International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research

Volume 10–Issue 05, 119-122, 2021, ISSN:-2319–8656

IoT an Overview: Advantage, Disadvantage and

Applications

Bhagwati Charan Patel Ram Shankar Tripathi Naveen Goel

Department of Information Scholar Department of Electrical and
Technology, SSTC, SSGI Department of Information Electronics Engineering,
Bhilai, India Technology SSTC, SSGI SSTC, SSGI
Bhilai, India Bhilai, India

Abstract: Internet of Things (IoT) is a well-known term that has gained massive encouragement over a few years. The future of the
human race will be significantly influenced by the application of IoT over the coming years. The Internet is everywhere and touched
almost every corner of the globe affecting our lives in previously unimagined ways. As a living entity, the Internet is constantly
evolving, and now, an era of widespread connectivity through various smart devices (i.e., things) that connect with the Internet has
begun. IoT looks more like an umbrella covering many protocols, technologies, and concepts that depend on specific industries. It will
lead to the development of efficient mechanisms with high scalability and interoperability features among the things or objects. IoT is
a reality that is progressing day by day, connecting billions of people and things to form a vast global network. IoT has applications in
various domains like agriculture, industry, military, and personal spaces. There are potential research challenges and issues in IoT that
act as a hurdle in the complete exploration of IoT in real-time implementation.
Key Words: Internet of Things, IoT architecture, RFID, Smart technology, Cloud computing, WSN

1. INTRODUCTION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a kind of network which is
created by the different devices performing separate tasks for
some common purposes. We are entering an era of the with respect to the external environment. In the upcoming
“Internet of Things”. This term has been defined by different years, IoT-based technology will offer advanced levels of
authors in many different ways. Let us look at two of the most services and practically change the way people lead their daily
popular definitions. Vermesan et al. [1] define the Internet of lives. Advancements in medicine, power, gene therapies,
Things as simply an interaction between the physical and agriculture, smart cities, and smart homes are just a very few
digital worlds. The digital world interacts with the physical of the categorical examples where IoT is strongly established.
world using a plethora of sensors and actuators. Another Over 9 billion ‘Things’ (physical objects) are currently
definition by Pe˜na-L´opez et al. [2] defines the Internet of connected to the Internet, as of now. In the near future, this
Things as a paradigm in which computing and networking number is expected to rise to a whopping 20 billion.
capabilities are embedded in any kind of conceivable object.
Main components [3] of IoT are sensors and physical objects. There are four main components used in IoT as shown in Fig.
With the help of Wireless sensor Network and RFID, 1:
information is exchanged in this era of internet of things every 1. Low-power embedded systems – Less battery
device is uniquely identified. Sensors and actuators are consumption, high performance are the inverse
devices, which help in interacting with the physical factors play a significant role during the design of
environment. The data collected by the sensors has to be electronic systems.
stored and processed intelligently in order to derive useful 2. Cloud computing – Data collected through IoT
inferences from it. Note that we broadly define the term devices is massive and this data has to be stored on
sensor; a mobile phone or even a microwave oven can count a reliable storage server. This is where cloud
as a sensor as long as it provides inputs about its current state computing comes into play. The data is processed
(internal state + environment). An actuator is a device that is and learned, giving more room for us to discover
used to effect a change in the environment such as the where things like electrical faults/errors are within
temperature controller of an air conditioner and accessed to the system.
the network [4]. 3. Availability of big data – We know that IoT relies
heavily on sensors, especially real-time. As these
IoT is the networking of physical objects that contain electronic devices spread throughout every field,
electronics embedded within their architecture in order to their usage is going to trigger a massive flux of big
communicate and sense interactions amongst each other or data.
4. Networking connection – In order to communicate,
internet connectivity is a must where each physical

www.ijcat.com 119
 International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 10–Issue 05, 119-122, 2021, ISSN:-2319–8656

object is represented by an IP address. However, there which may be used if needed to perform ubiquitous
are only a limited number of addresses available computing and decision making about the results. The SOA
according to the IP naming. Due to the growing number architecture of IoT has applications, service management,
of devices, this naming system will not be feasible service composition, object abstraction objects [9-12]. Apart
anymore. Therefore, researchers are looking for another from this it needs a trust, privacy, and security management.
alternative naming system to represent each physical
4. Network Layer: The network layer is responsible for
object.
connecting to other smart things, network devices, and
servers. Its features are also used for transmitting and
processing sensor data.

5. Perception Layer The perception layer is the physical layer,

which has sensors for sensing and gathering information about
the environment. It senses some physical parameters or
identifies other smart objects in the environment.

3. IOT − KEY FEATURES

Fig. 1 IoT Structure The most important features of IoT include artificial
2. ARCHITECTURE OF IOT intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and
The layered architecture in context of IoT has five layers small device use. A brief review of these features is given
named business, application, middle, network, and perception below:
layers [5-8] as shown in Fig. 2.
Artificial Intelligence – IoT essentially makes virtually
anything “smart”, meaning it enhances every aspect of life
with the power of data collection, artificial intelligence
algorithms, and networks. This can mean something as simple
as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to detect when
milk and your favourite cereal run low, and to then place an
order with your preferred grocer.

Connectivity – New enabling technologies for networking,

and specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer
exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a
much smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT
creates these small networks between its system devices.

Sensors – IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as

defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard
passive network of devices into an active system capable of
real-world integration.

Active Engagement – Much of today's interaction with

connected technology happens through passive engagement.
Fig. 2 IoT Architecture IoT introduces a new paradigm for active content, product, or
service engagement.
1. Business Layer: Once IoT data is procured, it is valuable
only if it applies to business planning and strategy. Every Small Devices – Devices, as predicted, have become smaller,
business has specific goals and objectives that it wants to cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-
accomplish by gathering intelligence from data. Business built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and
owners and stakeholders use data from past and present data versatility.
to plan precisely for the future.
4. CHALLENGES
2. Application Layer: In this layer, Data is further processed
and analyzed to gather business intelligence. Here IoT This emerging IoT has tremendous usages as well as dangers
systems get connected with middleware or software that can also, as it connects with the physical world. Internet threat
understand data more precisely. today steals credit cards. Who can tell that future internet will
3. Middleware Layer: It transports data from sensor to control not ruin home security system and disrupt hospital? Different
rooms for processing the information safely. It serves the heterogeneous devices connecting to each other in
requests taken from the network layer. There is data base unsupervised way giving birth of insecurity of internet

www.ijcat.com 120
 International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 10–Issue 05, 119-122, 2021, ISSN:-2319–8656

operation. Two important issue/challenges of IoT can be low complexity makes the issue of compliance seem
power and security function. There are lot of vulnerabilities in incredibly challenging when many consider
IoT because of its nature of network [13-15]. The security standard software compliance a battle.
requires resilience to the attacks, access control, data
authentication, and client privacy. 7. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

5. ADVANTAGES OF IOT The versatility of IoT has become very popular in recent
years. There are many advantages to having a device based on
The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and IoT. Mckinsey Global Institute reports that IoT business will
business. Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has reach 6.2 trillion in revenue by 2025. There are lots of
to offer: applications are available in the market in different areas.

 Improved Customer Engagement – Current (i) Personal Home Automation System: Home Automation
analytics suffer from blind-spots and significant system is the major example in this area.
flaws in accuracy; and as noted, engagement
remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to Wemo Switch Smart Plug: It is the most useful devices which
achieve richer and more effective engagement with connected home devices in the Switch, a smart plug. It plugs
audiences. into a regular outlet, accepts the power cable from any device,
 Technology Optimization – The same technologies and can be used to turn it on and off on hit a button on your
and data which improve the customer experience smartphone.
also improve device use, and aid in more potent
improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a world (ii) Enterprise: In the enterprise area many applications are
of critical functional and field data. there like environmental monitoring system, smart
 Reduced Waste – IoT makes areas of improvement environment etc.
clear. Current analytics give us superficial insight,
Nest Smart Thermostat: It is connected to the internet. The
but IoT provides real-world information leading to
Nest learns automatically your family’s routines and will
more effective management of resources.
automatically adjust the temperature based on your activities,
 Enhanced Data Collection – Modern data collection
to make your house more efficient. There is also a mobile app
suffers from its limitations and its design for passive
which allows the user to edit temperature and schedules.
use. IoT breaks it out of those spaces, and places it
exactly where humans really want to go to analyze (iii)Utilities: smart metering, smart grid, and water monitoring
our world. It allows an accurate picture of system are the most useful applications in the
everything. various utility area.

6. DISADVANTAGES OF IOT (iv)Energy Management: Advanced Metering Infrastructure is

the major example in this area.
Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also
presents a significant set of challenges. Here is a list of some (v) Medical and Health Care: Remote health monitoring and
its major issues: emergency notification system are examples of IOT in
the medical field.
 Security – IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly
connected devices communicating over networks. Health patch Health Monitor: It can be used for
The system offers little control despite any security the patient who can’t go to doctors, letting them get ECG,
measures. This leaves users exposed to various heart rate, respiratory rate, skin temperature, body posture, fall
kinds of attackers. detection, and activity readings remotely.
 Privacy – The sophistication of IoT provides
substantial personal data in extreme detail without (vi) Transportation: Electronic toll collection system is the
the user's active participation. most useful example in this area.
 Complexity – Some find IoT systems complicated
in terms of design, deployment, and maintenance (vii) Large scale deployment: There are various large projects
given their use of multiple technologies and a large ongoing in the world. Songdo (South Korea), the first of its
set of new enabling technologies. kind fully wired Smart City, is near completion. Everything in
this city is planned to be wired, connected and turned into a
 Flexibility – Many are concerned about the
data stream that would be monitored by an array of computers
flexibility of an IoT system to integrate easily with
without any human interaction.
another. They worry about finding themselves with
several conflicting or locked systems.
 Compliance – IoT, like any other technology in the
realm of business, must comply with regulations. Its

www.ijcat.com 121
 International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research
Volume 10–Issue 05, 119-122, 2021, ISSN:-2319–8656

8. CONCLUSIONS [13]. Roman R, Zhou J, Lopez J. On the features and

challenges of security and privacy in distributed internet of
This paper surveys the IoT standards, technology, things. Computer Networks. 2013 Jul 5; 57(10):2266-79.
architectures, and enabling technologies of the IoT with [14]. Vasilomanolakis E, Daubert J, Luthra M, Gazis V,
Wiesmaier A, Kikiras P. On the security and privacy of
special attention of security, privacy, and trust aspects.
internet of things architectures and systems. In Secure Internet
Various techniques and ways are described and of Things , 2015 International Workshop on 2015 Sep 21 (pp.
analysed on the basis of important parameters. Treats, 49-57). IEEE.
attacks and vulnerabilities of various levels are [15]. Weber RH. Internet of Things–New security and privacy
analysed. challenges. Computer law & security review. 2010 Jan 1;
26(1):23-30.
REFERENCES

[1] O. Vermesan, P. Friess, P. Guillemin et al., “Internet of

things strategic research roadmap,” in Internet of Things:
Global Technological and Societal Trends, vol. 1, pp. 9–52,
2011.
[2] I. Pe˜na-L´opez, Itu Internet Report 2005: The Internet of
Things, 2005.
[3] Louis COETZEE1, Johan EKSTEEN2,"The Internet of
Things –Promise for the Future? An Introduction", IST Africa
2011 Conference Proceedings
[4] O. Said and M. Masud, “Towards internet of things:
survey and future vision,” International Journal of Computer
Networks, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1–17, 2013.
[5] Khan R, Khan SU, Zaheer R, Khan S. Future internet: the
internet of things architecture, possible applications and key
challenges. In Frontiers of Information Technology (FIT),
2012 10th International Conference on 2012 Dec 17 (pp. 257-
260). IEEE.
[6]. Suo H, Wan J, Zou C, Liu J. Security in the internet of
things: a review. In Computer Science and Electronics
Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 international conference on
2012 Mar 23 (Vol. 3, pp. 648-651). IEEE.
[7]. Khan MA, Salah K. IoT security: Review, blockchain
solutions, and open challenges. Future Generation Computer
Systems. 2018 May 1; 82: 395-411.
[8]. Jing Q, Vasilakos AV, Wan J, Lu J, Qiu D. Security of
the Internet of Things: perspectives and challenges. Wireless
Networks. 2014 Nov 1; 20(8):2481-501.
[9]. Atzori L, Iera A, Morabito G. The internet of things: A
survey. Computer networks. 2010 Oct 28;54(15):2787-805.
[10] M. Wu, T.-J. Lu, F.-Y. Ling, J. Sun, and H.-Y. Du,
“Research on the architecture of internet of things,” in
Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advanced
Computer Theory and Engineering (ICACTE ’10), vol. 5, pp.
V5-484–V5-487, IEEE, Chengdu, China, August 2010.
[11] R. Khan, S. U. Khan, R. Zaheer, and S. Khan, “Future
internet: the internet of things architecture, possible
applications and key challenges,” in Proceedings of the 10th
International Conference on Frontiers of Information
Technology (FIT ’12), pp. 257–260, December 2012.
[12] H. Ning and Z. Wang, “Future internet of things
architecture: like mankind neural system or social
organization framework?” IEEE Communications Letters,
vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 461–463, 2011.

www.ijcat.com 122