Scribd
Upload
9 views11 pages

1.introduction To Separation Process

Uploaded by

Afiq Kamarulzaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
9 views11 pages

1.introduction To Separation Process

Uploaded by

Afiq Kamarulzaman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 11

INTRODUCTION TO

SEPARATION PROCESS
ENGINEERING
Chapter 1

1
OUTLINES

1. Importance of Separations
2. Concept of Equilibrium
3. Mass Transfer
4. Problem-Solving Methods
5. Prerequisite Material
6. Other Resources on Separation Process Engineering
IMPORTANCE OF SEPARATION PROCESS
Why does chemical engineering require the study of
separation techniques?
1. Raw materials are pre-purified in separation devices
and fed to the chemical reactor
2. Unreacted feed is separated from the reaction
products and recycled back to the reactor.
3. Products must be further separated and purified
before they can be sold.
EXAMPLE:
We will first focus on some of
the most common chemical • Two phases
engineering separation • Equilibrium stage
methods: processes
 Flash distillation • Concept of unit
 Continuous column operations
distillation
 Batch distillation
 Absorption

 Stripping

 Extraction
EQUILIBRIUM STAGE
Applicable when the process can be constructed as a
series of discrete stages in which the two phases are
contacted and then separated.

For example: Distillation process

Vapour and liquid are commonly contacted on a metal


plate with holes in it. The intimate contact between the
two phases has caused the solute to transfer from one
phase to another
UNIT OPERATION
The specific design may vary depending on what
chemicals are being separated, but the basic design
principles for a given separation method are always the
same.
For example,
The basic principles of distillation are always the same
whether we are separating ethanol from water, separating
several hydrocarbons, or separating liquid metals.

Distillation is often called a unit operation, as are absorption,


extraction, etc.
CONCEPT OF EQUILIBRIUM
What is equilibrium?

Consider a vapor and a liquid


that are in contact with each
other.

Liquid molecules are continually


vaporizing, while vapor
molecules are continually
condensing.

If two chemical species are


present, they will, in general,
condense and vaporize at
different rates.
Not at equilibrium: Liquid and vapour are at different pressures and
temperatures and present in different mole fractions.

At equilibrium: Temperatures, pressures, and fractions of the two phases cease


to change. Although molecules continue to evaporate and condense, the rate
at which each species condenses is equal to the rate at which it evaporates.

Thermal equilibrium: 𝑻𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = 𝑻𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓

Mechanical equilibrium: 𝑷𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = 𝑷𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓

Phase equilibrium (free energy):


𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅 = 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒑𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒊 𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒖𝒓
MASS TRANSFER
In the vapor-liquid contacting system, vapor
and liquid are not initially at equilibrium. By
transferring mass from one phase to the other
we can approach equilibrium.

𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆


= (𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂) 𝑿 (𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒇𝒆𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕) 𝑿 (𝒅𝒓𝒊𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆)

Mass transfer rate : kmol/h


Area across which mass transfer occurs: m2
Driving force = concentration difference: mole fractions, partial pressure,
concentrations, etc.
Mass transfer coefficient: depend on driving forces selected
In vapour-liquid contacting system, with concentrations measured
in mole fractions, mass transfer rate can be expressed as:
𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆
= 𝑲𝒙 𝒂 𝒙𝑨 − 𝒙𝑨∗
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒆
= 𝑲𝒚 𝒂 𝒚∗𝑨 − 𝒚𝑨
𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Ky and Kx: Overall gas and liquid mass transfer coefficients


a: Interfacial area per unit volume (m2/m3)
xA*: Mole fraction in the liquid in equilibrium with the actual bulk
gas of mole fraction yA
yA* is the mole fraction in the gas in equilibrium with the actual
bulk liquid of mole fraction xA

At equilibrium, yA* = yA and xA* = xA

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy