Fall 2024 Structure & Properties of Materials - MANE2220

Quiz #1

1. Which of the following statements is correct?

a) Electropositive elements will attract electrons to become neutral
b) Electronegative elements will attract electrons to become anion
c) Electropositive elements will attract electrons to become cation
d) Electronegative elements will attract electrons to become cation

2. Which class of material typically exhibits the lowest stiffness?

a) polymers
b) metals
c) ceramics

3. What are the three types of primary atomic bonds?

a) Metallic, hydrogen bonding, ionic
b) Van der Waals, ionic, covalent
c) Intermetallic, permanent dipole, ionic
d) Metallic, ionic, covalent

4. Which of the following typically has the lowest melting point?

a) Metals
b) Ceramics
c) Polymers

5. What type of crystalline solid is characterized by its ability to conduct heat and electricity, its
lustrous appearance, and its malleability?
a) Polymers
b) Metal
c) Ceramics
d) Non-metals

6. Which of the following best describes the role of materials engineering?

a) To manage the supply chain of raw materials
b) To create new products from existing materials
c) To market and sell advanced materials

7. Which of the following statements accurately describes semiconductors?

 a) Insulating materials that cannot be electrically altered.
b) Solid state substances that can be electrically altered and are insensitive to impurities.
c) liquid substances that serve as the basis for modern electronics.
d) Solid state substances that can be electrically altered and are highly sensitive to minute
concentrations of impurity atoms.

8. What are the key characteristics that biomaterials, used in components implanted in the human
body, must possess?
a) High decay rate and compatibility with body fluids
b) Made by metals only
c) Low decay rate and compatibility with body fluid and body tissue
d) Electrical conductivity and magnetic properties

9. Nanomaterials can have dimensions generally less than 100 nanometers, can be composed of
metals, ceramics, polymers, or composites, and have applications in various industries including
electronics and biomedical fields.
a) True
b) False

10. Which of the following are key properties of metals?

a) Strong & brittle
b) Strong & ductile
c) Hard & non-deformable
d) Stiff & non-deformable

11. Ceramics are:

a) Malleable & strong
b) Hard & brittle
c) Soft & brittle

12. Which of the following best describes composites?

a) Contain 2 or more distinct phases of materials
b) Contain 2 or more elements
c) Contain 2 or more types of fibers

13. Match the class of materials below.

Polyethylene -- Polymer
Iron -- Metal
Magnesium Oxide – Ceramic

14. Match the type of bonds below.

Covalent -- Primary
 Permanent dipole -- Secondary

15. Which among the following generally possesses the highest melting point?
a) Metals
b) Ceramics
c) Polymers

16. Which statement below is true?

a) Dense/regular packing yields lower bonding energy
b) Dense/regular packing yields higher bonding energy
c) Non-dense/random packing yields lower bonding energy
d) Bond energy is not related to packing

17. Van der Waals bonds are stronger than ionic bonding.
a) True
b) False

18. The maximum possible atomic packing factor (APF) is:

a) 1
b) 0.74
c) 0.68
d) 0.52

19. Atomic packing factor (APF) is the ratio between:

a) The number of atoms within a unit cell & the number of atoms the unit cell intersects
b) Weight of atoms within a unit cell & the weight of the unit cell
c) Volume of atoms within a unit cell & the volume of the unit cell

20. In a unit cell, 110 represents:

a) a point within it
b) a direction in it
c) a plane in it

21. Amorphous materials have atoms arranged in periodic, 3D arrays.

a) True
b) False

22. Determine the crystallographic directions below:

 a) [101]
b) [001]
c) [111]
d) [110]

23. In a unit cell, [201] represents:

a) a point within it
b) a direction in it
c) a plane in it

24. What are the reasons for dense packing in metal atoms? (select all correct answers)
a) Bonds between metal atoms are directional
b) High degree of shielding is provided by free electron clouds
c) Nearest neighbor distances tend to be small in order to lower bong energy

25. Simple cubic structure is commonly found in many metals.

a) True
b) False

26. Match the coordination number for the following types of crystal structures
SC -- 6
BCC -- 8
FCC -- 12

27. Coordination number and atomic packing factor are the same for both FCC and HCP crystal
structures.
a) True
b) False
28. Polycrystalline structure has many unit cells, whereas single crystal structure has only 1 unit
cell.
a) True
b) False

29. Polycrystalline structure tends to be isotropic in properties, whereas single crystal structure
tends to be anisotropic.
a) True
b) False

30. Polymorphism is defined as property of a material which does not enable it to form different
crystal structure under different conditions
a) True
b) False

31. What is the miller indices for the following:

a) (110)
b) (111)
c) (101)
d) (011)

32. A material is amorphous when:

a) Atoms are packed in periodic 3D arrays
b) Its structure contains defects
c) It forms single crystal
d) Its structure is non-crystalline
33. Which of the following elements displays allotropy?
a) Carbon
b) Oxygen
c) Chlorine
d) Hydrogen

34. Which of the following correctly represents the stacking sequence for the first four layers of
an HCP structure.
a) AABB
b) ABCA
c) ABAB
d) ABBA

35. Two crystallographic planes that are parallel to each other have identical miller indices.
a) True
b) False
 Fall 2024 Structure & Properties of Materials - MANE2220
Quiz #2

1. A polycrystalline material is best defined as a material that has:

a) many grains of the same size randomly aligned
b) many grains of different sizes randomly aligned
c) many grains of the same size uniformly aligned
d) many grains of different sizes uniformly aligned

2. Dislocations tend to move along close-packed directions.

a) True
b) False

3. Atom% of an element within a 2-component alloy system is:

a) mass of one component divided by the total mass of alloy
b) atomic weight of one component divided by the total sum of atomic weight of alloy
c) number of moles of one component divided by the total number of moles in the alloy.

4. Formation of vacancies in a metal mainly depends on:

a) crystal structure
b) temperature
c) size of the atom

5. Hume-Rothery rules are related to:

a) solid solutions
b) diffusion
c) dislocations

6. Lower lattice distortion is created under self-interstitial defects.

a) True
b) False
7. Carbon atoms are found in between the lattice spaces of iron atoms in steel. This defect is
known as:
a) Substitutional
b) Vacancy
c) interstitial
d)dislocation

8. Is it likely for metals with different crystal structures to have complete solubility in each
other?
a) yes
b) no

9. If the atoms of two elements have radii similar to each other they will tend to have lower
solubility in each other.
a) True
b) False

10. Dislocations have minimal effects on yield strength of metals.

a) True
b) False

11. Which of the following best describes a substitutional solid solution?

a) The lattice maintains same number of atoms
b) The lattice contains extra atoms
c) The lattice has missing atoms

12. Which one of the following is not a zero-dimensional defect?

a) Vacancy defect
b) Substitution imperfection
c) Frenkel defect
d) Screw dislocation
13. The dislocations are ----
a) Point imperfections
b) Linear imperfections
c) Volume imperfections
d) Surface imperfections

14. Replacement of an impurity atom in the crystal lattice is called a ________________?

a) Vacancy defect
b) Substitution defect
c) volume imperfections
d) Stacking defect

15. Crystal defects in metals are usually:

a) macroscopic
b) microscopic

16. The presence of imperfections in the material DO NOT always influence their properties.
a) True
b) False

17. Match the type of imperfections categorically.

Interstitial atoms --- Point defects
Dislocations --- Linear defects
Grain boundaries --- Interfacial defects

18. The surfaces that separate two small grains or crystals having different crystallographic
orientations in polycrystalline materials are called ----- .
a) Grain boundaries
b) Screw boundaries
c) Substitutional boundaries

19. An element would diffuse at the same rate in different solvent (or host) metals if the
temperature and concentration gradient are kept the same.
a) True
b) False

20. Which of the following will exponentially increase diffusivity?

a) increased concentration gradient
b) increased temperature
c) increased processing time

21. The term “erf(z)” represents:

a) Exponential function
b) Bessel function
c) Error function

22. Larger diffusion coefficient value D indicates:

a) faster rate of diffusion
b) slower rate of diffusion
c) lower mass transport

23. A concentration gradient no longer exists when

a) no more atoms/molecules are being added to the substance.
b) all the atoms/molecules have reached equilibrium and stopped moving.
c) the added atoms/molecules have evenly spread throughout the substance and equilibrium has
been reached.

24. Diffusion of atoms generally requires less activation energy in BCC than FCC.
a) True
b) False

25. Diffusion of atoms is generally slower for smaller atoms than for larger atoms
a) True
b) False

26. Interdiffusion is defined as:

a) diffusion of atoms of one solid material into another material
b) exchange of host atom and vacancy position
c) diffusion of atoms between tetrahedral and octahedral interstitial sites

27. Materials with many close-packed directions have generally more slip systems than those
with fewer close-packed directions.
a) True
b) False

28. If the concentrations across two sides of a membrane are constant but the temperature of the
membrane is increasing, will the diffusion be under:
a) Steady-state
b) Non-steady-state
c) None of the above

29. Which of the following is NOT TRUE for steady-state diffusion?

a) The concentration profile is linear
b) The concentration gradient is constant
c) There is no net transfer of mass
d) The diffusion flux is constant
30. The relationship between temperature and diffusion coefficient is:
a) Linear
b) Exponential
c) Quadratic
d) Diffusion coefficient is not related to temperature

31. Non-steady state diffusion is NOT time-dependent

a) True
b) False

32. If we take the natural log of the exponential expression for diffusion coefficient, we get the
equation of a straight line which has a slope of:
a) 1/T
b) -1/T
c) -Q/R
d) -Q/T

33. The solution of the non-steady state equation applied in two situations is greatly simplified
when:
a) the absolute temperature is the same for the two situations.
b) the distance from the surface is same for the two situations.
c) the applied surface concentration is same in the two situations.
d) The resultant concentration is the same in the two situations.

34. Which term refers to the phenomenon where some materials can exhibit more than one crystal
structure?

a) Polystructure
b) Polymorphism
c) Polycrystallinity
35. Self-diffusion is not possible in Hexagonal Closed Pack (HCP) crystals.
a) True
b) False

36. In steady state diffusion, the flux of diffusion atoms is directly proportional to:
a) Concentration gradient
b) Kinetic energy of particles
c) Potential energy of particles
d) Change of concentration with respect to temperature

37. Which of the following crystal structures share the same Coordination number and atomic
packing factor?

a) FCC and HCP

b) BCC and FCC
c) BCC and HCP

38. The coefficient of diffusion changes with changes in concentration gradient.

a) True
b) False

39. Rate of solid-state diffusion does NOT depend on which of the following
a) Temperature
b) Diffusion species
c) Host solid
d) Gravity
40. The relationship between temperature and activation energy for diffusion is:
a) Linear
b) Exponential
c) Constant

41. The equilibrium number of vacancies depends on:

a) Crystall structure
b) Temperature
c) Size of the atom

42. Match the followings:

Interstitial atoms - - - 0-Dimensional

Dislocations - - - 1-Dimensional
Grain Boundaries - - - 2-Dimensional

43. Which of the following represents a linear defect?

a) Grain boundaries
b) Dislocations
c) Substitutional impurity atoms
d) Vacancies

44. Impurities are introduced to metals to enhance some specific characteristics, such as
mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

a) True
b) False
45. Which of the following correctly represents the stacking sequence for the first four layers of
an FCC structure.

a) ABAB
b) ABCA
c) ABCB
d) AABB
 Fall 2024 Structure & Properties of Materials - MANE2220
Quiz #3

1. Area under the entire stress-strain curve is a measure of:

a) resilience
b) toughness
c) hardness
d) stiffness

2. Isotropic material has different magnitudes of strains in x and y directions if it is being

pulled in the z direction.
a) True
b) False

3. Shear modulus of most metals can be calculated from elastic modulus and Poisson’s
ratio.
a) True
b) False

4. Rank the magnitude of elastic modulus for the following materials. (1 = largest E)
Silicon carbide – 1
Steel - 2
Tin -- 3
Polystyrene -- 4

5. When a sample is stressed until yield stress is reached, and is then unloaded, what strain
value will the sample return to?
a) 0.000
b) 0.001
c) 0.002
d) 0.005

6. If a metal is subjected to a load beyond its ultimate tensile strength, what will happen to it?
a) neck formation
b) it will crack
c) alignment of molecules

7. Ductility generally increases with increased temperature.

a) True
b) False
8. Ductile failures normally exhibit deformed fracture surfaces.
a) True
b) False

9. Area under the elastic portion of stress-strain curve is a measure of the material’s:
a) resilience
b) toughness
c) hardness
d) stiffness

10. Higher hardness implies that the material is less wear resistant.
a) True
b) False

11. Hardness is defined as resistance to:

a) compression
b) indentation
c) bending

12. Which of the following class of materials has highest toughness?

a) ceramics
b) metals
c) polymers

13. Strain hardening is a characteristic feature of ceramics.

a) True
b) False

14. Which of the following class of materials have the lowest tensile strength?
a) Ceramics
b) Metals
c) Composites
d) Polymers

15. The property of a material which resists forces when it is twisted is:
a) tensile strength
b) shear strength
c) compressive strength
16. ___________________ is the measurement of how much twist a material can handle before
it breaks.
a) Torsion strength
b) Tensile strength
C) Ductility
d) Compression strength

17. Which of the following is a property of a ceramic?

a) Conducts heat and electricity
b) Can be hammered into thin sheets
c) Is brittle and breaks easily
d) Has a shiny, metallic luster

18. The elastic limit is the point _______________________________

a) up to which stress is not proportional to strain
b) at which elongation takes place without application of any additional load
c) up to which if the load is removed, original shape is regained

19. The Direction of movement of screw dislocation line is ______ to the applied shear stress.
a) perpendicular
b) parallel
c) diagonally opposite

20. Critical resolved shear stress is the ______ resolved shear stress required to initiate slip.
a) maximum
b) minimum
c) averaged

21. Most favorable slip systems are those that experience the ______ resolved shear stress.
a) largest
b) smallest
c) averaged

22. Which of the following is a strengthening method?

a) reduce grain size
b) increase grain size
c) annealing
d) recrystallization
23. Which of the following is NOT a strengthening method?
a) reducing amount of grain boundaries
b) increasing amount of grain boundaries
c) adding impurities

24. What kind of deformation is introduced by cold working:

a) plastic deformation
b) elastic deformation
c) none of the above

25. Grain boundaries are barriers to dislocation motions.

a) True
b) False

26. Dislocations tend to move easily across the grain boundaries.

a) True
b) False

27. The equation that relates yield stress and average grain diameter is called:
a) Hall-Petch equation
b) Maxwell’s equation
c) Laplace’s equation

28. Impurity atoms provide easy pathways for dislocation motion.

a) True
b) False

29. Small substitutional impurities introduce which type of lattice strains:

a) tensile
b) compressive
c) shear

30. Strain hardening will _______ ductility of the specimen.

a) increase
b) reduce
c) not change the

31. Opposite phases of dislocations will:

a) attract each other and form larger dislocation
b) attract each other and cancel out
c) repel each other and form larger dislocation
d) repel each other and cancel out

32. Large substitutional impurities introduce which type of lattice strains:

a) tensile
b) compressive
c) shear

33. Vacancies act as a barrier to dislocation motion.

a) True
b) False

34. Which type of dislocation is observed when the direction of the dislocation motion is in the
direction of the applied shear stress?
a) Edge dislocation
b) Screw dislocation
c) Mixed dislocation

35. The number of dislocations are NOT affected during plastic deformation.
a) true
b) false

36. Which type of metallic crystal structure exhibits high strength?

a) metals having small grains
b) metals having large grains
c) metals having no grains

37. As the percentage of cold work increases:

a) yield strength increases; tensile strength increases; ductility decreases
b) yield strength decrease; tensile strength increases; ductility decreases
c) yield strength increases; tensile strength increases; ductility increases
 Fall 2024 Structure & Properties of Materials - MANE2220
Quiz #4

1. Solubility limit is the ________ concentration of a component that can be dissolved in

another component within a given phase.

a) maximum
b) minimum
c) averaged

2. Which of the following phases ARE NOT possible in a Binary isomorphous system?
a) 𝛼 + L phase
b) L phase
c) 𝛼 + 𝛽 phase

3. In a mixed phase region, COMPOSITION of phases are determined using:

a) An isothermal tie line
b) a solidus line
c) a vertical line
d) lever rule

4. Sum of weight fractions of all phases present at a given temperature and composition is:
a) 0
b) 1
c) between 0 and 1

5. Weight fractions of the phases present in an alloy are determined by:

a) Lever rule
b) Home Rothery rule
c) Gibbs phase rule

6. Cored structure is formed with ______ cooling.

a) slow
b) fast
c) no

7. Which of the following is a peritectic reaction?

a) L → 𝛼 + 𝛽
b) 𝛾 → 𝛼 + 𝛽
c) L + 𝛼 → 𝛾
8. In a binary eutectic system, the components have ________ solid solubility in each other.
a) zero
b) limited
c) complete

9. Melting point of eutectic alloy is higher than that of its components.

a) True
b) False

10. 𝛾-phase on an iron-iron carbide phase diagram is also called:

a) Austenite
b) Cementite
c) Ferrite
d) Pearlite

11. Which of the following is a eutectoid reaction?

a) L → 𝛼 + 𝛽
b) 𝛾 → 𝛼 + 𝛽
c) L + 𝛼 → 𝛾

12. Solvus is a solubility limit between:

a) 𝛼 and 𝛼 + 𝛽
b) 𝛼 and 𝛼 + L
c) L and 𝛼 + L

13. An alloy composition that is less than the eutectic composition is termed:
a) hypo-eutectic
b) hyper-eutectic
c) sub-eutectic
d) super-eutectic

13. Single phase regions are always separated by two phase regions.
T
F

14. At invariant point

a. only one phase exists
b. Two phases are in eq with each other
c. Three phases are in eq with each other
d. Four phases are in eq with each other
15. According to the phase diagram, what is the weight percentage of Pb at the Eutectic point
(E).

i. 61.9
ii. 38.1
iii. 35.9
iv. 18.3

16. According to the following phase diagram, at what weight percentage of copper we
would have 𝛽 + L phase when the temperature is 1500 F?
a) 30
b) 20
c) 95
d) 5

17. According to the following phase diagram, when the temperature is 180 C, at what
weight percentage of Pb will we have Primary 𝛽 and Eutectic 𝛽?
a) 38.1
b) 60
c) 95
d) 20

18. For a 60 wt.% Pb alloy at 220 C, determine the composition of 𝛼 phase.

 a) 17 wt.% Sn
b) 17 wt.% Pb
c) 46 wt.% Sn
d) 46 wt.% Pb

19. Which of the following alloys are difficult to form at room temperature?
a) Aluminum alloys
b) Magnesium alloys
c) Copper alloys

20. How do the precipitates strengthen a material?

a) the precipitates impede the dislocation motion
b) precipitates promote the dislocation motion
c) none of the mentioned choices

21. Which of the following alloy are commonly used in aerospace industries
a) Titanium
b) Steel
c) Copper
d) Supper alloy

22. Which of the following alloys has the highest electrical conductivity?
a) Copper-based alloys
b) Aluminum-based alloys
c) Magnesium-based alloys

23. Which of following is used for making cutting tools

a) Stainless steel
b) Low-carbon steel
c) High-carbon steel
d) Super alloys

24. Which of the following has good damping properties

a) Stainless steel
b) High-carbon steel
c) Cast iron
d) Copper alloys

25. An alloy composition that is higher than the eutectic composition is termed as:
a) Hyper-eutectic
b) Hypo-eutectic
c) Sub-eutectic
d) super-eutectic

26. Which of the following metals has FCC structure at room temperature?
a) Ni
b) Fe
c) Mg

27. which of the following phases are possible in a binary isomorphous system? (select all correct
answers)
a) α+β phase
b) α+L phase
c) L phase

28. In a mixed-phase region, COMPOSITION of phases are determined using:

a) a tie line
b) a solidus line
c) a vertical line
d) lever rule

29. Cast alloy is easily formable.

a) True
b) False

Repeat
30. The melting point of eutectic alloy is higher than that of its components.
a) True
b) False

31. Which of the following properties does low-carbon steel possess?

a) Highly reactive to heat treatments
b) Hard and tough
c) Soft and ductile

32. High-carbon steels are strongest, hardest, and exhibit highest ductility compared to all other
carbon steel alloys.
a) True
b) False

33. Which of the following properties do aluminum-based alloys possess? (select all correct
answers)
a) High electrical conductivity
b) High ductility
c) Corrosion resistant

34. What is the usual percentage of carbon present in cast iron?

a) more than 4.5%
b) less than 2.14%
c) between 3 and 4.5%

35. A phase transformation reaction in which 1 solid phase is transformed into 2 solid phases is
called:
a) Eutectoid
b) Eutectic
c) Peritectic

36. Which is the most commonly used cast iron?

a) Grey cast iron
b) White cast iron
c) Malleable cast iron
d) Ductile cast iron

37. How is low carbon steel hardened?

a) Work hardening
b) Quenching
c) Annealing
d) Precipitate hardening
38. Magnesium decreases - - - - - - - - - of Al alloys.
a) density
b) machineability
c) weldability
d) ductility

39. In precipitation hardening, the particles DO NOT impede dislocation motion.

a) True
b) False
 Fall 2024 Structure & Properties of Materials - MANE2220
Quiz #5
Part 1

1. What are the two criteria that determine the crystal structure of ceramics?
a) magnitude of electrical charge and relative sizes of ions
b) electronegativity and relative sizes of ions
c) magnitude of electrical charge and electronegativity of ions

2. Typical glasses are found to have crystalline structure.

a) True
b) False

3. Ceramics are generally not abrasion resistant.

a) True
b) False

4. Ceramics are widely used as sensor materials.

a) True
b) False

5. Coordination number of ionic compounds _______ with increasing cation-to-anion radius

ratio.
a) increases
b) decreases
c) stays the same

6. Interstitial sites are commonly found for anions.

a) True
b) False

7. Vacancies in ceramics exist for:

a) cations only
b) anions only
c) both cations and anions

8. Which of the following allotropic form of carbon is a wrapped-up graphene sheet?

a) diamond
b) graphite
c) Carbon nanotube

9. Dislocation motion is NOT easy in ceramics crystals.

 a) True
b) False

10. What is the purpose of tempering glass?

a) Introduce porosity
b) Suppress failure due to surface cracks
c) Put glass surface under torsion stress

11. Which of the following is NOT an advantage of ceramic parts?

a) Easy to form and machine
b) Can operate at high temperatures
c) Low frictional losses

12. Glass is amorphous and does not have a specific melting temperature.
a) True
b) False

13. Which type of defect involves a pair of vacant cation and anion?
a) Schottky defect
b) Frenkel defect
c) Interstitial defect
d) none of the given choices

14. Which type of defect involves a cation-vacancy and cation-interstitial pair?

a) Schottky defect
b) Frenkel defect
c) Interstitial defect
d) none of the above

15. Amorphous silica is chemically reactive in nature.

a) True
b) False
16. Which of the following is NOT true for fused silica?
a) Exhibits high coefficient of thermal expansion
b) Hard in nature
c) Can withstand high temperatures

17. In ceramic materials, dislocation movement is as easy as in metals.

a) True
b) False

Part 2

18. Which of the following is NOT a general property of a thermoplastic material?

a) Reshaping capabilities
b) Resistance to high temperatures
c) Recyclability

19) close to glass transition temperature

a) the material is liquid like
b) the material is leather or rubber like
c) the material is hard and brittle

20) below glass transition temperature

a) the material is liquid like
b) the material is leather or rubber like
c) the material is hard and brittle

21) above glass transition temperature

a) the material is liquid like
b) the material is leather or rubber like
c) the material is hard and brittle
22. What kind of chains are shown in the picture?

a) crosslink
b) branched
c) linear
d) network

23. Double or triple bonds in a polymer are considered _______ bonds.

a) unsaturated
b) saturated
c) natural

24. Molecular weight distribution within a polymer specimen is due to:

a) variation in oxidation states
b) variation in branch species
c) variation in chain lengths

25. Degree of polymerization is:

a) average number of repeating units per chain
b) average molecular weight per chain
c) average number of bonds per chain

26. Copolymers are defined as a combination of two or more types of monomers joined together
via _______________________:

a) melting
b) polymerization
c) compression

27. Polyethylene is very often found to be either 100% crystalline or 100% amorphous.
a) True
b) False

28. Which of the following is a thermoset?

a) polyurethane
b) polyvinyl chloride
c) polystyrene
29. Diffusion rate of gases into polymers is faster in the _______ region.
a) amorphous
b) crystalline

30. Strength of polymer ________ with increasing molecular weight.

a) increases
b) decreases
c) stays the same

31. Branched polymers are usually stiffer than their linear counterparts.
a) True
b) False

32. In general, highly cross-linked polymers can be melted and reformed again.
a) True
b) False

33. A thermoplastic polymer will be ______________________ below its glass transition

temperature.

a) soft and ductile

b) hard and brittle
c) rubbery
d) none of the above

34. ________ enhances the properties of polymers, such as improving mechanical properties,
and durability.
a) Increasing branching
b) linearity
c) reducing crystallinity

35. Which of the following is true about polyethylene?

a) low melting point
b) high melting point
c) does not melt easily

36. Which of the following is true about polyvinyl chloride?

a) can withstand attacks by ALL types of solvents
b) is often plasticized to become more rigid
c) is often plasticized to become more flexible

37. Which of the following is NOT a synthetic or man-made polymer?

A. Polypropylene
 B. Nylon
C. Teflon
D. Rubber

38. Extruded polymers are shaped into continuous profiles by a ______ at the exit.
a) die
b) mold
c) barrel

39. Thermoset plastics take the shape of mold on curing.

a. True
b. False

40. There are ------- types of defects in crystalline polymers than in metallic crystals.
a. more
b. less
c. same

41) Thermoplastic polymers are liquid like

a) above their glass transition temperature

b) above their melting temperature
c) above their glass transition temperature but below their melting temperature
d) none of the above

42) Thermoplastic polymers are ductile

a) below their glass transition temperature

b) above their melting temperature
c) above their glass transition temperature but below their melting temperature
d) none of the above

43) Thin plastic sheets – such as those used in shopping bags - are able to resist tensile loads
because

a) the polymer used is very strong

b) of heat treatment
c) of reinforcing fibers
d) orientation of polymer chains

Part 3.
44. What is the role of matrix in composite?
a) Acts as glue that holds the reinforcement together
b) Gives reinforcing ability to the composite
c) Increases the mechanical properties of the composites
d) Enhances the thermal characteristics of the composites
45. Example of composite material can be: (select all that apply)
a) Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic
b) Automobile tire
c) Wood
e) Printed circuit board

46. What is the role of reinforcement in composite? (select all that apply)
a) Improves stiffness of the composite
b) Enhances tensile strength of the composite
c) Increases specific strength of the composite
d) Provides gluing action to the composite

47. Higher fiber volume fractions in a composite will provide higher stiffness.
a) True
b) False

48. Which of the following statements is NOT true for CMCs

a) Have high stiffness
b) Have high toughness
c) Have low toughness
d) Have high hardness

49. The mechanical properties of the composite materials are maximum when the stress applied
is in the same direction as the fiber orientation.
a) True
b) False
50. Which of the following is NOT true about isotropic composite material?
a) The distribution of fibers and matrix are homogeneous
b) The properties in all directions are same
c) The reinforcing fibers are aligned in one direction

51. Which of the following characteristics do the whiskers possess?

a) Low surface area
b) High strength
c) Inexpensive material

51. Which of the following types of fibers reinforced composite has higher isotropy?
a) Aligned fiber composites
b) Randomly distributed fiber composites
c) Continuous fiber composites

52. High mechanical properties can be expected if the fibers have low Length/Diameter ratio?
a) True
b) False

53. Coupling agents possess which of the following features?

a) Act as a bridge that interlinks the fibers and the matrix by enhancing inter-molecular bonding
b) Have chemical functional groups different from both fibers and matrix
c) Does not contribute to the improvement of overall properties of the composite

54. Ceramic matrix composites have:

a) High temperature withstanding capability
b) High toughness
c) High capability of withstanding tensile loading

55. Polymer matrix composites have: (select all that apply)

a) High strength to weight ratios
b) Low specific gravity
c) Good corrosion resistance
d) High temperature withstanding capability

56. Which of the following processing techniques are continuous?

a) Extrusion
b) Compression Molding
c) Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding

57. Fiber shorter than the critical fiber length will have better efficiency in strengthening the
matrix.
 a) True
b) False

58. In longitudinally loaded continuous fiber composites . . . . . . . . .

a) the stress is same in fibers and matrix
b) strain is same in fibers and matrix
c) modulus is same in fibers and matrix
d) fracture strength is same for fibers and matrix

59. Which of the following is an examples of CMC

a) Titanium drill bits
b) RCC structures
c) Carbide tools
c) Cermets

60. The properties of the composite materials fall in between the properties of its constituting
fibers and matrix
a) True
b) False

61. which of the following are true about prepregs? (select all that apply)
a) Mostly used for structural applications
b) Can have a shelf life of 6 months if properly stored
c) Fibers are pre-impregnated with resin and are partially cured
d) Can be used for high temperature applications

62. In transverse loaded continuous fiber composites . . . . . . .

a) the stress is same in fibers and matrix
b) strain is same in fibers and matrix
c) modulus is same for fibers and matrix
d) fracture strength is same for fibers and matrix

63. Fiber reinforcing efficiency is higher when

a) d/L ratio is of the order of 20
b) d/L ratio is >> 20
c) L/d ratio is of the order of 20
d) L/d ratio is >> 20

64. In PMCs the composite fracture strength is dominated by

A) The metallic matrix material
B) The Polymeric matrix material
C) The reinforcing material
 Fall 2024 Structure & Properties of Materials - MANE2220
Midterm Exam
Instructor: Professor Ghaus Rizvi & Professor Ramona Fayazfar

Date: Saturday, October 12th, 2024

Question MCQ SA 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total

Mark

NAME:______________________________ID:______________________

Please show all your work to get marks for each part of the questions.

Important instructions (you will lose marks if these are not followed):
1. Hand write clearly
2. Answer questions in proper sequence
3. Closed book & closed laptop, only a calculator is allowed.
4. The questions do not carry equal marks. Spend your time accordingly.
MANE 2220U Midterm Exam – Fall 2024 Suggested Duration: 20 Minutes

Mark the correct answer on the scan able sheet provided (Part A1 15 marks 20 minutes)

1) During elastic deformation, a metal 6) True stress on a body deformed by the

experiences: application of a force is defined as:
a. necking a. Force divided by the actual cross sectional
b. bond breaking area
c. bond stretching b. Force multiplied by the actual cross
sectional area
c. Force multiplied by the original cross
2) Most imperfections in solid crystal
sectional area
structure of metals originate:
d. Force divided by the original cross-
a. When it is subjected to stress and strain sectional area
b. During the machining process
c. When the material is heated 7) If a material is subjected to torsion;
d. When the molten metals solidify
a. it experiences sheer stresses
b. it experiences tensile stresses
3) Polymorphism is defined as
c. it experiences compressive stresses
a. the property of a material which enables it
to form different crystal structures under
different conditions 8) A dislocation in Crystal is:
b. the property of a material which enables it
a. a zero-dimensional defect
to form different crystal sizes under different
b. a one-dimensional defect
conditions
c. a two-dimensional defect
c. the property of a material which enables it
d. a three-dimensional defect
to form different compositions under
different conditions
9) The solubility of a solute in general
4) The number of vacancies in a material a. decreases with increasing pressure
b. decreases with increasing temperature
a. Increase in inverse proportion to the
c. is higher when crystal structures of
temperature.
constituents are similar
b. Decrease in direct proportion to the
d. is lower when the atom sizes are similar
temperature.
c. Increase in direct proportion to the
10) Case hardening is an example of
temperature.
d. Increase exponentially with increasing a. Brownian diffusion
temperature. b. Interstitial diffusion
c. Substitutional diffusion
5) Young's modulus is d. Inter-molecular diffusion
a. The slope of the stress-torsion curve
11) The diffusion coefficient is;
b. Constant of proportionality between shear
force and sheer stresses a. inversely proportional to the absolute
c. The slope of the stress strain curve temperature of the material
d. Constant of proportionality between stress b. exponentially proportional to the absolute
and change in volume temperature of the material
c. directly proportional to the absolute
temperature of the material
12) Which of the following statements is 17) Which crystalline structure does this
NOT correct in general? picture represent?
a. increasing hardness reduces toughness
b. brittle materials cannot withstand impacts
c. higher ductility improves toughness a. SC
d. increasing hardness increases toughness b. HCP
c. BCC
d. FCC
13) A plane passing through a unit cell
has the following axial intercepts: a=1/2,
18) Metallic bonds are formed by:
b= 1/3, c= 1. The miller index of this
plane is:
a. transferring of electrons from one
atom to another
a. (231)
b. sharing of electrons between two
b. (326)
atoms
c. (136)
c. sharing electrons among all atoms
5. (132)
19) The dark lines in the figure represent
14) Elastic deformation

a. Can be reversed by applying

additional force
b. Can be reversed by removing the
applied force
c. Cannot be reversed
d. Can be enhanced by reducing the
applied force
a. Grain Boundaries
15) A point in a crystal unit cell is: b. Angle of Misalignment
c. Small Angle Grains
a. (1,1,1)
b. (1 1 1) d. Line of Atoms
c. 111
d. [1 1 1] 20) What stacking sequence does this
picture represents?
16 The two mechanisms of diffusion are...
a. ABAB
a. Vacancy diffusion and substitutional
b. ABC
diffusion c. ABCD
b. Vacancy diffusion and interstitial d. None of the above
diffusion
c. Brownian motion and substitutional
diffusion
d. convective diffusion and conducting
diffusion

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21) What is the miller’s index for this 23) Which formula represents the normal
plane? stress on Plane A

a.  =  cos 
' 2

b.  =  cos 
' 4

c.  ' =  cos  sin 

d.  =  sin 
' 2
a. (101)
b. (123)
c. (111)
d. (110) 24) The slope of the line shown below is..

22) The label ‘z’ in the graph below,

denotes which of the following regions?

a. Bond Energy
b. Hook’s law
c. Modulus of rigidity
d. Poisson’s ratio

25) Which material has the highest

toughest?

a. Plastic Region
b. Necking Region
c. Strain Hardening Region
d. Linear Elastic Region

a. Material A
b. Material B
c. Material C
d. None

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Part A2 – Short Answer Questions
Question 1. What is the definition of Modulus of elasticity (1 marks)
Modulus of elasticity: Elastic modulus, also known as the tensile modulus or Young's
modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of an elastic material and is a quantity used to
characterize materials. It is defined as the ratio of the stress (force per unit area) along
an axis to the strain (ratio of deformation over initial length) along that axis in the range
of stress in which Hooke's law holds.
Or: Slope of the stress strain line in the elastic region. Or: Resistance to deformation on
application of a force. ETC.

OR wordings to this effect.

Question 2. What is the definition of Poisson’s ratio? (1 marks)

Poisson’s ratio: Poisson's ratio is the ratio of transverse contraction strain to longitudinal
extension strain in the direction of stretching force.
=- trans / longitudinal

Or. It is the ratio of the lateral strain to the longitudinal (axial) strain
OR wordings to this effect.

Question 3. Explain why metallic material deform at forces significantly smaller than the
theoretically required force to deform the entire crystal lattice by one Burger vector. (3
marks)
Solution:
Metallic materials deform at forces significantly smaller than the theoretically required
force due to the presence of dislocations in their crystal structure. Dislocations allow
deformation to occur through the movement of individual atomic planes, rather than
requiring the entire crystal lattice to shift simultaneously. This mechanism reduces the
amount of force needed to initiate deformation, making it much lower than the
theoretical value for a perfect crystal.
OR wordings to this effect.

Question 4. Explain why vacancy diffusion is slower than interstitial diffusion (2 marks)

Adjacent Vacancy is essential for vacancy (substitutional) diffusion, whereas for

interstitial atoms adjoining spaces are usually available
OR wordings to this effect.

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Question 5. What is the difference between atomic structure and crystal structure? (1.5
marks)
Atomic structure relates to the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom,
as well as the number and probability distributions of the constituent electrons. On the
other hand, crystal structure pertains to the arrangement of atoms in the crystalline solid
material.
OR wordings to this effect.

Question 6. Briefly cite the main differences between ionic, covalent, and metallic
bonding. (1.5 marks)
Ionic--there is electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.
Covalent--there is electron sharing between two adjacent atoms such that
each atom assumes a stable electron configuration.
Metallic--the positively charged ion cores are shielded from one another,
and also "glued" together by the sea of valence electrons.
OR wordings to this effect.

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Part B
Question 1. A hypothetical element has an atomic radius of 0.1345 nm, atomic weight of
102.91 g/mol, and a density of 12.41 g/cm3. Determine its crystal structure. (10 marks)
Solution:
In order to determine the element’s crystal structure, we need to compute its density for
each of the crystal structures. For FCC, n = 4, and a = 2R√2
ρ = (nA) / (VcNA)
Vc = a3 = (2R√2)3
ρ = {[( 4 atmos/unit cell)(102.91 g/mol)] / [(2 × 1.345 × 10-8 cm × √2)3 × (6.022 × 103
atoms/mol)]}
ρ = 12.41 g/cm3
Which is the value provided in the problem statement. Therefore, the hypothetical element
has the FCC crystal structure.

Question 2. Determine the Miller indices for the planes shown in the following unit cells:
(10 marks)

B) Sketch within a cubic unit cell the following planes:

(1̅23̅) (13̅1)
 Solution A
x y z
Intercepts -a/2 -b/2 -c
Intercepts in terms of a, b, and c -1/2 -1/2 -1
Reciprocals on intercepts -2 -2 -1
Reduction
Enclosure ̅̅̅̅̅)
(221

x y z
Intercepts 2a/3 ∞b 1c/3
Intercepts in terms of a, b, and c 2/3 ∞ 1/3
Reciprocals on intercepts 3/2 0 3
Reduction 3 0 6
Enclosure (306)

Solution B

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Question 3. An iron-carbon alloy containing 0.35 wt% C exhibits FCC structure and is
exposed to an oxygen-rich and virtually carbon-free atmosphere at an elevated temperature.
Under these conditions the carbon diffuses from the alloy and reacts at the surface with the
oxygen in the atmosphere; that is, the carbon concentration at the surface position is
maintained essentially at 0 wt% C. If the carbon concentration is 0.15 wt.% at a depth of
1.4 mm after a 12-h treatment, at what temperature is the heat treatment carried out? (16
marks)

Solution:
This problem asks that we determine the position at which the carbon concentration is 0.15 wt% after a 12-h
heat treatment at 1325 K when C0 = 0.35 wt% C. From Equation 5.5

Thus,

Using data in Table 5.1 and linear interpolation

z erf (z)
0.40 0.4284
z 0.4286
0.45 0.4755

And,
z = 0.4002

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Question 4. A cylindrical specimen of a metal alloy 54.8 mm long and 10.8 mm in diameter
is stressed in tension. A true stress of 365 MPa causes the specimen to plastically elongate
to a length of 61.8 mm. If it is known that the strain-hardening exponent for this alloy is
0.2, calculate the true stress (in MPa) necessary to plastically elongate a specimen of this
same material from a length of 54.8 mm to a length of 64.7 mm. (12 marks)

Solution
Solution
We are asked to compute the true stress that is required to elongate a cylindrical specimen from 54.8
mm to 64.7 mm; other true stress-strain data are also given. We first want to compute the value of K
in Equation 6.19—the expression that relates true stress and true strain:

Furthermore, substitution of the definition of true strain—namely Equation 6.16

into Equation 6.19 leads to

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And solving for K yields

We now solve for the value of K using the following data given in the problem statement:

It is now possible to compute the stress required to elongate the specimen from 54.8 mm to 64.7 mm
using the modified Equation 6.19 cited above. Therefore,

Question 5. An aluminum prism having cross section of an equilateral triangle with sides
of 20 mm and length of 200 mm is deformed elastically in tension with a force of 48,000
N. (For Al: ν = 0.33 and E = 69 GPa) (15 marks)

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 (A) The amount by which this specimen will elongate in the direction of the applied
stress.
(B) The change in edge of the specimen. Will the edge increase or decrease?

Solution

(a) We are asked, in this portion of the problem, to determine the elongation of a prism
of aluminum. Combining Equations 6.1, 6.2, and 6.5 leads to

F/A = E.(ΔL/L)
F/(√3.a2/4) = E.(ΔL/L)

Or, solving for Δl (and realizing that E = 69 GPa, Table 6.1), yields

ΔL = 8 x 10-4 m or 0.8 mm

(b) We are now called upon to determine the change in side, Δa. Using Equation 6.8

From Table 6.1, for aluminum, ν = 0.33. Now, solving the above expression for ∆a yields

= –2.6 × 10-2 mm
The diameter will decrease.

Question 6: Consider an alloy the stress-strain behavior of which is shown in the Figure
below. A cylindrical specimen of this alloy 6 mm in diameter and 50 mm long is to be
pulled in tension with the force of 5000 N. It is known that this alloy has a Poisson’s ratio
of 0.3. [Note: ε=2×10-3] (12 marks)

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(A) show all mechanical property parameters (elastic and plastic) on the graph. Also, show
the value of yield strength on the graph.
(B) Calculate the specimen elongation.
(C) Calculate the reduction in specimen diameter.

Solution:
(A)

The Yield Strength is about 250 MPa

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(B)
This portion of the problem asks that we compute the elongation of the brass specimen. The first calculation
necessary is that of the applied stress using Equation 6.1, as

From the stress-strain plot in Figure 6.12, this stress corresponds to a strain of about 2.0  10-3. From the
definition of strain, Equation 6.2

(C)
In order to determine the reduction in diameter ∆d, it is necessary to use Equation 6.8 and the definition of
lateral strain (i.e., x = ∆d/d0) as follows

= –3.6  10-3 mm (–1.4  10-4 in.)

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 Fall 2024 Structure & Properties of Materials - MANE2220
MID – TERM - FORMULA SHEET

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 PERIODIC TABLE

ERF TABLE

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