Experiment No:06

Name of the Experiment:

Experimental analysis of potential transformer (PT) for voltage measurment

Objective:
1)To understand the working principle of potential transformer(PT).

Theory:
A potential transformer (PT), or voltage transformer, is an instrument transformer that steps
down high voltages to safe, measurable levels for standard devices. It operates on the
principle of electromagnetic induction, with a fixed turns ratio between primary and
secondary windings to scale down the voltage proportionally. The induced secondary
Ns
voltage Vs= Vp .PT are essential in high-voltage systems, allowing for accurate
Np
measurement, metering, and protection by providing safe, standardized voltage inputs to
instruments and relays. They are widely used in power systems to ensure safe monitoring
and control.

Required Apparatus:

Name of instruments & Model Used range Quantity

components
Variac CD-800a 0-430 V 1

CT N/A N/A 1

Voltmeter ED-305 0-240 V 2

0-480V

Connecting wires N/A N/A few

AC power supply N/A N/A 1

Circuit Diagram:

Fig01: Circuit diagram of potential transformer

Expeimental Data:
Data Table 6.1: Data Table for PT

Calculated
Np Vp
Turns Ratio, K= = voltage
Obs. Primary Voltage Secondary Voltage Ns Vs
(V) Error (%)
No. VP (V) VS (V)
Meter Reading

1 150 75 2 2 150 0

2 200.8 100.1 2 2.006 200.2 0.29

3 225 112.4 2 2.0017 242.8 0.084

4 250.1 124.9 2 2.002 249.8 0.11

Experimental procedure:
1.Firstly,the circuit was set up according by fig-01.
2.Two voltmeter were connect parallel with two Coil .
3. Then AC power supply turn on and voltage was measured using two voltmeter.
4. The experiment was repeated 3 times for differents voltage.
Calculation:
For Obs:01
Np
Turns Ratio, K= =2
Ns
Vp 150
Transformation ratio, K= = =2
Vs 75
Reading−meter
Error =¿ ∨×100 %
meter

2−2
=¿ ∨×100 %=0 %
2

For Obs:02
Vp 200.8
Transformation ratio, K= = =2.0 06
Vs 100.1
Reading−meter
Error=¿ ∨×100 %
meter

2.0 06−2
=¿ ∨× 100 %=0. 29 %
2

For Obs:03
Vp 225
Transformation ratio, K= = =2.00 17
Vs 112.4
Reading−meter
Error=¿ ∨×100 %
meter

2.0017−2
=¿ ∨× 100 %=0. 084 %
2

Results and Analysis:

The experiment demonstrated that the potential transformer accurately stepped down the
primary high voltage to a lower, measurable secondary voltage in accordance with the
transformer’s rated turns ratio.
The data collected showed a consistent transformation ratio approxiamately 2:1, confirming
that the secondary voltage was directly proportional to the primary voltage. We get some
error from the observed because of old instrumentand component used for the experiment
Discussion and Conclusion:
The experiment showed that the potential transformer (PT) accurately reduced high
voltages to lower, measurable levels with a consistent transformation ratio of 2:1. Small
variations in readings were within acceptable limits and likely due to minor measurement
errors or device tolerance. This confirms the PT’s effectiveness in safely stepping down
voltages, allowing standard measuring devices to monitor high-voltage systems. Overall, the
PT proved reliable and essential for accurate, safe voltage measurements in power systems,
highlighting its critical role in power distribution and protection.

Precautions:
1.Readings were taken only after the circuit stabilized.
2.Equipment was calibrated to ensure accuracy.
3.Electrical safety protocals were followed throuhout.
Experiment No:07
Name of the Experiment:
Experimental analysis of current transformer (CT) for high current measurment

Objective:
To understand the operation and application of current transformer(CT).

Theory:
A current transformer (CT) is an instrument transformer designed to reduce high currents to
lower, manageable levels for safe measurement by standard devices. CTs work on the
principle of electromagnetic induction where a high current in the primary winding induces
a proportional, scaled-down current in the secondary winding.
The relationship between primary and secondary currents is defined by the turns ratio:
Np
Is¿ ×Ip
Ns

where:
Ip is the high input current,
Is is the reduced output current,
Np and Ns are the number of turns in the primary and secondary windings, respectively.CTs
are vital for safely monitoring and measuring high currents in power systems, as
theyprovide accurate current readings to meters and protective relays, preventing direct
exposure to hazardous current levels. This allows for efficient control, monitoring, and
protection in high-current applications.

Required Apparatus:

Name of instruments & Model Used range Quantity

components
Variac CD-800a 0-430 V 1
PT N/A N/A 1
Ammeter ED-305 0-5 A 2
0-10 A
 Connecting wires N/A N/A few

AC power supply N/A N/A 1

Resistor N/A N/A 3

Circuit Diagram:

Fig01: Circuit diagram of Current transformer

Experimental Data:
Data Table 7.1: Data Table for CT:

Calculated Ns Ip
Primary Secondary current (A) Turns Ratio, K= =
Obs. Np Is
Current Current Error (%)
No.
IP (A) IS (A) Meter Reading

1 2.36 0.09 2.16 24 26.22 8.74

2 4.01 0.12 2.88 24 33.41 28
3 3.74 0.10 2.4 24 37.4 35

Experimental procedure:
1.Firstly,the circuit was set up according by fig-01.
2.Two Ammeter were connect with two Coil .One are parallel with CT and another are
connected series with secondary coil.
3. Then AC power supply turn on and current measure using two Ammeter.
4)The reading of the two ammeters were measured.
5) Then the wire was twisted near the CT for higher secondary current.
4. The experiment was repeated 3 times .

Calculation:
For Obs:01
Ns 24
Turns Ratio, K= = =24
Np 1
Ip 2.36
Transformation ratio, K= = =2 6.22
Is 0. 09
Ip−Ical
Error=| ∨×100 %
Ip
2.36−2.16
=| ∨×100 %=8 .47 %
2.36

For Obs:02
Ip 4.01
Transformation ratio, K= = =33.41
Is 0. 12
Ip−Ical
Error=| ∨×100 %
Ip
4.01−2.88
=| ∨×100 %=28 %
4.01

For Obs:03
Ip 3.74
Transformation ratio, K= = =37.4
Is 0.1
Ip−Ical
Error=| ∨×100 %
Ip
3.74−2.4
=| ∨× 100 %=35 %
3.74

Results and Analysis:

The current transformer (CT) accurately scaled down high primary currents, maintaining a
consistent transformation ratio approxiamately 24:1 across different input levels.
 Minor variations were within acceptable tolerances, likely due to small measurement
inaccuracies. This confirms the CT's reliability and effectiveness in safely reducing high
currents for accurate measurement and monitoring in power systems.Here Increased Errors
with Higher Secondary Current: The data shows that as we increased the secondary current
(Is) by placing the coil(which I made by twisting the wire near the ct) closer to the CT, there
was a notable rise in error percentages. Errors escalated from 8.74% in Observation 1 to
35% in Observation 3. This suggests that moving the coil closer influenced the transformer's
accuracy, likely due to increased magnetic interference or saturation effects, which can
distort the readings.

Discussion and Conclusion:

In this experiment, we investigated how adjusting the position of the secondary coil near a
current transformer (CT) core impacts measurement accuracy. By moving the coil closer to
increase secondary current (ISI_SIS), error rates rose significantly—from 8.74% to 35%—
indicating that closer coil placement, while boosting ISI_SIS, introduced substantial
inaccuracieshis experiment highlights that while increasing the secondary current by
repositioning the coil can be achieved, it leads to significant trade-offs in measurement
accuracy. The ideal use of CTs requires adherence to recommended positioning and current
ranges to avoid magnetic saturation and stray flux interference. For reliable high current
measurements, it's crucial to maintain standard coil distances and operate within the CT’s
designed current range. Deviations, as observed in this experiment, should be minimized to
ensure accurate and consistent current transformer performance..

Precautions:
1.Readings were taken only after the circuit stabilized.
2.Equipment was calibrated to ensure accuracy.
3.Electrical safety protocals were followed throuhout.