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History Chapter 9 Class 10 State

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11 views5 pages

History Chapter 9 Class 10 State

Uploaded by

Vishnu A S
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Chapter 9: State and Political Science

State (Nation): A group of people residing permanently within a


particular territory with a sovereign government is called a state.

State is a universal, powerful and an indispensable institution.

1st to coin out the word state: Niccolo Machiavelli Basic


Factors of State
1. Population
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty

Population:

 For the existence of a state – people should live united with mutual
understanding, interdependence and common public interest.
 There is no state without people.
 Population which is too much or too less is not good for a state.
 If the population is low, there will be scarcity of human resources and
natural resources will be kept unused, which will adversely affect the
state. At the same time high population leads to unemployment and
poverty.
 Factor that unites the people of a state is Nationalism.

Territory:

 A state should have an exact territory with clear cut boundary.


 State was formed due to the permanent settlement of people.
 The state should have complete control over its territory.
 Land area, water bodies, and costal area, aerial area etc. within
the boundary is part of the territory.
 The territorial size does not matter in the formation of the state.

Government:

 Government makes and executes law and ensures justice to the people.
 Government ensures security and makes available different services
to the people.
 Maintain law and order.
 Increase employment opportunities.
 Implement developmental projects.
 Implement social welfare projects.
 Disputes are settled.
 The government does all the work for the state.
 Different states have different forms of government - Monarchy,
despotic rule, democracy etc.
 Whatever be the form the state should have a government.
 The government may change from time to time but the state remains
permanent.

Sovereignty:

 The supreme authority of state to take right decision on national and


international affairs independently without any external control is
called sovereignty.
 Sovereignty is the absolute, unlimited and indivisible power of the state.
 2 dimensions of sovereignty:

Internal sovereignty: The right to take decisions on all matters which
come within its territory.

External sovereignty: The right to take independent decisions on
international issues.

Functions of a State
“The goal of State is the maximum happiness of the maximum number”

-Jermy Bentham.

Functions of the state can be classified into 2:

1. Obligatory functions – which have to be implemented by the state at all


times at any cost.

2. Discretionary functions - which have to be implemented as per the


economic condition of the state.

The primary duty of a state is to provide better life to its citizens.

- Plato & Aristotle


Obligatory functions

 Protection of boundaries.
 Maintain internal peace.
 Protection of rights.
 Implementation of justice.

Discretionary functions

 Protection of health.
 Provide education.
 Implement welfare programs.
 Provide transportation.

Theories on the origin of state

1. Divine Right Theory.


2. Evolutionary Theory (most acceptable).
3. Social Contract Theory.
4. Power Theory.

Divine Right Theory

 State is the creation of God.


 King is the representative of God.
 King is answerable only to God.

Evolutionary theory

 State is the product of history.


 It was formed by social evolution.
 The most acceptable is the theory of evolution of state.

Social contract theory

 State came into existence as a result of a contract by the people.


 State was constituted for the fulfillment of human needs.
Power theory

 State came into existence as a result of the establishment of power by


the strong over the weak.

Citizenship: Citizenship is the full and equal membership in a nation.

A person who has the right to participate in the law making procedure and the
implementation of law is called the citizen of that state. - Aristotle

Characteristics of citizenship:

 Citizenship enables a person to experience political and civil rights.


 It is clear that while state ensures certain rights, citizens
have certain duties to perform.
 Only the citizens can enjoy the political rights of a nation.

Types of citizenship:

1. Natural citizenship - Citizenship by birth


2. Acquired citizenship - When a person acquires citizenship on the basis of
the legal procedure of a nation is known as acquired citizenship.

Which are the rights available in India exclusively to its citizen?

-Right to contest election

-Right to form political party.

-Right to propagate politics.

-Right to vote in the elections.

-Right to criticize government.

Political Science

 Father – Aristotle
 “Political Science is the study of state and Government”. – Aristotle
 Book of Aristotle – Politics.
Definition – Political science is the detailed study of state, government,
political institutions and political process.

Branches/ Major Fields of study of Political Science:

 Political theories.
 Public administration.
 International politics.
 Comparative politics.

“The result of your political inactivity is the you will be rule by people
inferior to you”. - Plato

Why study political science?

-To promote civic awareness among the people,

-Helps in logical analysis and creative intervention.

-To shape a better political system,

-To work for the protection of rights,

-To encourage the citizen to fulfill the duties to the nation.

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