CHAPTER NOTES 1

Mechanical properties of fluids

(2) Railway tracks are laid on wooden sleepers:

Fluid mechanics deals with the behaviour of Force spreads due to the weight of the train on
fluids at rest and in motion. a larger area and hence reduces the pressure
considerably. This, in turn, prevents the yielding
Ist Lecture of the ground under the weight of the train.
Basic-information
(3) Pins and nails are made to have pointed
ends:
A fluid is a substance that can flow.
Their pointed ends have very small area. When a
Thus, both liquid and gases are fluids.
force is applied over head of a pin (or) a nail, it
Note: Liquid – Incompressible, transmits a large pressure (= force/area) on the
Gases – Compressible surface and hence easily penetrate, the surface.

 Thrust:
SECTION-A
The total force exerted by a liquid on any PRESSURE by LIQUID COLUMN
surface in contact with it is called thrust.
 Pressure exerted by a liquid column:

 Pressure: Consider a vessel of height h and cross-sectional

The pressure at a point on a surface is the thrust area A filled with a liquid of density ρ.

action normally per unit area around that

F
point.  P 
A

SI unit of pressure = Nm-2 (or) Pascal (Pa)

→ Weight of liquid column

 Practical applications:
W  m g  V    g   A  l   g
(1) A sharp knife cut well than a blunt one:

The area of a sharp edge is much less than the → Pressure exerted by the liquid column on the

area of a blunt edge. For the same total force, Thrust W Ah  g

bottom of vessel: P     h g
Area A A
the effective force per unit area (or pressure) is
more for the sharp edge than the blunt edge.
Hence a sharp knife cut better.
CHAPTER NOTES 2
Final Information:

(1) (a) Pressure at the bottom = h  g


Force at the bottom  h  g  A  h  g   r 2 
1
(b) Pressure on the vertical surface = h g
2

1
Force on the vertical surface  h  g   2  r h  PB  PA   h g   0  h g  h g
2
→ For a mercury barometer,
(c) Thrust on triangular lamina on base
h =76 cm =0.76 m, 𝜌 = 13.6 x 103 kg / m3,
1 
= Pressure at centroid× Area =  h  g  A
3  Atmospheric pressure,

(2) Pressure force and its torque.  

Pa  h g   0.76   13.6  103  9.8  1.013 105 Pa

→ If surface horizontal then pressure is

 Variation of liquid pressure with depth:
uniform at all points.

→ If the surface is vertical or inclined,

pressured is non-uniform (it increases with
depth) so pressure force and its torque can be
obtained by integration.
As the liquid cylinder is at rest, the resultant
 Atmospheric pressure: horizontal force should be zero.
→ Various forces acting on it in the vertical
The pressure exerted by the atmosphere is
direction:
called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric
pressure at sea level is 1.013  105 N / m2 (i) Force due to liquid pressure at top: F1  P1 A

(ii) Force due to the liquid pressure at the

 Mercury barometer:
bottom: F2  P2 A
A 1m long glass tube closed at one end is filled
with clean and dry mercury. (iii) Weight of the liquid cylinder acting
→ After closing the end of the tube with thumb, downwards: W  mg  V    g   Ah   g
the tube is inserted into a dish of Where ρ is the density of the liquid
mercury.
CHAPTER NOTES 3
Final Information:

(1) Pressure at depth h below the liquid

Surface: PNet  Patmosphere   h g 

Thus, pressure increases linearly with depth, if

h and g are uniform.
SOLUTION:

Q.1. A siphon in use is demonstrated in the

following figure. The density of the liquid
flowing in siphon is 1.5 gm/cc. The pressure At equilibrium ( P 1  A)  ( P0  A)  mg

difference between the point P and S will be mg

 P 1  P0 
A
(a) 105 N/m
10 cm

(b) 2 × 105 N/m

20 cm
P
(c) Zero
S
(d) Infinity

SOLUTION: (c)

As the both points are at the surface of liquid

and these points are in the open atmosphere. So,
both points possess similar pressure and equal
to 1 atm. Hence the pressure difference will be
zero.

Q.2. A cylindrical vessel containing a liquid is

closed by a smooth piston of mass m. The area
of cross section of the piston is A. If the
atmospheric pressure is P0 , find the pressure of

the liquid just below the piston.

CHAPTER NOTES 4
2 nd
Lecture (2). A change in pressure applied to an enclosed
incompressible fluid is transmitted
 A body bubble come from bottom to surface:
undiminished to every point of the fluid and
P2, V2
the walls of the containing vessel.

h (3). The pressure in a fluid at rest is same at all
points if they are at the same height.
P1, V1
 Important points in Pressure
According to Boyle's law: P1V1  P2V2

 In the same liquid pressure will be same at

h  g
  P0  h  g V1  P0 V2  V2   1   V1
 P0  all points at the same level.

(1)
Q.1. When a large bubble rises from the
bottom of a lake to surface, its radius is
doubled.

The atmospheric pressure is equal to that of a

column of water of height H. Find the depth of
lake.
In the figure: P3   P0  h1 1 g   P4   P0  h2 2 g 
SOLUTION:
(Here, P3 = P4 and P5 = P6)
According to Boyle's law: P1 V1  P2 V2
and P1  P2

 hg
  P0  h  g V1  P0 V2  V2   1   V1 (2) Equilibrium of different liquids in U-tube:
 P0 
→ When liquid is at rest (or) move with
4  h g  4
  2r    1 
3
3
  r
Hg 3
3
  constant velocity (or) in vertical acceleration


 h  H  8H  h  7H

 Pascal's law:

(1). The pressure exerted at any point on an

enclosed liquid is transmitted equally in all
directions.
Pressure at same level, with in the same liquid
is same in equilibrium:
CHAPTER NOTES 5
P1  P2  Pa  h1 1 g  Pa  h2 2 g and PB – PA  h g (For Perfection)

 h1 1 g  h2 2 g  h1 1  h2 2 → If container is open at top; then angle of

a
surface with horizontal:   tan–1  
(3)  g

(5) A closed rectangular tank is completely

filled with water and is accelerated
horizontally with an acceleration a towards
right.
A D
a

Pressure at P2  Pr essrue at P1  Pa  h1  g B C

Due to acceleration towards right, there will be

(4) When a container is in Motion: a pseudo force in a left direction.

(i) When liquid is at rest (or) move with So, the pressure will be more on rear side
constant velocity, then pressure at same level, (Points A and B) in comparison with front side
within the same liquid is same: PC  PB (Point D and C).

and we know PB – PA  hpg (For Perfection) So overall maximum pressure will be at point B
and minimum pressure will be at point D.

(6) When the U-tube accelerates horizontally,

difference of levels of liquid in two arms:

(ii) If liquid is accelerated horizontally with

acceleration a :

P2  P1  L  a   P2    P1    L  a
 P2  Pa  h g and P1  Pa 

h a a
  Pa  h g  – Pa  L  a    tan 
L g g
Here, Pc – PB   L    a   L a
CHAPTER NOTES 6
PRACTICE QUESTION:

Q.1. In a given U-tube (open at one-end), find

out relation between P and Pa.

Given: d2 = 2 × 13.6 gm/cm3, d1 = 13.6 gm/cm3

SOLUTION:
y=25 cm d2 P

x=26cm

d1
SOLUTION:
P1  P2  P0 w g h1  h2  h  P0   hw g   h2Hg g
Pa

 h1 
Hg  w  h2

13.6  11.0  12.6 cm
y d2 P w 1

x Final Information:
A A
(1) Absolute pressure and gauge pressure:
d1 The total (or) actual pressure at a point is
Pressure in a liquid at same level is same i.e., called absolute pressure.

at A –A: Pa  d2 yg  xd1 g  P
→ Gauge pressure is the difference between the
Pa + {(13.6× 2) × (25) × g} + {13.6 × 26 × g} = P actual pressure (or absolute pressure) at a

 Pa + 13.6 × g [50 + 26] = P  2Pa = P point and the atmospheric pressure.

[Pa = 13.6 × g × 76]

(2) Hight of atmosphere:

Q.2. A U-tube of uniform cross- sectional area Pressure exerted by h height of air column
and open to the atmosphere is partially filled
= Pressure exerted by 0.76 m of Hg
with mercury. Water is then poured into both
arms. If the equilibrium configuration of the 1.013  105 1.013  105
h   7951 m  8 km
g 1.3  9.8
tube with h2  1.0 cm , determine the value of h1 .
CHAPTER NOTES 7
In actual practice, both the density of air and
the value of g decrease with height, so

(The atmospheric cover extends with

decreasing pressure even beyond 100 km)

(3) Air is blown through a hole on a closed

pipe containing liquid. Then pressure will (Atmospheric pressure is common to both

Increase in all directions pistons and has been ignored)

 Application of Pascal's law: (2) For same liquid:

Pressure will be same at all points at the same

(1) Hydraulic lift:
 F   F 
level: P1  P2   P0  1    P0  2  H  g 
 A1   A2 
F1 F2
  Hg
A1 A2

Pressure exerted on the liquid, P  f / a

→ According to Pascal's law:

f A
 Force on larger piston: F  P  A  A  f
a a
→Hence very heavy loads can be lifted easily. (Atmospheric pressure is common to both

2 2
pistons and has been ignored)
F F1 A r  d 
P   1  1  1
A F2 A2  r2   d2  (3) For equilibrium:

Where d  Diameter  Pressure at M should be equal to pressure at N.

W F
Special Cases:    hpg
A a
(1) For same liquid:

Pressure will be same at all points at the same

F1 A1
level: P   Same   
F2 A2
CHAPTER NOTES 8
(Atmospheric pressure is common to both
pistons and has been ignored)

Explanation:

 F  W
PN  PM   P0  h g     P0  
 a  A
W F
   hpg SOLUTION:
A a
Pressure will be same at all points at the same
PRACTICE QUESTION:
 F   F 
Q.1. The area of cross section of the wider tube level: P1  P2   P0  1    P0  2  H  g 
 A1   A2 
is 900cm2 . If the body standing on the position
F1 F2
  Hg
weighs 45 kg, find the difference in the levels of A1 A2
water in the two tubes. 20  9.8 F
  1.5  750   9.8
  5  10    17.5  102 
2 2
2

 F = 1.5 ×750 × 9.8 = 11025  F = 1.3 × 103 N

SOLUTION:

For same level: PA  PB

Mg
 P0   P0   h W g   h  0.5 metre
A

Q.2. Figure shows a hydraulic press with the

larger piston of diameter 35 cm at a height of
1.5 m relative to the smaller piston of diameter
10 cm. The mass on the smaller piston is 20 kg.
What is the force exerted on the load by the
larger piston?

The density of oil in the press is 750 kg/ m3. (Take

g = 9.8 m/s2)
CHAPTER NOTES 9
Rise in liquid by Rotation of Vessel  Height of the water raise in the tube:

A liquid is kept in cylindrical vessel which

is rotating along its axis. The liquid rises
at the sides.

The radius of the vessel is r and speed of

rotation is ω, then difference in height of
liquid at the centre of the vessel and its
Height of water rise in liquid column A
r 2 2
sides. h  (Parabola)  2L21  2L22
2g and B: H1  and H2 
2g 2g
Explanation:
If L1  L2 , So, H1  H2
Consider a particle P with coordinates
(Water levels in both sections A & B goes
 x , y  , at any point on liquid surface.
up)

Q.1. A given shaped glass tube having uniform

cross section is filled with water and is
mounted on a rotatable shaft as shown in
figure. If the tube is rotated with a constant
angular velocity  , then

For its equilibrium:

R cos  mg and R sin  m x  2

(a) Water levels in both sections A and B go up
R sin  x 2
 tan   (b) Water level in section A goes up and that in
R cos g
B comes down
dy  x 2
 Slope  tan    dy    dx (c) Water level in section A comes down and
dx  g 
that in B it goes up
 2x 2
Integrating:  dy  g  x dx  y
2g (d) Water levels remain same in both sections

SOLUTION: (b)
CHAPTER NOTES 10
Self-study

 Density:

The density of any material is defined as its

mass per unit volume.    M / V

CASE-1: For equal masses, then Mmix  2M

Mmix 2M
 Density of mixture: mix  
Vmix Vmix

 M M    2  
 Vmix  V1  V2   M  1 
 1 2  1 2  

Mmix 2M 2M 21 2
 mix    
Vmix Vmix     2   1  2
M 1 
 1 2 

CASE-2: For equal volume, then Vmix  2V

Mmix Mmix
 Density of mixture: mix  
Vmix 2V

 Mmix  M1  M2  V 1  V 2 V  1  2  

Mmix V  1  2  1  2
 mix   
Vmix 2V 2
 DAILY ACTIVITY 1

Barometer
Pressure in liquid column at the
1. A barometer kept in a stationary
Surface/Inside the liquid Surface
elevator reads 76 cm. If the elevator
starts accelerating up the reading 1. The height to which a cylindrical vessel
will be be filled with a homogeneous liquid, to
make the average force with which the
(a) Zero (b) Equal to 76 cm
liquid presses the side of the vessel
(c) More than 76 cm (d) Less than 76 cm
equal to the force exerted by the liquid
2. A barometer tube reads 76 cm of on the bottom of the vessel, is equal to
mercury. If the tube is gradually (a) Half of the radius of the vessel
inclined at an angle of 60o with
(b) Radius of the vessel
vertical, keeping the open end
immersed in the mercury reservoir, the (c) One-fourth of the radius of the vessel
length of the mercury column will be (d) Three-fourth of the radius of the vessel
(a) 152 cm (b) 76 cm 2. From the adjacent figure, the correct

(c) 38 cm (d) 38 3 cm observation is

Water Water
SOLUTION
(a) (b)

P 1 (a) The pressure on the bottom of tank (a)

1. (d)  h   h
g geff is greater than at the bottom of (b)
(b) The pressure on the bottom of the tank
If lift moves upward with some acceleration,
(a) is smaller than at the bottom of (b)
then effective g increases (i.e., g +a).
(c) The pressure depends on the shape of
→ So, the value of h decreases i.e., reading the container
will be less than 76 cm. (d) Pressure on the bottom of (a) and (b) is
the same
h h 76
2. (a) cos60   L   152
L cos60 1/2 3. If pressure at half the depth of a lake is
equal to 2/3 pressure at the bottom of
60° the lake, then what is the depth of the
h L h
lake
(a) 10 m (b) 20 m
Water (c) 60 m (d) 30 m
 DAILY ACTIVITY 2
4. A beaker containing a liquid is kept 2 P0 2  10 5
 h   20 m
inside a big closed jar. If the air inside  g 103  10
the jar is continuously pumped out,
4. (b) Total pressure at (near) bottom of
the pressure in the liquid near the
the liquid: P  P0  h g
bottom of the liquid will

(a) Increases As air is continuously pumped out from jar

(b) Decreases (container), P0 decreases and hence P

(c) Remain constant decreases.

(d) First decrease and then increase

SOLUTION Force exerted on base of vessel

1. (b) Pressure at the bottom = h g 1. A uniformly tapering vessel is filled with a

liquid of density 900 kg/m3. The force
1
and pressure on the vertical surface = h g that acts on the base of the vessel due
2

to the liquid is g  10 ms 2 
According to question
Area = 10–3 m2
Force at the bottom = Force on vertical surface

1
 
 h  g   r 2  h  g   2 r h  h = r
2 0.4 m

2. (d) Pressure = h g i.e., pressure at the

Area = 2 × 10–3 m2
bottom is independent of the area of the
bottom of the tank. It depends on the (a) 3.6 N (b) 7.2 N
height of water upto which the tank is filled
(c) 9.0 N (d) 14.4 N
with water. As in both the tanks, the levels
of water are the same, pressure at the 2. A triangular lamina of area A and
bottom is also the same. height h is immersed in a liquid of
density  in a vertical plane with its
3. (b) Pressure at bottom of lake  P0  h g base on the surface of the liquid. The
thrust on the lamina is
h
Pressure at half the depth of lake  P0   g
2 1  1 
(a)   gh  A (b)   gh  A
→ According to question 2  3 

1 2 1 1 1  2 
P0  h g   P0  h g   P0  h g (c)   gh  A (d)   gh  A
2 3 3 6 6  3 
 DAILY ACTIVITY 3
SOLUTION atmospheric pressure to be 75 cm of
Hg and the density of water to be 1/10
1. (b) Force acting on the base  F   P  A of the density of mercury, the depth of
the lake is
 F   h  g  A  0.4  900  10  2  103  7.2 N
(a) 5 m (b) 10 m

2. (b) Thrust on triangular lamina on base (c) 15 m (d) 20 m

4. Radius of an air bubble at the bottom

1 
= Pressure at centroid× Area=   gh  A
3  of the lake is r and it becomes 2r when
the air bubbles rise to the top surface
of the lake. If P cm of water be
A body bubble come from bottom to atmospheric pressure, then the depth
surface of the lake is

1. An inverted bell lying at the bottom of (a) 2P (b) 8P

a lake 47.6 m deep has 50 cm3 of air (c) 4P (d) 7P
trapped in it. The bell is brought to the
SOLUTION
surface of the lake. The volume of the
trapped air will be (atmospheric 1. (b) Given : P2  P0  70 cmof Hg
pressure = 70 cm of Hg and density of Hg
2
 P2  P0  70  13.6  1000 gm / cm sec2
= 13.6 g/cm3, g  1000 cm / s )
P2 , V2
(a) 350 cm3 (b) 300 cm3

(c) 250 cm3 (d) 22 cm3 h

2. When a large bubble rises from the

P 1, V 1
bottom of a lake to the surface and its
radius doubles. If atmospheric According to Boyle's law: P1V1  P2V2
pressure is equal to that of column of
 h w g 
water height H, then the depth of   P0  h w g V1  P0 V2  V2   1  V1
 P0 
lake is

(a) H (b) 2H
 47.6  102  1   1000 
 V2   1   50  300 cm
3
 70  13.6  1000 

(c) 7H (d) 8H

3. The volume of an air bubble becomes 2. (c) According to Boyle's law: P1V1  P2V2
three times as it rises from bottom of
a lake to its surface. Assuming
 DAILY ACTIVITY 4
 h  g (a) 10.4 cm
 V2   1   V1 Oil

Glycerine
P0  h
 (b) 8.2 cm 10 cm

4  h g  4 (c) 7.2 cm
  2r    1    r 
3 3

3  H g  3
(d) 9.6 cm Mercury
Where, h = depth of lake

 h SOLUTION
 8  1    h  7H
 H 
1. (d)

Glycerine
Oil
1 h
3. (c) Given : Density of water  13.6 g / cm3 10 cm
10 10–h
A B
According to Boyle's law: P1V1  P2V2
Mercury
 h  g  h  g
 V2   1   V1  3V1   1   V1
 P0   P0  At the condition of equilibrium

 h   /10 g   h  Pressure at point A = Pressure at point B

 3  1    3  1  
75    g   75  10 
  PA  PB  101.3 g  h0.8 g  10  h 13.6  g

h By solving: h = 9.7 cm
 2  h  1500 cm  15 m
75  10

4. (d)
Density of Mixture

1. Equal masses of water and a liquid of

U-Shape tube density 2 are mixed together, then the
1. A vertical U-tube of uniform inner cross mixture has a density of
section contains mercury in both (a) 2/3 (b) 4/3
sides of its arms. A glycerin (density =
(c) 3/2 (d) 3
1.3 g/cm3) column of length 10 cm is
introduced into one of its arms. Oil of 2. If two liquids of same masses but

density 0.8 gm/cm3 is poured into the densities 1 and 2 respectively are
other arm until the upper surfaces of mixed, then density of mixture is
the oil and glycerin are in the same
1  2 1   2
horizontal level. Find the length of (a)   (b)  
2 2 1  2
the oil column, Density of mercury =
13.6 g/cm3
 DAILY ACTIVITY 5
2 1  2 1  2 2m 2 
(c)   (d)    mix   1 2
1  2 1  2 m / 1  m / 2 1  2

3. If two liquids of same volume but Total mass m  m2

3. (a) mix   1
different densities 1 and 2 are mixed, Total volume 2V

then density of mixture is V  1  2  1  2

 mix  
1  2 1   2 2V 2
(a)   (b)  
2 2 1  2
Total mass m1  m2  m3
4. (b) mixture = 
2 1  2 1  2 Total volume 3V
(c)   (d)  
1  2 1  2
V(d  2d  3d)
 mix   2d
4. Three liquids of densities d , 2d and 3V

3d are mixed in equal volumes. Then 3m 3m

5. (b) mix = 
the density of the mixture is V1  V2  V3 m  m  m
d 2d 3d
(a) d (b) 2d
3 6 18
(c) 3d (d) 5d  mix  d d
11 11
5. Three liquids of densities d , 2d and 3d
are mixed in equal proportions of
weights. The relative density of the
mixture is

11d 18d
(a) (b)
7 11

13d 23d
(c) (d)
9 18

SOLUTION

1. (b) If two liquids of equal masses and

different densities are mixed together
then density of mixture:
212 2  1  2 4
  
1  2 12 3

Total mass 2m
2. (c) mix  
Total volume V1  V2
SSK PUBLICATION 1
A, B and C (  A   B  C ) . The pressure
Pascal law and Pressure due to
liquid column at the base will be
(a) Equal in all vessels
LEVEL-1
(b)Maximum in vessel A
1. An inverted vessel (bell) lying at the
bottom of a lake, 47.6 m deep, has (c) Maximum in vessel B
500 cc of air trapped in it. The bell is
(d) Maximum in vessel C
brought to the surface of the lake. The
volume of the trapped air will now be 5. A piston of cross-section area 100 cm2 is
(Atmospheric pressure is 70 cm and used in a hydraulic press to exert a
density of Hg is 13.6 g-cm 3 ) force of 107 dynes on the water. The
cross-sectional area of the other
(a) 3500 cc (b) 3000 cc
piston which supports an object
(c) 2500 cc (d) 2000 cc
having a mass 2000 kg is
2. Two stretched membranes of area
(a) 100 cm2 (b) 109 cm2
2 cm2 and 3 cm2 are placed in a liquid at
(c) 2 × 104 cm2 (d) 2 × 1010 cm2
the same depth. The ratio of
pressures on them is 6. A U-tube in which the cross-sectional
area of the limb on the left is one
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 3
quarter, the limb on the right contains
(c) 3 : 2 (d) 22 : 32
mercury (density 13.6 g/cm3). The level
3. Three identical vessels are filled to of mercury in the narrow limb is at a
the same height with three different distance of 36 cm from the upper end of

liquids A, B and C (A  B  C ) . The the tube. What will be the rise in the
level of mercury in the right limb if the
pressure at the base will be
left limb is filled to the top with water
(a) Equal in all vessels (a) 1.2 cm
Water

(b) Maximum in vessel A (b) 2.35 cm

(c) Maximum in vessel B (c) 0.56 cm

Mercury
(d) Maximum in vessel C (d) 0.8 cm
4. Three identical vessels are filled with
7. Two communicating vessels contain
equal masses of three different liquids
mercury. The diameter of one vessel is
n times larger than the diameter of the
BOUNCH SERIES 2
other. A column of water of height h is SOLUTION
poured into the left vessel. The
1. (b)  At 47.6 m depth
mercury level will rise in the right-
hand vessel (s = relative density of Net pressure = Atmospheric pressure +

mercury and  = density of water) by pressure of liquid column

 P1  (70  13.6  980)  (47.6  100  1  980)

Water
h
Volume (V1 )  500 cc

Mercury  At the surface of the lake,

Net pressure ( P2 )  h g  (70  13.6  980)

n2 h h
(a) (b) 2
( n  1)2 s ( n  1) s Volume (V2 )  ?

h h According to Boyle’s law: P1V1  P2V2

(c) (b)
( n  1)2 s n2s
PV (7013.6  47.6100) 980500
 V2  1 1
  3000cc
P2 7013.6 980

2. (a) Pressure is independent of area of

cross section

3. (b) P    P  h g 
F mg
4. (a) P  
A A
F1 F2
5. (c)  P1  P2  
A1 A2

107 2000  103  103

 2
  A2  2  104 cm2
10 A2

6. (c)If the rise of level in the right limb

be x cm.

The fall of level of mercury in left limb be

4x cm because the area of cross section of right
limb is 4 times as that of left limb.

 Level of water in left limb is (36 + 4x) cm

SSK PUBLICATION 3

x
A B A B
4x
A' B'

Now equating pressure at interface of Hg and

water (at A' B')

36  4x   1  g  5x  13.6  g  x = 0.56 cm

7. (b) If the level in narrow tube goes

down by h1 then in wider tube goes up to
h2,

Now,  r 2h1   (nr )2 h2  h1  n2h2

Water
h
h2
h1
A B
Mercury

Now, pressure at point A = pressure at point B

 '
 h g   h1  h2   ' g  s  
 

h
 
 h  n2h2  h2 sg  h2 
n 2
1 s 
IIT MAINS 1
CHAPTER-7

SEQUENCE-2
PART-1

PASCAL LAW and PRESSUSRE

MEASUREMENT Consider the temperature is constant.

Glass tube placed in Mercury Vessel  P1V1  P2V2  76  8 A  (22  y )  ( Ay )

1. An open glass tube is immersed in

 76  8  (22  y ) y  y  22 y
2

mercury in such a way that a length of 8 cm

 y  38 y  16 y   608  0
2
extends above the mercury level. The
open end of the tube is then closed and
  y  38   y  16   0  y  16
sealed and the tube is raised vertically up
by additional 46 cm. What will be length of
the air column above mercury in the tube A body bubble come from bottom to

now? (Atmospheric pressure = 76 cm of Hg) surface

(a) 6 cm (b) 16 cm 1. When an air bubble of radius r rises

from the bottom to the surface of a lake,
(c) 22 cm (d) 38 cm
its radius becomes 5r/4. Taking atmospheric
[2014]
pressure to be equal to 10 m height of water
Solution: (b)
column, the depth of the lake would
Case-I: When tube is open approximately be (ignore the surface
P1V1  76  ( A  x )  76  (8 A) x  8 cm tension and the effect of temperature)

(a) 11.2 m (b) 10.5 m

(c) 9.5 m (d) 8.7 m

[2018]

Solution: (c)

At bottom of lake: P2  (H  h) g

Case-II: When tube is closed (Here H  10 cm  Height of atmospheric

( Length of mercury level increase) pressure, Let h  Height of depth of lake)

 P2V2  [76  (54  y )]  [ A  y]  (22  y )( A  y ) At free surface of lake: P1  H g

IIT MAINS 2
 According to question: In the light of the above statements, choose the
correct answer from the options given below:
Temp = Constant  P1V1  P2V2
(a) Statement-I is false but Statement-II is
3
4 4  5r 
 H  h  g    r 3   H  g      true.
3 3  4
(b) Bothe statement-I and Statement-II are
125  61  true.
 H   H  h  h    H  9.53 m
64  64 
(c) Statement-I is true but Statement-II is false

(d) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are

2019-2023 false.

Variation of liquid pressure with (10 April, 2023 (Shift-I))

depth Ans: (b)

1. The pressure acting on a submarine is

3  105 Pa at a certain depth. If the depth is Tube connected and work due to
doubled, the percentage in the pressure equal to level of water
acting on the submarine would be: (Assume
1. Two cylindrical vessels of equal cross-
that atmospheric pressure is 1  105 Pa density
sectional area 16 cm2 contain water upto
of water is 10 kgm , g  10 ms )
3 –3 –2

heights 100 cm and 150 cm respectively. The

3 5 vessels are interconnected so that the
(a) % (b) %
200 200
water levels in them become equal. The
200 200 work done by the force of gravity during
(c) % (d) %
3 5 the process, is [Take density of water
(16 March, 2021 (Shift-I))  103 kg / m3 and g  10m / s 2 ]

Ans: (c) (a) 0.25 J (b) 1 J

2. Given below are two statements: (c) 8 J (d) 12 J

(27 July, 2022 (Shift-I))
Statement-I: Pressure in a reservoir of
water is same at all points at the same Ans: (b)

level of water.

Statement-II: The pressure applied to Bubble come from bottom to surface

enclosed water is transmitted in all 1. An air bubble of volume 1cm3 rises

directions equally.
from the bottom of a lake 40 m deep to
IIT MAINS 3
the surface at a temperature of 12° C. The (c) Both A and R are correct and R is the
atmospheric pressure is 1  105 Pa, the correct explanation of A

density of water is 1000 kg / m3 and (d) Both A and R are correct but R is NOT the
g  10m / s 2 . There is no difference of the correct explanation of A

temperature of water at the depth of 40 m (6 April, 2023 (Shift-II))

and on the surface. The volume of air
Ans: (c)
bubble; when it reaches the surface will be

(a) 5 cm3 (b) 2 cm3

U-Shape tube (At rest/ moving
3 3
(c) 4 cm (d) 3 cm uniform velocity)

(08 April, 2023 (Shift-I))

Only One Option Correct Type
Ans: (a)

1. An open-ended U-tube of uniform cross-

PASCAL LAW
sectional area contains water (density 103
1. Given below are two statements: one is kg m–3 ). Initially the water level stands at
labelled as Assertion A and the other is 0.29 m from the bottom in each arm.
labelled as Reason R Kerosene oil (a water-immiscible liquid) of
Assertion→ A: When you squeeze one density 800 kg m–3 is added to the left
end of a tube to get toothpaste out from arm until its length is 0.1 m, as shown in
the other end, Pascal's principle is h 
the schematic figure below. The ratio  1  of
observed.  h2 
Reason→ R: A change in the pressure the heights of the liquid in the two arms:
applied to an enclosed incompressible
fluid is transmitted undiminished to
every portion of the fluid and to the walls
of its container.

In the light of the above statements, choose

the most appropriate answer from the
options given below:

(a) A is not correct but R is correct

(a) 15/14 (b) 35/33
(b) A is correct but R is not correct
(c) 7/6 (d) 5/4
IIT MAINS 4
(JEE Advance 2020) 1
(d)   when a  g / 2
2
Ans: (b)
(JEE Advance 2021)

U-shape tube [At moving non- Ans: (a), (c)

uniform velocity]

Application of PASCAL LAW

One or More Than One Option Correct
Type
Hydrostatic Lift
1. A cylindrical tube with its base as shown
1. A hydraulic automobile lift is designed
in the figure, is filled with water. It is
to lift vehicles of mass 5000 kg. The area
moving down with a constant
of cross section of the cylinder carrying
acceleration a along a fixed inclined plane
the load is 250 cm2 . The maxi. pressure the
with angle   45 . P1 and P2 are pressures
smaller piston would have to bear is:
at points 1 and 2, respectively, located at the
[Assume g  100 m / s 2 ]
base of the tube. Let    P1 – P2  /   gd  ,
(a) 200  106 Pa (b) 20  106 Pa
where  is density of water, d is the inner
diameter of the tube and g is the (c) 2  106 Pa (d) 2  105 Pa
acceleration due to gravity. Which of the
(08 April, 2023 (Shift-II))
following statement(s) is (are) correct?
Ans: (c)

Integer:

1. A hydraulic press can lift 100 kg when a

mass 'm' is placed on the smaller piston. It
can lift ............kg; when the diameter of the
larger piston is increased by 4 times and
that of the smaller piston is decreased by
4 times keeping the same mass 'm' on the
(a)   0 when a  g / 2
smaller piston.

(b)   0 when a  g / 2 (24 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I))

2 –1 Ans: (25600)
(c)   when a  g / 2
2