II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

SYLLABUS: Plagiarism - Introduction, Reason for plagiarism, Types of

plagiarism - Plagiarism of words, Patchwork plagiarism, Self-
plagiarism, Cyber and Digital plagiarism, Accidental plagiarism,
Plagiarism of Authorship, Plagiarism of Ideas. Plagiarism policies -
IEEE, Springer, Elsevier. Software used for identifying plagiarism.
Techniques to avoid plagiarism - Referencing, Paraphrasing, Creative
Common License.
INTRODUCTION

 Plagiarism is an unfitting act of claiming credit or ownership of

someone else’s ideas or partial capture of another’s work and
authorizing it as your own.
 Many people think of plagiarism as copying another’s work, or
borrowing someone else’s original ideas.
 But terms like “copying” and “borrowing” can mask the seriousness of
the violation:

History of plagiarism

 The word "plagiary" (a derivation of plagiarus) has its roots in the first
century AD and refers to a Roman poet named Martial who claimed
that another poet had "kidnapped his/her verses." [verses- வசனங்கள்]
 Ben Jonson is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary as being the
first to introduce and use the term "plagiarism" in print in 1601 to
describe someone who had committed literary theft.
 Since then, the word "plagiarism" and the act of committing it have
grown enormously in status, placing a very high emphasis on
"originality" in any contribution.
 All of the developed and developing countries across the globe now
consider expression of original ideas as intellectual property, which is
protected by copyright laws, just like original inventions.

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

DEFINITION - PLAGIARISM

 According to the Merriam-Webster OnLine Dictionary, to

“plagiarize” means
1. To steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as
one's own
2. To use (another's production) without crediting the
source
3. To commit literary theft
4. To present as new and original an idea or product derived
from an existing source.

OTHER FORM OF PLAGIARISM

 Copying words or sentences of the other work in our work without

citing
 Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation
 Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source
 Copying so many words
 Ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work
 Intentionally copying lengthy passages from a book or journal article
 Purchasing or downloading whole papers
 Submitting them as your own work leading to misconduct.

EXAMPLES OF PLAGIARISM
1. A researcher working on a problem in biomedical imaging uses
Delaunay Triangulation to identify and disentangle overlapping
chromosomes and publishes his/her contribution in a reputed journal.
Another researcher working in the domain of automation of
manufacturing processes copies just one word, “Delaunay
Triangulation,” and publishes an algorithm/methodology for extrication
of overlapping using gears. Only one word is plagiarized in this case,
but it is the key word contributing to a novel approach and is reported

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

in biomedical domain. Unacknowledged use of the same concept in a

different domain of manufacturing process is still definitely considered
as plagiarism of idea.
2. M.Sc. student working on a project copies the aim, objective, and
hypothesis from another report, assuming that actual number of words
that are copied are relatively less compared to the total number of
words in the entire report and therefore the overall similarity report of
the dissertation will be within limit.
3. A researcher writing his/her PhD theses. He/she attempts to use survey
paper already published by another researcher as one of the chapter in
his/her own theses. A literature survey is not the most critical factor in
the theses and does not usually have novelty in it. It is usually a
general summarization of reported studies/finding and issues.

REASONS FOR PLAGIARISM

1. Students are not fully aware about plagiarism and they do not
fully understand the rules necessary in the
academic/scientific/technical/non-technical writing.
2. People lack of knowledge about proper citations . People
instantly using readily available information in the electronic
documents or pages on the Internet and other sources without seeking
their permission and acknowledging or citing the source. Response to
loads of information available at their fingertips, which can be easily
replicated/duplicated also leads to plagiarism.
3. People are overconfident about their skill set and believe they
can escape and get away with plagiarism. They are easy to plagiarize
when they gather that the content was not submitted to plagiarism
detection tools or not uploaded on other internet sources.
4. Sometimes negative emotions and inexpensive needs to gain
the credits for the module without sincerely working enforce
conscious decision of plagiarizing on the students.

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

5. Most popularly reported reason, people plagiarize is the

human nature of procrastination. People tend to postpone the
expected and predictable tasks/assignments/ exercises until the last
minute. Sometimes procrastinators frequently and purposefully look for
justification for postponing the work.

5.[A] It is a short-term panic response that in the long run reflects their

 Continuous struggle against themselves

 their indiscipline
 their hidden fears
 Spoiling their career paths

Possible to overcome the habit of procrastination

 Ensure the integrity

 Honesty in the assigned work
 Contributions

Types of plagiarism

Plagiarism of words

 The writer copies every single word from the source without use of

quotation mark, citation, acknowledgment, or credit.

 This is also called as “The Ghost Writer.”

 Ghost writing or plagiarism of words involves direct use......... .

 Direct use of the entire statement/definition makes the document

being entitles as plagiarized and violation of academic policy or code of

ethical conduct.

Patchwork plagiarism

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 The third type called patchwork plagiarism.

 When we borrow the materials from more than one original source and

weaves them into our paper without citing.

 Suppose a student obtain four sources from where he/she copied one

sentence from A source, one sentence from B source, one sentence

from C source and one sentence from D source.

 Here the student thought that they are not copying anything and even

they cited the references of sources.

 But still this is plagiarism due to disorderly and not collected sentences

they used in their work.

 In such a case, direct quoted words should be cited with quotations.

Self-plagiarism

 Self-plagiarism is the use of our own previous work in another new

context without citing that it was used earlier.

 The idea behind is the reader should know that this was not first use of

the material.

 Republished text work is considered as self-plagiarism and the credit

received from previous work is considered as corrupt.

 The writer must cite when using previous written work.

Cyber and Digital plagiarism

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Cyber digital content includes the information posted by authors on the

Web → e-books, notes, graphs, video, audio, music, images, online

databases, questionnaires, electronic reserves.

 Above web information is usually protected using copyright.

 It is mistaken as a public area property and is used by the people

leading to cyber digital plagiarism.

 The author needs to take the permission from proper website and

mention the date when the material was accessed or downloaded.

Accidental plagiarism

 Accidental plagiarism occurs due to the unawareness of a person

resulting in failure to properly paraphrase, quote and cite their

research.

 Improper method of documentation results in misattributing.

 In other words, if you have taken reference from a book but you do not

include an in-text citation, then the reader will assume that the

idea/words are yours, not someone else’s.

 This is nothing but an example of authenticity violation.

 Only by mentioning the reference of the sources in reference list it is

not enough.

 The missing citation at text used makes it plagiarism.

 It is only responsibility of author to understand when and how to cite

the material used and provide references to the sources.

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 If an author knowingly claims ownership of already reported work, it is

considered as intentional plagiarism.

 It includes buying papers online, copying and pasting the information

from any available sources.

 Accidently failing to cite the references appropriately is an un-

acceptable excuse and such an attempt is still considered as

plagiarism.

Plagiarism of Authorship

 The authorship means presenting the other author work with simple

modification of sentence and presenting as own work.

Plagiarism of Ideas

 Using and presenting somebody else’s idea as your own

 All the credit without any reference to the original idea and also

submitting a paper by incorrectly citing.

 The student assignment uses the following kinds of ideas

1. Published or unpublished books, articles, reports, or magazines

2. Some resources from the Internet

3. Some sort of ideas pitched in a TV program or a radio program

4. An essay from an essay bank

5. A work previously submitted/to be submitted by another student

6. From any newspaper article

7. From an unpublished manuscript or record book

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

PLAGIARISM POLICIES
 The documents/manuscripts submitted to various journals are carefully

examined for plagiarism to ensure originality in the contents.

 Plagiarism polices of some journals (global level) and the Government

(national level) are summarized in this section.

IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

 The IEEE organization is global and professional body for working

towards research, development and enhancement of latest technology

in wide areas.

 IEEE rejects plagiarism of past processes, results, or words without

acknowledging the proper sources.

 Various Engineers and Scientists from all around the world send their

papers to IEEE for publishing.

 These papers are passed through severe plagiarism check and the

papers that fail the test are rejected.

 Plagiarism at any stage is unacceptable.

The levels of misconduct described following

1. Level 1: 50–100% copied. (Uncredited Verbatim Copying of a Major

Portion)

2. Level 2: 20–50% copied. (Uncredited Verbatim Copying of a Large

Portion)

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. Level 3: < 20% copied (Uncredited Verbatim Copying of Individual

Elements like Paragraph, Sentence, Illustration)

4. Level 4: Improper paraphrasing

5. Level 5: Credited but without clear delineation

SPRINGER

 Springer is a member of cross check.

 Springer also has online instrument (iThenticate) to check a composed

battle with that database.

 Springer is pushing out this screening programming to journal editors

of Springer diaries and society and publishing partners diaries.

 A software can be applied as a part of the publication procedure to

identify contents, a manual examination of the coordinating content is

yet required for judgment to identify if copyright violation has

happened or not.

 The article “Publishing Ethics for Journals”

(https://www.springer.com/gp/authors-editors/journal-author/

journal-author-helpdesk/publishing-ethics/14214) on the

Springer site

 It is anyway Springer’s view that in significant cases the Editor-in-

Chief/Editorial Board of a Springer journal reserves the right and has

the honor to decline the manuscripts in cases of severe violation.

ELSEVIER

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II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Elsevier is also a member of cross-check.

 There is a plagiarism checklist prepared by Elsevier that lists various

unethical actions and ways to avoid them or prevent them.

Elsevier follows some code of ethics which includes

1. Authorship of the paper: Three basic criteria must collectively be

met to be credited as an author:

(i) Significant input to the study conception and design

(ii) Data attainment, examination, and understanding

(iii) Draft or revise the article for scholar content Approval of the final

version

2. Originality and plagiarism: The writers should ensure that they

have composed completely unique works & if the writers have applied

the work and additionally expressions of other this has been fittingly

referred to or cited

3. Data access and preservation: The creators skill be requested to

give the crude information regarding a paper for article survey

4. Acknowledgement of sources: Proper acknowledgment

5. Disclosure and conflicts of interest: All entries must incorporate

revelation of all connections that could be seen as displaying a

potential opposing situation

6. Fundamental errors in published works : At the point when a

creator finds a huge mistake or error in his/her own particular

distributed work, it is the creator’s commitment to instantly tell the

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

diary supervisor or distributor and coordinate with the proof reader to

withdraw or remedy the paper

7. Reporting standards: Creators of reports of unique research should

show a exact record of the work executed and in addition a target

exchange of its importance

8. Hazards and human or animal subjects : Pronunciations of

consistence are required if the work includes synthetic substances,

systems or hardware that have any unordinary risks intrinsic in their

utilization of animal or human subjects

9. Use of patient images or case details: Studies on patients or

volunteers require morals board endorsement and educated assent,

which ought to be recorded in the paper.

TECHNIQUES TO AVOID PLAGIARISM

1. REFERENCING

 Referencing is an important part of academic work, as you refer to the

different types of information, including books, journal articles and
online resources that you use in your assignments.
 It puts your work in context, demonstrates the breadth and depth of
your research, and acknowledges other people’s work.
 Referencing is made up of two key parts:
1. a Citation
2. a Reference list (or bibliography)

[A] Citations

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Whenever you use information that you have read in another source or
refer to other people's ideas, you must create a citation to the source
in the body of your text as well as the full reference at the end of your
work.
 This citation refers the reader to the full reference in the reference list
or bibliography.
 Citations should be used whenever you use someone else's ideas,
whether you put them into your own words (paraphrasing), summarize
them, or quote directly.

[B] Reference list

 The reference list is usually in the form of an organised list with full
details of the works you have used.
 It should appear at the end of your work and contain further
information of the sources used.
 The references should all follow a set 'style' and be written accurately
and consistently.
 The reference list allows the reader to find the original sources of
information that you have used and read them for themselves.
 Both citing and referencing are methods for organising the
information that you collect for your studies and assignments.

What is the difference between a Reference List and a Bibliography?

 Reference lists only include sources you have cited within your own
piece of work
 A Bibliography list all the sources you consulted regardless of whether
you cited them within your own work.

2. PARAPHRASING

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 Some of the literature on “Plagiarism” categorizes paraphrasing as

a type of plagiarism, whereas some of the literature describes

paraphrasing as a technique to avoid plagiarism.

 Paraphrasing is expressing an already reported idea/contribution in

your own choice of words or text.

 In such a scenario, where the author summarizes someone

else’s work by just changing the words, reframing them or

uses synonyms retaining the essence of the already

reported work is still categorized as intentional plagiarism.

3. CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE

Definition

 Creative Commons licenses are public licenses.

 A public license permits certain uses of copyrighted materials by the
public at large.
 If a work you wish to use has been released under a public license, you
do not have to seek additional permission from the rights holder in
order to do the things authorized by the license.
 Creative Commons (CC) is a worldwide charitable association that
permits sharing and reuse of innovativeness and learning through the
arrangement of free genuine policies.
 CC permit is one of a few open copyright licenses that allows the free
transmission of a generally copyrighted work.

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

 A CC permit is utilized when a creator needs to give individuals the

freedom to share, utilize, and expand upon a work that they have
made.
 CC gives a creator adaptability and ensures the general population
who utilize or redistribute a creator’s work from worries of copyright
encroachment as long as they keep the conditions that are indicated in
the permit by which the creator conveys the work.

VARIOUS TYPES OF CC LICENSES.

 The licenses contrast by a few blends that condition the terms of

appropriation.
 They were at first discharged on December 16, 2002, by Creative
Commons,
 A U.S. Non-benefit organization established in 2001.
 There have likewise been five variants of the suite of licenses,
numbered 1.0 through 4.0.
 As of February 2018, the 4.0 permit suite is the most present.

CC0 is the "no copyright reserved"

 Allows creators to give up their copyright and put their works into the
worldwide public domain
 CC0 allows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the
material in any medium or format, with no conditions.

Attribution CC BY

 This license lets others distribute, remix, tweak, and build upon your
work, even commercially, as long as they credit you for the original
creation.
 This is the most accommodating of licenses offered. Recommended for
maximum dissemination and use of licensed materials.

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II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Attribution-ShareAlike: CC BY-SA

 This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work even
for commercial purposes, as long as they credit you and license their
new creations under the identical terms.
 This license is often compared to “copyleft” free and open source
software licenses.
 All new works based on yours will carry the same license, so any
derivatives will also allow commercial use.

Attribution-NoDerivs CC BY-ND

 This license allows for redistribution, commercial and non-commercial,

as long as it is passed along unchanged and in whole, with credit to
you.

Attribution-Non-Commercial CC BY-NC.

 This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-
commercially, and although their new works must also acknowledge
you and be non-commercial, they don't have to license their derivative
works on the same terms.

Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike CC BY-NC-SA.

 This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon your work non-
commercially, as long as they credit you and license their new
creations under the identical terms

Attribution-Non-Commercial-NoDerivs CC BY-NC-ND.

 This license is the most restrictive of our six main licenses, only
allowing others to download your works and share them with others as

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]

II MSC CHEMISTRY PLAGIARISM RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

long as they credit you, but they can’t change them in any way or use
them commercially.

RAM KUMAR P ASSISTANT PROFESSOR CHEMISTRY [UA]