multicast routing protocols for Internet
Protocol (IP) networks that provide one-to-many and many-
to-many distribution of data over a LAN, WAN or
the Internet. PIM does not build its own routing tables.
– PIM uses the unicast routing table for reverse-path
forwarding.

14
Internet Group Management Protocol
(IGMP)
• Enable communication between host and router.
• Two most important goals of IGMP are:
– To inform a local multicast router that a host wants to
receive multicast traffic for a specific group.
– To inform local multicast routers that a host wants to
leave a multicast group.
• IGMP Versions
– IGMPv1
– IGMPv2 (default)
– IGMPv3
15
16
The OSI Model

17
Review Question

18
Question 1

An administrator has configured and enable multicast together with PIM sparse
mode on all VLANs on the network. Which feature helps to reduce multicast
traffic being broadcast on the access layer switches?

19
Question 1

An administrator has configured and enable multicast together with PIM sparse
mode on all VLANs on the network. Which feature helps to reduce multicast
traffic being broadcast on the access layer switches?

• IGMP snooping

20
Question 2

A network administrator is managing a network that deploys a multicast service.


The administrator has multiple streams successfully being routed by PIM. Define
the role of PIM in the multicasting process? (any 2 point)

21
Question 2

A network administrator is managing a network that deploys a multicast service.


The administrator has multiple streams successfully being routed by PIM. Define
the role of PIM in the multicasting process? (any 2 point)

1. PIM is used for router to router communication


2. PIM uses unicast routing table for reverse-path forwarding

22

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