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Index
1. Certificate

2. Acknowledgement

3. Introduction

4. What is Ferromagnetism?

5. What are Ferromagnetic Materials?

6. Curie Temperature

7. Anti Ferromagnetism

8. Properties of Ferromagnetism

9. Hystresis

10. Cause of Ferromagnetism

11. Ferromagnetism: Advantages and Dis-advantages

12. Applications of Ferromagnetism

13. Conclusion

14. Bibliography

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Chemistry teacher Mr.

GAURANG JAVIYA as well as our principal Mr. V.K. MISHRA who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic FERROMAGNETISM , which also
helped me in doing a lot of Research and I came to know about so many new things. I am
really thankful to them.

Secondly, I would also like to thank my friends who helped me a lot in finalizing this project
within the limited time frame.

I am making this project not only for marks but also for increase my knowledge.

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DECLARATION:

I hereby declare that this Project Report titled “Ferromagnetism” submitted to ‘RMG
Maheshwari English Medium School’ is a record of original work done by me under the
guidance of Mr. Gaurang Javiya. The information and data given in the report is authentic to
the best of my knowledge.

- Parth Undavia

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CERTIFICATE:

This is to certify that PARTH UNDAVIA a student of class 12th (Science) has successfully
completed the project on the topic FERROMAGNETISM under the guidance of Mrs.
GAURANG JAVIYA (Subject teacher), during academic session 2022-2023. This project is
absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of any kind. The Conclusion taken in
making this project has been declared at the end of this report.

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Introduction

We know that magnetism deals with the interaction of moving charges. The characteristic of
the combined electromagnetic force is magnetism. There are five types of magnetism, they
are Diamagnetism, Paramagnetism, Ferromagnetism, Anti-ferromagnetism and
Ferrimagnetism. In this article let us discuss ferromagnetism in detail.

Ferromagnetism is the process through which some materials can form permanent magnets.
These materials can be permanently magnetized if a strong magnetic field is provided. Metal
ions of ferromagnetic materials, when grouped in small regions are known as solid-
state domains. Ferromagnetism is associated with elements like cobalt, iron, nickel, and
some alloys containing one or more of these elements. The most important requirement for a
material to be ferromagnetic is its ions and atoms should possess
permanent magnetic moments.

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What is Ferromagnetism?

Ferromagnetism is a physical mechanism where certain materials attract each other, for
example, iron. Some important characteristic properties are as follows:

• When ferromagnetic materials are put in a magnetic field, all the domains get oriented
in the direction of the magnetic field which creates a powerful magnetic effect.
• When we withdraw the magnetic field, then those materials become permanent
magnets.
• Ferromagnetism is the strongest form of magnetism among all other forms and it is
also responsible for the widespread occurrence of magnetism in magnets that we
experience in our everyday life.

Magnetic Domains

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What are Ferromagnetic Materials?

The ferromagnetic materials and compounds that show spontaneous magnetization are
tabulated below:

Spontaneous Magnetization (Curie Ferromagnetic Materials

Temperature in K)

69 EuO

292 Gd

88 Dy

1043 Fe

1400 Co

587 MnSb

318 MnAs

627 Ni

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Curie temperature

The ferromagnetic property of materials is highly temperature-dependent. At high

temperatures, the ferromagnetic materials become paramagnetic. The temperature at which
this transition occurs is called as Curie Temperature. It is denoted by Tc. At Curie
temperature, the magnetization saturation is neutral or zero. Curie Temperature is
an important diagnostic property used to differentiate one mineral from another.

Examples of Ferromagnetism:

• Rare earth magnets are also classified as ferromagnetic materials besides metallic
alloys.
• Magnetite is a ferromagnetic material that is formed by the oxidation of iron into an
oxide.
• A refrigerator magnet is another common example that is used to hold notes on a
refrigerator door.
• Ferro-magnets are also used is generators, hard drives, telephonic devices, and
electronic motors.

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Anti-ferromagnetism

Anti-ferromagnetism is a type of magnetism in solids in which adjacent ions that act like tiny
magnets spontaneously align themselves at relatively low temperatures into the opposite,
anti-parallel arrangements throughout the material in such a way that it exhibits almost no
gross external magnetism.

Anti-ferromagnetism in Solids

Neel Temperature: the temperature above which an antiferromagnetic substance loses its
anti-ferromagnetism and becomes paramagnetic. The Neel temperature of some Anti
ferromagnetic materials are given below:

116 K Manganese Oxide

61 K Manganese Fluoride
311 K Chromium
198 K Ferrous Oxide

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Properties of Ferromagnetism

Listed below are some important properties of ferromagnetic materials:

• A ferromagnetic material rod can quickly regain itself in the direction of the
magnetic field.
• Ferromagnetic substances show permanent magnetism even in the absence of
a magnetic field.
• When ferromagnetic substances are heated at high temperatures, the
ferromagnetic substances get to transform into paramagnetic substances.
• Ferromagnetic materials have Permeability greater than 1.
• The mechanism of ferromagnetism is absent in gases and liquids.
• The intensity of magnetization (M), magnetic susceptibility (χm), relative
permeability (µr), and magnetic flux density (B) of ferromagnetic material
will be positive always.

Χm = M/H

µr= 1 + Χm

B = µ0(H+M)

µ0 → Magnetic permittivity of the free space.

H → Applied magnetic field strength.

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Hysteresis

When the external magnetic field is eliminated, the ferromagnetic material does not get
demagnetized fully. A magnetic field that is opposite in the direction is applied to bring it to
zero. This property of retaining the magnetism even after removal of the magnetic field is
called hysteresis. The hysteresis loop is a plot between the magentic flux density which
measures the magnetization, the applied magnetic field intensity. The hysteresis loop is given
as follows:

Hysteresis Loop

Retentivity if the magentic flux density that remains when the mangnetization is reduced to
zero. Coercivity is the strength that is applied to completely demagnetize the material.

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Causes of Ferromagnetism

Listed below are the primary causes for ferromagnetic property observed in
materials:

• Ferromagnetism arises due to the interaction between the alignment of permanent

dipoles in atoms and the neighbouring atomic dipole.
• Domains are oriented in the same direction in a ferromagnetic substance without the
presence of an external magnetic field that exhibits a net magnetic moment.
• The neighbouring domain magnetic moments are geared in opposite directions. So
they cancel out each other and hence, the material's net magnetic moment is zero.
• Those domains align themselves in the direction of the external magnetic field.
• The material is strongly magnetized in this way in a parallel direction to the
magnetizing field.

Directions of Magnetic Field

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Ferromagnetism: Advantages & Disadvantages

Let us briefly look at the advantages and disadvantages of ferromagnetic materials.

1) Advantages

• Economical

• High operational temperatures

• Stable

• High electrical resistance margin

• High Rate of Permeability

2) Disadvantages

• Easily influenced by magnetic field

• Magnetization becomes unstable in the presence of weak magnetic field

Applications of Ferromagnetism

There are numerous applications of Ferromagnetic materials for magnetic storage, electrical,
and electromechanical equipment. Some of these are listed below:

1) Permanent Magnets: Ferromagnetic materials are often used for making permanent
magnets because their magnetization lasts longer.

2) Transformer Core: Ferromagnetic materials are suitable for making

the transformer core and choke which is subjected to very rapid cyclical changes because
of its strong magnetic induction

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 a) A transformer is a device used in the power transmission of electric energy. The
transmission current is AC. It is commonly used to increase or decrease the supply
voltage without a change in the frequency of AC between circuits. The transformer
works on basic principles of electromagnetic induction and mutual induction.

3) Magnetic Tapes and Memory Store: It will serve the purpose of a memory storage unit
as magnetization of a magnet depends on the magnetization field and the magnetization
cycle it has undergone. Therefore, the magnetization cycles that it has undergone are
recorded as the specimen's magnetization value.

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Conclusion:

• Ferromagnetism refers to a physical phenomenon in which certain materials like iron

strongly attract each other.
• Ferromagnets occur in rare earth materials and gadolinium.
• Ferromagnetic substances show permanent magnetism even in the absence of a
magnetic field.
• The main cause of ferromagnetism arises due to the interaction between the alignment
of permanent dipoles in atoms and the neighbouring atomic dipoles.
• There are numerous applications of Ferromagnetic materials for magnetic storage,
electrical, and electromechanical equipment.
• Magnetite is a ferromagnetic material that is formed by the oxidation of iron into an
oxide.
• Hysteresis Loop represents the magnetic nature of the ferromagnetic material when it
is demagnetized.

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Bibliography:

https://www.sciencedirect.com
https://byjus.com/physics
https://en.wikipedia.org

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