Unit – I

MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR STRATEGIES

Maintenance, repair and rehabilitation, Facets of Maintenance, importance of

Maintenance, various aspects Inspection, Assessment procedure for evaluating a damaged
structure, causes of deterioration.

Maintenance :
Maintenance is preventive in nature. Activities include inspection and works necessary to
fulfill the intended function or to sustain original standard of service. The maintenance of
structure is done to meet the following objective
Prevention of damages due to natural agencies and to keep them in good appearance
and working condition.
Repair of the defects occurred in the structure and strengthen them, if necessary.

The Maintenance work is broadly classifies as

a) Preventive Maintenance
b) Remedial Maintenance
c) Routine Maintenance
d) Special Maintenance
a) Preventive Maintenance
The maintenance work done before the defects occurred or damage developed in
the structure is called preventive maintenance.
It includes thorough inspection, planning the programs of maintenance and
executing the work
It depends upon the specifications, condition and use of structure.
b) Remedial Maintenance
It is the maintenance done after the defects or damage occurs in the structure. It
involves the following basic steps.
- Finding the deterioration
- Determining the causes
 - Evaluating the strength of the existing structure
- Evaluating the need of the structure
- Selecting and implementing the repair procedure
c) Routine Maintenance
It is the service maintenance attended to the structure periodically.
The nature of work done and interval of time at which it is done depends upon
specifications and materials of structure, purpose, intensity and condition of use.
It includes white washing, parch repair to plaster, replacement of fittings and
fixtures, binding of road surface.
e) Special Maintenance
It is the work done under special condition and requires sanction and performed to
rectify heavy damage.
It may be done for strengthening and updating of the structure to meet the new
condition of usage or to increase its serviceability.
It may include particular or complete renewal occurring at long interval, such as
floors, roofs etc.
Necessity of maintenance
The causes which necessitate the maintenance effects the service and durability of the
structure as follows:
a) Atmospheric agencies
b) Normal wear and tear
c) Failure of structure
a) Atmospheric agencies
Rain: It is the important source of water, which affects the structure in the following ways;
Physical:
Dissolving and carrying away minerals as it is universal solvent.
Expansion and contraction – The materials is subjected to repetitive expansion
and contraction while they become wet and dry and develops the stresses.
Expansion of water – The variation of temperature causes the expansion and
contraction absorbed water and affects the micro-structures of the materials.
 Erosion – Transportation, attrition and abrasion of the materials is quite evident
effect of the water.
Chemical: The water available in nature contains acids and alkaline and other compound in
dissolve form acts over the material to give rise, which is known as chemical weathering.
Wind: It is the agent, which transports the abrasive material and assists the
physical weathering Its action is aggravated during rains and, When it is moving
with high speed, it may contains acidic gases like CO2 fumes which may act over
the material and penetrates quite deeply in materials and structure.
Temperature: The seasonal and annual variation of the temperature, difference
in temperature in two parts of the materials and the surface of material causes
expansion and contraction, this movement of the material bond and adhesion
between them is lost when it is repeated. This responsible for the development of
cracks and the rocks may break away into small units.
Exploitation or peeling off the shell takes place if exterior layer are heated externally with
respect to internal layers. The temperature variation may also cause change in the structure and
chemical composition of the material.
b) Normal Wear and tear
During the use of structure it is subjected to abrasion and thereby it looses appearance an
serviceability.
c) Failure of structure
Failure is defined as the behavior of structure not in agreement with expected condition
of stability or lacking freedom from necessary repair or non-compliance with desired use of and
occupancy of the completed structure. In field it may result in visual collapse of the structure or
even suspension of the services e.g. the collapse of towers, sliding or over turning of dam,
settlement of foundation, crushing of columns etc.
The causes of failure may be broadly grouped as:
Improper Design: Due to incorrect, insufficient data regarding use, loading and
environmental conditions, selection of material and poor detailing.
Defective Construction: Poor materials, poor workmanship, lack of quality
control and supervision.
 Improper use of structure: Overloading, selecting the structure for the use for
which they are not designed such as deteriorating environment due to impurities
from industrial fuel burning, sea water minerals, chemicals, storage of chemicals
etc.
Lack of maintenance: Lack of upkeep, proper protection, precaution and
preservation, deteriorated the structure, which may result in the failure.
Facets of maintenance:
Maintenance operations have many facets such as
a) Emergency maintenance: Necessitated by unforeseen breakdown drainage or damage
caused by natural calamity like fire, floods, cyclone earthquake etc.
b) Condition Based maintenance: Work initiated after due inspection
c) Fixed time maintenance: Activities repeated at predetermined intervals of time.
d) Preventive maintenance: This is intended to preserve by preventing failure and detecting
incipient faults (Work is done before failure takes place)
e) Opportunity maintenance: Work did as and when possible within the limits of operation
demand.
f) Day-to-Day care and maintenance
g) Shut down maintenance: Thorough overhaul and maintenance after closing a facility.
h) Improvement plans: This is essentially maintenance operation wherein the weak links in
the original construction are either replaced by new parts or strengthened.
Importance of Maintenance
Improves the life of structure
Improved life period gives better return on investment
Better appearance and aesthetically appealing
Better serviceability of elements and components
Leads to quicker detection of defects and hence remedial measures
Prevents major deterioration and leading to collapse
Ensures safety to occupants
Ensures feeling of confidence on the user
Maintenance is a continuous cycle involves every element of building science
namely
 Structural
Electrical wiring
Plumbing-water-supply-sanitation
Finishes in floors and walls
Roof terrace
Service platform/verandah
Lifts
Doors windows and other elements
Various aspects Inspection:
The following are the various maintenance aspects,
a) Daily Routine Maintenance
b) Weekly Routine Maintenance
c) Monthly Routine Maintenance
d) Yearly Routine Maintenance
a) Daily Routine Maintenance
Basically an inspection oriented and may not contain action to be taken
Help in identifying major changes, development of cracks, identifying new cracks
etc
Inspection of all essential items by visual observation
Check on proper function of sewer, water lines, wash basins, sinks etc
Check on drain pipes from roof during rainy season.
b) Weekly Routing Maintenance
Electrical accessories
Cob webs cleaning
Flushing sewer line
Leakage of water ling
c) Monthly Routing Maintenance
Cleaning doors, windows‟ latches etc
Checking septic tank/ sewer
 Observation for cracks in the elements
Cleaning of overhead tanks
Peeling of plaster, dampness, floor cracks
d) Yearly Routing Maintenance
Attending to small repairs and white washing
Painting of steel components exposed to weather
Check of displacements and remedial measures
Repair
Repair is the technical aspect of rehabilitation. Refers to modification of a structure
partly or wholly which is damaged in appearance or serviceability
Stages of repair
Repair of concrete structure is carried out in the following stages:
a) Removal of damaged concrete
b) Pre treatment of surfaces and reinforcement
c) Application of repair materials
d) Restoring the integrity of individual sections and strengthening of structure as a whole.
a) Removal of damaged concrete
Prior to the execution of any repair, one essential and common requirement is that
the deteriorated or damaged concrete should be removed.
Removal of defective concrete can be carried out using tools and equipment the
types of which depend on the damage.
Normally, removal of concrete can be accomplished by hand tools, or when that is
impractical because of the extent of repair, it can be done with a light or medium
weight air hammer fitted with a spade shaped bit.
Care should be taken not to damage the unaffected concrete portions.
For cracks and other narrow defects, a saw-toothed bit will help achieve sharp
edges and a suitable under cut.
b) Pre treatment of surfaces and reinforcement
The preparation of a surface/pretreatment for repair involved the following steps:
Complete removal of unsound material.
Undercutting along with the formation of smooth edges.
 Removal of the cracks from the surface.
Formation of a well defined cavity geometry with rounded inside corners.
Providing, rough but uniform surface for repair.
The cleaning of all loose particles and oil and dirt out of the cavity should be carried out shortly
before the repair. This cleaning can be achieved by blowing with compressed air, hosing with
water, acid etching, wire brushing, scarifying or a combination. Brooms or brushes will also
help to remove loose material.
c) Application of repair materials
After the concrete surface has been prepared, a bonding coat should be applied to
the entire cleaned exposed surface.
It should be done with minimum delay.
The bonding coat may consist of bonding agents such ass cement slurry, cement
sand mortar, epoxy, epoxy mortar, resin materials etc.
Adequate preparation of surface and good workmanship are the ingredients of
efficient and economical repairs.
d) Repair procedure:
The repair of cracked or damaged structure is discussed under two distinct categories, namely,
ordinary or conventional procedures; and special procedures using the latest techniques and
newer materials such as polymers, epoxy resins etc.
A repair procedure may be selected to accomplish one or more of the following objective:
1. To increase strength or restore load carrying capacity.
2. To restore or increase stiffness.
3. To improve functional performance.
4. To provide water tightness.
5. To improve appearance of concrete surface.
6. To improve durability.
7. To prevent access of corrosive materials to reinforcement.
Durability of concrete Repair
The objective of any repair should be to produce rehabilitation – which means a repair
carried out relatively low cost, with a limited and predictable degree of change with time and
without premature deterioration and/or distress throughout its intended life and purpose. To
achieve this goal, it is necessary to consider the factors affecting the durability of a repaired
structural system as part of a whole, or a component of composite system. Summarized some of
the findings and recommendations may be grouped into three categories:
1. Durable Repair Design
2. Durable repair application and
3. Evaluation of the repairs
1. Durable Repair Design
Modulus of elasticity and strength of repair material:
The modulus of elasticity of the repair material not only affects the resultant flexural
stiffness of the repair members, but also the tensile stress present within the repair material and
the debonding stress at the interface when differential movement occurs between the repair
material and substance. A higher difference in modulus of elasticity between the repair material
and substrate may adversely affect the stress distribution within the repaired composite
material‟s cross section and may lead to considerable stress concentration. Therefore, the repair
material selected should have as similar modulus of elasticity as the substrate as possible. Thus
considering the strength of material alone seems less fact, an overemphasis on strength may
cause repairs to experience cracking arising from drying shrinkage, creep and heat of hydration.

As the substrate as possible. Thus considering the strength of material alone seems less infact, an
overemphasis on strength may cause repairs to experience cracking arising from drying
shrinkage, creep and heat of hydration.
Coefficient of thermal expansion of repair material:
Tensile stresses in the repair material caused by changes in the temperature of the surround
environment are proportional to the differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion and the
change temperature. Therefore, the repair material selected should have as similar as coefficient
of then expansion as the substrate as possible.
Thickness of Repair:
The internal stresses within the repair material and substrate are affected not only by
differential movements, but also by the relative thickness. A thinner repair layer is more easily
cracks or debonded by the higher tensile stress which occurs in the repair material. For most
available repair materials, there seemed to be an optimum thickness of repair material which
results in the lowest tense stress occurring within the repair material for a given amount of
differential movement between the repair material and substrate. This optimum value is affected
by the ratio of the modulus of elasticity the repair material to substrate and thickness of repair
material to substrate.
Shrinkage and creep of repair material:
Differential shrinkage of the repair material and substrate is another important
consideration a durable repair. The most common damages in concrete between substrate and
repair materials and it proportional to the differential shrinkage. Therefore, the repair material
selected should have fi shrinkage properties that are as low as possible. For the repair material
under tension, creep mamitigate against the tensile stresses caused by differential shrinkage.
However, for the repair material under compression, creep may decrease the compressive stress
within the repair material and aggrava the compressive stress in the substrate caused by the
different shrinkage. The creep of the repair material should be controlled based on the state of
stress that the repair material will be subjected to service.
2. Durable Repair Application:
Preparation of the repaired surface
The most important surface characteristics of the receiving substrate are its roughness
soundness, cleanliness and moisture condition prior to application of the repair material. The first
step in the repair to be carried out is the removal of the damaged concrete. It is very important to
select a method most appropriate for the specific in-situ condition. Any method that weakness
the sound concrete and create micro cracking should be avoided. Otherwise, the durability and
bond will be decreased by these defects. Commonly used methods in-situ include: sand blasting,
chipping with jack hammers, and hydro demolition among which, the last is highly
recommended. A sound surface if adequate roughness can be created by this method.
Higher plastic shrinkage of the repair material near the interface should be avoided. This
requires that the substrate be pre wetted for atleast 7 hours prior to the application of the repair
material in order to decrease the absorption and expansion of substrate caused by the uptake of
moisture from the repair material. Otherwise, the higher uptake of moisture by the substrate after
the repair material is cast may lead to higher plastic shrinkage of the repair material near the
interface and higher expansion of the substrate, and there by resulting in the possible debonding
of the repair material at an early age.
 The application method and surface preparation are equally important considerations
with regards to the performance of the repaired structures. The repair method adopted not only
affects the resultant quality of the repair material, but also the quality of the interfacial transition
zone, shotcrete seems to be an ideal method because it has good compatibility with the substrate
concrete. Further ore, good compaction with a relatively lower water/cement ratio of the repair
material can be achieved using the shotcreting process. This ensures good/high mechanical
properties of the component parts and durability of the repair structure.
Bonding agents:
Use of polymer bonding agents is not recommended as their modulus of elasticity is
substantially different from that of the substrate. However, use of a cementitious bonding agent
with a low water/cement ratio may be considered. This type of bonding agents not only has good
compatibility with the substrate and repair material, but can also alleviate the effects of
differential shrinkage and thermal movement between the repair material and concrete substrate
thus enhancing the bond strength and durability.
Curing of Repair Material:
Excessive loss of water may result in higher shrinkage (Plastic and drying) and
cause debonding failure of therepair material at an earlier age. Therefore, specification of proper
curing after completion of the repair is very important. Curing time should be atleast the same as
that adopted for usual concrete practice or in accordance to manufacturers recommendations if a
commercially available material is used due to the restraint afforded by the substrate.
3. Evaluation of the Repairs
Behavior of the interfacial transition phase
The formation of the interfacial transition phase is affected by many
factors. Defects such as micro-cracks and pores may be formed within this phase caused by the
differential movements between the substrate and repair material and a lack of aggregate
interlock action between the two materials. Its mechanical behavior and durability affects
directly the performance of the repaired members in service. Thus the mechanical properties and
durability of this phase should be evaluated after the completion of the repair work.
Behavior of the repaired structure:
Differential movements between the repair material and the may result in the cracking
of the repair material and thereby decrease the flexural stiffness and durability of the repaired
members. The degradation in flexural stiffness of the required beams under static and cyclic
loading was related to the appearances and development of cracks. However, the presence of
steel fibres within the repair materials may improve resistance against cracking and fatigue
resistance. Therefore, the flexural stiffness can be enhanced and the deflection of the repaired
members reduced. At the same time, the fatigue resistance of the interface between the repair
material and substrate may also be evaluated by cyclic loading test of representative samples.
The test results can also form a database for the formulation of guidelines for use in practice.
Assessment Procedure for Evaluating Damages in Struture and Repair techniques:
For assessment of damage of a structure the following general considerations have to be take
accout.
1) Physical inspection of damaged structure.
2) Presentation and documenting the damage.
3) Collection of samples and carrying out tests both in situ and in lab.
4) Studying the documents including structural aspects.
5) Estimation of loads acting on the structure.
6) Estimate of environmental effects including soil structure interaction.
7) Diagnosis.
 Physical Inspection
Material Tests

Study of
Documents

Estimation of Load
Acting

Estimation of
Environmental
Effects

Diagnosis

Retrospective
Analysis

If Diagnosis
Estimation of Load Tests
Confirmed
Future use

Assessing of
Structural
Adequacy

Choice of Courses
of action

Fig. 1.1 Assessment Procedure of Damage

 8) Taking preventive steps not to cause further damage.
9) Retrospective analysis to get the diagnosis confirmed.
10) Assessment of structural adequacy.
11) Estimation of future use.
12) Remedial measures necessary to strengthen and repairing the structure.
13) Post repair evaluation through tests.
14) Load test to study the behavior.
15) Choice of course of action for the restoration of structure.
A simple flow chart incorporating the above points is presented in fig 1.1.
Testing Techniques
A number of non-destructive, partially destructive and destructive
techniques for assessment of concrete structure and to predict the cause of deterioration of the
concrete in the existing structures are available. Interest in the field of Non-Destructive Testing
(NDT) of structure is increasing worldwide. These NDT techniques can be broadly classified
into following four groups:
Strength Tests
Schmidt Hammer Test
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Pull out and Pull off Tests
Break off
Core Test
Windsor Probe
Pulse Eco Technique

Durability Tests
Corrosion Tests
Absorption and Permeability
Test for Alkali Aggregate Reaction
Abrasion Resistance Tests
Rebar Locator Test
 Performance and Integrity Tests
Infrared Thermography Test
Radar Test
Radiography and Radiometry Tests
Acoustic Emission
Optical Fibre Test
Impact Echo Tests
Load Testing test
Dynamic Response
X-Ray Diffraction
Chemical Tests
Carbonation test
Suphate Determination Test
Chloride Determination Test
Thermoluminescence Test
Thermo gravimetric analysis Test
Differential Thermal analysis
Dilatometric Test

With these tests it would be possible to know in-situ strength/quality of concrete to

precise identify the damage and causes of the deterioration of the structure, to predict the
residual life measures to enhance the life of the structure.
Details of few of the tests, which are commonly used in practice, are described below,
1. Schmidt Hammer Test
Schmidt Hammer Test is a quick method for assessing the quality of concrete based on su
hardness indicated by the rebound number. If the strength of concrete is high, then the rebound
number is also high.
The principal of this test is that when the plunger of rebound hammer is pressed against surface
of the concrete the spring controlled mass rebounds and the extent of such rebound depends upon
the surface hardness of the concrete. The surface hardness and therefore the rebound number is
taken to be related to compressive strength of the concrete. Rebound number values also depend on
angle of measurement.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity test
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (USPV) method is being extensively used to assess the quality
concrete. This test is generally used for measurement of concrete uniformity, determination of
cracking and honeycombing, and assessment of concrete deterioration. Strength estimation is
qulititative assessed.
The principal of USPV measurement involves sending electro-acoustic pulse through a
concrete path and measuring the transit time taken, for a known distance. Pulse velocity is then,
computed. Tn pulse velocity depends mainly on elastic modulus of concrete. Any factor, which
influences the modulus of elasticity of concrete, will also affect its pulse velocity. The direct
method of testing is the more reliable from the point of view of transmittance measurement, as
maximum pulse energy is transmit at right angles to the face of transmitter.
2. Carbonation Test
Concrete is having micro-pores and these pores are filled with liquid, having PH –value as
high 12.5. Thus, concrete is alkaline in nature. This alkaline of the concrete is due to (OH) ions in
pore water, which are produced by the dissolution of Ca(OH)2 from the solid phase of the cement
gel into pore water and from the caustic alkalis present namely potassium and sodium oxides.
Carbonation of the concrete is the reaction of Ca(OH)2 with the atmospheric CO2, and its
conversion into CaCO3. The reaction lowers the pH-value of the pore water to about 8.3. The outer
zone of concrete is affected first out due to the passage of time, carbonation proceeds deeper into
the mass as carbon dioxide diffuses inwards from the surface. If carbonation depth becomes equal
to cover of concrete, steel reinforcement is then prone to corrosion damage.
By carbonation test, we measure the carbonated depth of concrete. To determine the depth of
carbonation drilling of a hole is done in stages and the phenolphalein solution is sprayed in it after
every stage. As soon as the color of the concrete becomes pink, drilling is stopped and the depth of
the hole measured.
3. Core Test
Core test is one of the best methods to assess the strength of the concrete in reinforced
concrete construction. Compression testing and petrographic examination of cores, cut from
hardened concrete, is a well established and most reliable method enabling visual inspection of the
interior regions and direct estimation of the strength. The results obtained from the other
nondestructive tests are generally verified using core test.
Rebar Locator Test
By this test, bar diameter, cover to reinforcement, spacing of reinforcement, number of
reinforcing bars and any discontinuity in the reinforcing bars can be detected. This test is performed
using cover meter which is based on electro-magnetic theory.
Chloride Determination Test
Small amount of chlorides will normally be present in the concrete. Higher amount of
chlorides may give rise to potential of corrosion risk. Quantity of chlorides in the concrete is
generally determined chemically and is expressed in terms of percentage of chlorides by weight of
concretes.
Thermo gravimetric and Dilatometric test, differential thermal analysis tests,
Thermolumine scene test etc are some of the sophisticated tests for assessment of the residual
concrete strength.
Thermo gravimetric and Dilatometric Tests
Thermo gravimetric and Dilatometry may be used to assess temperature attained by
concrete. As the concrete undergoes irreversible chemical changes during fire there would be
weight loss at about 5000C. Using thermogravity curces the temperature attained during fire can be
obtained. In dilatometric test, shrinkage of concrete due to process of dehydratrion is detected. By
compaction expansion with temperature lines that represents dialometric curves for fire damaged
concrete and unaffected concrete, the probable temperature to which concrete was subjected can be
established.
Thermoluminescene Test
Thermoluminescene test was proposed by placid and elaborated by chew. This method is
useful in finding out the temperature history of concrete exposed to a temperature range from 300 0C
to 500 0C. This method utilizes the concept that the intensity of emission of visible light on heating
versus temperature curve for a particular material depends on its thermal and radiation history.
Temperature versus thermoluminescence curve of the fire affected sample may be compared with
that of unaffected sample for comparison of exposures to the given temperature.
Differential thermal Analysis Tests
Differential thermal Analysis test is based on measurement of temperature curve of the
concrete samples accompanying the irreversible physic, chemical transformation at a temperature,
heated in surface. This method consists of heatng of sample in platinum crucible with a thermocol
embedded in it. The time temperature curve of sample is compared with that of crucible containing
in material or without my samples. The differential thermal analysis of concrete samples are
conducted pulverized sample of mortar obtained from sound and unsound concrete with granular
size of the concrete passing a sieve of 150 microns and retained on 75 microns sieve.
Causes of Deterioration:
The following are the causes of failure of structure:
a) Occurrences incidental to construction stage. This could be attributed to
1. Local settlement of sub grade.
2. Movement of formwork.
3. Vibrations.
4. Internal settlement of concrete suspension.
5. Setting Shrinkage.
6. Premature removal forms.

b) Drying Shrinkage
c) Temperature stresses – This may be due to
1. Difference in temperatures between the inside of the building with its
environment.
2. Variation in internal temperature of the building or structure.
d) Absorption of moisture by concrete
e) Corrosion of reinforcement – This could be caused by
1. Entry of moisture through cracks or pores.
2. Electrolytic action
f) Aggressive action of chemical
g) Weathering action
h) Action of shock waves
i) Erosion
j) Poor design details at
 1. Re-entrant corners
2. Changes in cross section
3. Rigid joints in precast elements
4. Deflections
This lead to
1. Leakage through joints
2. Inadequate drainage
3. Inefficient drainage slopes
4. Unanticipated shear stresses in piers, columns and abutments etc
5. Incompatibility of materials of sections
6. Neglect in design
k) Errors in design
l) Errors in earlier repairs
m)Overloading
n) External influences such as
1. Earthquake
2. Wind
3. Fire
4. Cyclones etc.
Some of the major causes of deterioration of concrete structure are discussed in detail here.
Design and construction flows
Design of the concrete structures governs the performance of concrete structures. Well
designed and detailed concrete structure will show less deterioration in comparison with poorly
designed and detailed concrete, in the similar condition. The beam-column joints are particularly
prone to defective concrete, if detailing and placing of reinforcement is not done properly.
Inadequate concrete cover may lead to carbonation depth reaching upto the reinforcement, thus
increasing the risk of corrosion of reinforcement.
Environmental Effects
Micro-cracks present in the concrete are the source of ingress of moisture and
atmospheric carbon diozide into the concrete which attack reinforcement and react with various
 ingredients of concrete. In aggressive environment concrete
structures will deteriorate faster and strength life of concrete
structure will be severely reduced.
Poor Quality material used
Quality of material to be used in construction, should be
ensured by means of various tests as specified by the IS codes.
Alkali-aggregate reaction and sulphate attack results in early
deterioration. Clayey materials in the fine aggregate may weaken
the mortar aggregate bond and reduce the strength. Salinity causes
corrosion of reinforcement bars as well as deterioration of concrete.
Quality of supervision
Construction work should be carried out as per the l aid sown
specification. Adherence to specified water/cement ratio controls
strength, permeability and durability of concrete. Insufficient
vibration may result in porous and honey combed concrete, whereas
excess vibration may cause segregation.
Deterioration due to corrosion
Spalling of concrete cover
Cracks
parallel to
the
reinforcem
ent
Spalling at
edges
Swelling of concrete Dislocation
Internal cracking and reduction in area of steel of reinforcement
Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation consists of restoring the structure to service level; it once had and now lost. Strengthening
consists in endowing the structure with a service level higher than that initially planned by modifying the
structure not necessarily damag