UNIT 2 INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS

(IIOT) AND INTERNET OF

EVERYTHING (IOE)
Structure
2.1 Introduction to IIoT
2.2 Definition of IIoT
2.3 Why Industrial IoT?
2.4 Common Ground of IoT and IIoT
2.5 The IoT Landscape
2.6 The IoT Technology Stack
2.7 Difference between IoT and IIoT
2.8 IIoT Technologies and Concepts
2.9 Physical Design of IIoT
2.10 Industry 4.0: Automation of Industries
2.11 IIoT Architecture
2.12 Internet of Everything
2.13 Pillars of The Internet of Everything (IoE)
2.14 The difference between IoE and IoT
2.15 The Future?
2.16 Summary
2.17 Keywords and Descriptions
2.18 References and Further Readings

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO IIOT

IIoT is the advanced form of IoT and it is used in industrial applications such
as agriculture and manufacturing. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is
the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in an industrial setting which
applies smart technology (smart sensors), data collection/storage, and cloud-
based analytics connected together using the internet’s infrastructure to
achieve value-added performance within an industry’s enterprise. In the
simplest of words, IIoT can tell an Oil and Gas company how to minimise
impending damage and disruption before leakage occurs in a gas pipeline,
whereas in IoT, home users are informed when to feed their pets on time.
IoT is the interconnection of smart devices that monitor, inform, and enhance
personal aspects of everyday life via the internet. IIoT, in a similar way, builds
on the same technology and concepts as IoT to provide the ability to connect
businesses, people, machines, data, and devices within an industrial setting
specifically targeted to enhance the performance across the manufacturing
value chain. For example, the robotic arm on an assembly line, a thermostat in
a freezer delivery truck, or a pump that provides fresh water are all connected
providing and sharing data to make informed real-time data driven decisions
that better control the process they are part of.
IIoT technology can be applied to solve difficult logistic, manufacturing, and
supply chain issues that benefit both the manufacturer and consumer.
Leveraging IIoT in an existing enterprise is a mutually beneficial aspect of
IIoT implementation and can reduce operational costs while ensuring the
highest quality possible in a wide variety of an industry’s processes.
Objectives:
After Studying this unit, you should be able to:
 Define IIOT and IoE
 Explain the differences between IoT, IIoT and IoE
 Describe IIOT Technologies and Concepts
 Discuss the Pillars of IoE and
 Know the Industry 4.0: Automation of Industry

2.2 DEFINITION OF IIOT

Industrial Internet of Things(IIot), is a subcategory of Internet of Things(IoT)
that refers to the use of automated, interrelated sensors, devices, and machinery
to drive operational efficiency at an industrial scale.
Most IIoT definitions highlight that these systems are characterized by a
connection between the cyber and the physical—or information technology (IT)
and operational technology (OT).
The IIoT consists of internet-connected machinery and the advanced analytics
platforms that process the data they produce. IIoT devices range from tiny
environmental sensors to complex industrial robots. While the word
“industrial” may call to mind warehouses, shipyards and factory floors, IIoT
technologies hold a lot of promise for a diverse range of industries, including
agriculture, healthcare, financial services, retail and advertising.

2.3 WHY INDUSTRIAL IOT? – SPECIALITY OF IIOT

The Internet of Things (IoT) is all over the media with particular attention to
the process and manufacturing industries for which the name Industrial
Internet of Things (IIoT) is used. There are also IoT solutions for other
application areas like transportation and healthcare etc. but we don’t hear about
“TIoT” or “HIoT”. What makes industry so special that it has to be singled out
as IIoT?
IoT is about digitally networking “things” such as sensors and actuators from
the very first meter and then securely all the way across the Internet so all their
data can be accessed from anywhere including the other side of the world. For
the industry this means 4-20 mA and on-off signals are no longer sufficient,
you need digital networking all the way from the sensors and actuators; bus or
wireless. It is when it comes to this sensor & actuator level digital networking
where the industry is very different from the other application areas. The home
and office environment are not demanding and the applications are not critical;
so Ethernet, Wi-Fi, USB, and Bluetooth work fine. However, applications in
plants boiling petrol (refinery), mixing volatile chemicals, and power
generation (ensuring no blackout) are mission critical requiring real-time
digital closed loop control. The outdoor applications on the process itself have
challenges such as hazardous areas (explosive atmosphere), rain and sea spray,
dust, hot deserts and bitter cold winters, direct sunlight, electrically noisy
(switching and frequency control of heavy electrical loads), long distances
with huge ground potential differences. There are other circumstances that
make industrial applications challenging. For instance, the industrial sensors
and actuators are handled by people with only big tools in their toolbox, and
they must be able to replace these “things” without having to touch system
software because their responsibility is instrumentation, so they are not
allowed to work on the control system. The number of sensors in a plant
outnumbers those in a home by several orders of magnitude.
Clearly, more sensors and actuators are an industry trend as plants are
becoming ever larger to get economy of scale, and the processes are more
complex to handle lower grade feed and meet increasingly stringent
requirements for a finished product. Plants are deploying more sensors for
equipment condition monitoring to improve reliability and reduce maintenance
cost, for performance monitoring and loss detection to improve energy
efficiency, automate balance manual data collection for productivity, and to
meet ever more demanding safety, health, and environmental (HS&E)
regulations - a good thing.
By automating data collection like vibration, temperature, pressure, and fluid
levels etc. the plant also enables remote access: from a plant control room and
maintenance office, from the on-shore integrated operations (iOps) centre,
from a global engineering solutions centre, by equipment manufacturer, or
third-party service provider. For instance, a very fast pressure transmitter with
embedded statistical process monitoring (SPM) can detect pump cavitation to
notify operators to check for closed valves, and maintenance to check for
plugged strainers. If securely connected across the Internet, the corporate
global solutions experts are able to compare the problem to other similar plants,
the pump manufacturer for product issues, and a service provider to schedule
an overhaul.
For any business that deals with the production and/or transportation of
physical goods, IIoT can create game-changing operational efficiencies and
present entirely new business models. The following are examples of ways in
which IIoT technology could be applied in diverse industries.
Production: This is the industry in which most IIoT technology is currently
being implemented. IIoT-enabled machines can self-monitor and predict
potential problems, meaning less downtime and greater overall efficiency.
Supply chain: With sensor-managed inventory, IIoT technology could take
care of ordering supplies just before they go out of stock. This decreases the
amount of waste produced while keeping necessary goods in stock and frees up
employees to focus on other tasks.
Building management: IIoT technology could make building management
simpler and more secure. With sensor-driven climate control, the guesswork
and frustration involved in manually changing a building’s climate will be
eliminated. Additionally, devices that monitor entry points in the building and
respond to potential threats quickly will increase the building’s security.
Healthcare: With devices that monitor patients remotely and notify healthcare
providers as soon as patients’ statuses change, IIoT could cause healthcare to
become more precise and responsive. Eventually, AI may even be able to take
over patients’ diagnoses, meaning doctors are able to treat them sooner and
more effectively.
Retail: IIoT technology has the potential to make quick, intelligent marketing
decisions for individual stores. With storefronts that automatically update
based on consumer interest and the ability to put together smart promotions,
retail outlets that implement IIoT technology could gain a significant
advantage over their competitors.
SAQ 1

a) Define IIoT. In which industries IIoT could be applied? Name a few

industries.

2.4 COMMON GROUND OF IOT AND IIOT

The similarities of IoT and IIoT: Both have the same fundamental layer on top
of which they are built.
With IIoT being a subset of the larger IoT, they automatically share common
technologies like sensors, cloud platforms, connectivity and analytics.
Another similarity constitutes the domains for which their application is
designed, as well as the standards and regulations they have to conform to in
order for them to be successful and commercially available.

2.5 THE IOT LANDSCAPE

Figure 2.1: IoT Landscape

(source: AIOTI WG3 (IoT standardisation) – Release 2.7)

The IoT Landscape as shown in the Figure 2.1, summarizes the current
situation in the IoT world with respect to the standards and the application
domains in which these types of products are used. The landscape is valid for
both IoT and IIoT products. Both of them are used in various applications
which extend from home automation up to farming and agriculture —
vertically. On the horizontal, we can find common telecommunication
technologies that are used in all the presented application domains. As we can
infer from the figure, the application domains are densely populated by several
SDOs (standard developing organizations) and industrial or public alliances.

2.6 THE IOT TECHNOLOGY STACK

Prior to diving into the details, it is important to understand that not all
connected devices are IoT or IIoT. In this section, we will understand more
about the IoT ecosystem and its fundamental components.
 Figure 2.2: IoT Technology Stack
(Source: IIoT World, https://www.iiot-world.com/industrial-iot/connected-industry/iot-vs-iiot)

The technology basis for any IoT application — whether intended for the
consumer or for the industry — is the same, and can be abstracted as shown in
Figure 2.2. Therefore, building a product from scratch and calling it an IoT
product requires expertise in six different domains :
 Device Hardware
 Device Software
 Communications
 Cloud Platform
 Cloud Data
 Cloud Application
Device Hardware
When we imagine an IoT product, a physical device is automatically brought
to mind. This can vary from the extremely simple, say an electronic device
sporting some colourful LEDs, to the highly complex, like a device sensing
different physical properties and engaging in so-called edge computing. The
main requirement when building such products is to incorporate
communication technology that allows the device to communicate with other
devices or to be connected to the internet.
Device Software
The software component of any microcontroller-based hardware is called
firmware. The firmware is the piece of logic any IoT product needs to operate
and perform the desired workload.
Communications
The communication is usually realised by connecting to other devices and
ultimately to a master gateway, or by connecting directly to the internet using
different technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi or any other standard
communication protocol.
Cloud Platform
Any IoT product requires a backend solution where the data is collected,
filtered and processed. These are provided by a cloud platform.
Cloud Data
This component is theoretically optional in an IoT application; nonetheless,
most of the products today incorporate an intelligence for differentiating from
other products. Usually, this is perceived as being the most valuable asset of
any modern IoT product; therefore, expertise in areas like Machine Learning
and Data Science are highly required.
Cloud Applications
Just as with Cloud Data, this component is optional, as not all IoT applications
offer a GUI-based visualization to the customer. In case this is required, the
cloud application must be capable of showing the data collected from the
device hardware in the form of a mobile or web application.

SAQ 2

a) What are the common grounds of IoT and IIoT?

b) Discuss the IoT Technology Stack.

2.7 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOT AND IIOT

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a subcategory of the Internet of
Things (IoT), which also includes consumer-facing applications such as
wearable devices, smart home technology and self-driving cars. Sensor-
embedded devices, machines and infrastructure that transmit data via the
Internet and are managed by software are the hallmark of both concepts.
IoT is the interconnection of smart devices that monitor, inform, and enhance
personal aspects of everyday life via the internet. IIoT, in a similar way, builds
on the same technology and concepts as IoT to provide the ability to connect
businesses, people, machines, data, and devices within an industrial setting
specifically targeted to enhance the performance across the manufacturing
value chain.
While the Industrial Internet of Things falls under the general IoT umbrella,
there are a few differences between the two. The key difference is that IIoT
focuses on connecting machines and devices in industries like manufacturing,
healthcare, and logistics, while IoT is generally used to describe consumer-
level devices like Fitbits and the whole range of smart home devices from ring
video doorbells to thermostats and refrigerators.
Besides the business versus consumer distinction, IIoT comes with much
higher stakes than IoT due to its massive scale. When a system fails, downtime
can result in life-threatening situations or major financial losses. While
personal IoT devices do come with privacy concerns and bring up issues about
data collection and consent, it’s unlikely that failure could result in a true
emergency situation.
The main differences between the IoT and IIoT application domains are
highlighted and also shown in the Figure 2.3.
 Figure 2.3: IIOT and IoT connected through Cloud Network
(Source: IIoT World, https://www.iiot-world.com/industrial-iot/connected-industry/iot-vs-iiot)

The term IoT, Internet of Things, is often used to refer to ubiquitous,

consumer-oriented IoT products.
The IIoT, on the other hand, stands for Industrial Internet of Things, and is a
subset of the larger IoT, focusing on the specialised requirements of
industrial applications such as manufacturing, oil and gas, and utilities. IIoT
is a collective term that describes the connection of machines and production
plants.
The parameters that differentiate the IoT from the industrial IoT include:
 Security
 Interoperability
 Scalability
 Precision
 Programmability
 Low Latency
 Reliability
 Resilience
 Automation
 Serviceability
Security
Any kind of IoT solution requires security, but industrial IoT solutions
require more robust measures. Resolving security on a merely superficial
level can have a disastrous outcome for a high-volume manufacturing process,
resulting in lost production costing huge amounts of money. Another
outcome of incorrect action in the control process can put the system into an
unstable and unsafe condition. Therefore, IIoT solutions incorporate
sophisticated security measures, from secure and resilient system
architectures, specialised chipsets, encryption and authentication threat
detection to management processes.
On the other side, operation safety is not necessarily an issue in an IoT
ecosystem as these systems do not handle industrial processes. Therefore, no
serious safety incident can happen if a wrong decision is made.
Interoperability: The IoT Interoperability Permutations is as shown in
Figure 2.4

Figure 2.4: IoT Interoperability Permutations

(Source: IIoT World, https://www.iiot-world.com/industrial-iot/connected-industry/iot-vs-iiot)

Usually, industrial IoT applications must co-exist in environments with

significant amounts of legacy operations technologies (OT). These legacy OT
don’t go away so fast; therefore, industrial IoT solutions must integrate,
support various protocols and data sets, and work reliably with these systems.
Scalability
The term industrial suggests large-scale networks supporting a high amount
of devices in the order of tens of thousands (or more). These devices can be
controllers, robots or large machinery and IoT solutions deployed into these
networks must scale seamlessly and support hundreds of thousands of sensors
and devices as well as existing non-IoT devices.
Precision
Industrial operations require higher levels of accuracy. Automated, high-
speed machinery is synchronized to a matter of milliseconds. Therefore, the
quality must be assured for such systems. Any small variation in the
operation of such high-volume manufacturing processes must be corrected
right away. Otherwise, this can result in lost efficiency and downtimes which
can affect the revenue considerably.
Programmability
The programming and reconfiguration of industrial machines is frequently
performed. This can be done remotely, on site or in the field and the
industrial IoT solutions supporting industrial and manufacturing processes
must provide reliable flexibility and adaptability.
Low Latency
Complementary to precision and accuracy is the requirement for low latency
in industrial applications. Anomalies must be quickly detected and corrective
actions must be applied in near-real time.
Reliability
Industrial products are usually designed to operate for twenty to thirty years
before a scale replacement is performed. With these strict requirements, like
operating in harsh environments, sometimes subject to extreme cold, heat,
high vibration, pressure and hazardous conditions, the IIoT applications must
assure reliable operability and high availability. A wrong action can put
people’s lives at risk.
The “Reliability” aspect is part of the SRP triad: Safety, Reliability and
Productivity.
Resilience
The Resilience Model in Four Acts is shown in the Figure 2.6:

Figure 2.6: Resilience Model

(Source: IIoT World, https://www.iiot-world.com/industrial-iot/connected-industry/iot-vs-iiot)

Breakdowns in one part of the system are not unusual in such highly scaled
industrial applications; therefore, the applications must be designed with
resilience in mind. To compensate for such faults in the system, the IoT
system architectures must be designed to always satisfactorily complete their
processes and operations.
Automation
The evolution of convergence process of IT and automation is shown in the
Figure 2.8:
 Figure 2.8: Convergence of IT and Automation
(Source: IIoT World, https://www.iiot-world.com/industrial-iot/connected-industry/iot-vs-iiot)

Most of the industrial applications are highly automated from the bottom to
the top, with limited or absolutely no human intervention. Such IoT solutions
are required to support a range of autonomous actions. In order to ensure this,
applications do incorporate intelligence into the edge devices, or deep
learning capabilities in the system design.
Serviceability
IoT solutions operating in industrial environments must be serviceable in
order to sustain the levels of performance required. This can extend from
swapping out sensors and updating firmware to configuring gateways and
servers — the ability to maintain industrial IoT solutions over their entire
lifecycle is an essential requirement.
While building industrial IoT products, one has to focus on the real needs and
values of a properly designed cloud data-based architecture with a special
focus on the safety, reliability and productivity aspects. The difference
between IIOT and IoT is shown in Table 2.1:
Table 2.1: The Difference between IIOT and IOT

S.No. IIOT IOT

It focuses on general
It focuses on industrial applications such as applications ranging from
manufacturing, power plants, oil & gas, wearables to robots &
1. etc. machines.

It uses critical equipment & devices

connected over a network which will cause Its implementation starts with
a life-threatening or other emergency small scale level so there is no
situations on failure therefore uses more need to worry about life-
2. sensitive and precise sensors. threatening situations.

It deals with small scale

3. It deals with large scale networks. networks.
S.No. IIOT IOT

It can be programmed remotely i.e., offers It offers easy off-site

4. remote on-site programming. programming.

It handles data ranging from medium to It handles very high volume of

5. high. data.

It requires robust security to protect the It requires identity and

6. data. privacy.

It needs moderate
7. It needs stringent requirements. requirements.

It having short product life

8. It having very long life cycle. cycle.

9. It has high- reliability. It is less reliable.

SAQ 3

a) Enumerate the parameters that differentiate the IoT from the industrial
IoT.
b) Highlight the differences between IoT and IIoT.

2.8 IIOT TECHNOLOGIES AND CONCEPTS

IIoT technology can be applied to solve difficult logistic, manufacturing, and
supply chain issues that benefit both the manufacturer and consumer.
Leveraging IIoT in an existing enterprise is a mutually beneficial aspect of
IIoT implementation and can reduce operational costs while ensuring the
highest quality possible in a wide variety of an industry’s processes.

Figure 2.9: IoT Technology

 (Source: IIoT World, https://www.iiot-world.com/industrial-iot/connected-industry/iot-vs-iiot)

The following are a few examples of current and upcoming IIoT technologies
and concepts:
 Digital Twins – The practice of creating a computer model of an object
such as a machine or a human organ or a process like weather. By
studying the behaviour of the twin, it is possible to understand and
predict the behaviour of the real-world counterpart and address
problems before they occur.
 Electronic Logging Device (ELD) – Onboard sensors that monitor
speed, driving time and how often individual drivers use their brakes,
helping to conserve fuel, improve driver safety and reduce idle
resources. If the driver makes a dangerous manoeuvre or is at the wheel
for too long, the driver is alerted and the dispatcher is notified. This
technology can replace the paper logs that drivers were once required
to fill out every day.
 Intelligent Edge – The place at which data is generated, analysed,
interpreted and addressed. Using the intelligent edge means analysis
can be conducted more quickly and the likelihood that the data will be
intercepted or otherwise breached is significantly decreased.
 Predictive Maintenance – A system that involves a machine or
component with sensors that collect and transmit data and then analyse
that data and store it in a database. This database then provides points
of comparison for events as they occur. The system eliminates
unnecessary maintenance and increases the likelihood of avoiding
failure.
 Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) – A system that involves
tags and readers, like a smarter version of barcode technology. Readers
identify RFID tags using radio waves, meaning the tags can be read by
multiple readers at once and over a longer distance than traditional
UPCs. RFID tags make it possible to easily track and monitor the
things on which they are attached.

2.9 PHYSICAL DESIGN IIOT

There are four parts to applying IIoT technology to industry:
Before a process, plant, system, or enterprise can qualify to be part of the
Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT), it must fit into four categories.
Interconnection
The first category is interconnection. There must be interconnection between
sensors/algorithms and the operators themselves. This means there must be a
human-machine interface (HMI) or a supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) system in place that monitors and allows the operators to interact
with the process or equipment. This interaction can range from simply
monitoring and recording values to complete control and decision-making for
the process.
Normalization
The second category is the normalization of data, meaning the reorganization
of data into something that models the process from where the data is being
acquired. For example, monitoring a trend on an HMI to understand the
performance of a system over time. This data could even be coming raw from
the sensor/algorithm directly to the operator.
Data Analysis
The analysis of data is the third category. The systems must be able to assist in
decision-making and keep the operators safe from tasks that may not be safe.
The industries that require automation/smart factories can be dangerous and
require extreme safety. The introduction of an automated process, controlled
remotely, can increase the safety of the operators and remove them from a
dangerous position.
Systems Automation
Lastly, the systems must become self-reliant over time. This will come from
their data acquisitions and established protocols so that the operation can work
smarter. A more reliable and automated system makes for a more productive
process.

SAQ 4

a) Discuss a few current and upcoming IIoT technologies.

b) Discuss the physical design of IIoT.

2.10. INDUSTRY 4.0: AUTOMATION OF INDUSTRIES

Figure 2.10: Industry 4.0 or Smart Manufacturing

(Source: Automation World, https://www.automationworld.com/downloads)

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing is as

shown in figure 2.10, all refer to using digital solutions – such as automation
and big data – in physical production and operations spaces. Over the last 400
years, the manufacturing industry has gone through a few key overhauls. The
First, Second and Third Industrial Revolutions brought changes like steam,
electricity and assembly lines, and even computers. We’re now in the fourth
wave (hence, 4.0), and this transformation is all about harnessing the power of
real-time, interconnected data and Robots and lots of Robots.
The world is changing all the time. That’s just a fact. While adopting new
technology can be overwhelming, the benefits are real and exponential. IIoT
empowers us to collaborate better, create time and cost efficiencies, automate
repetitive tasks, optimize our supply chain, attract younger talent, improve
safety, and all of these. Essentially, you can understand your operation better
so that we can make decisions using all of the information available – all in
real-time, of course. In order to understand the IIoT eco-system, it is pertinent
to understand the critical components of IIoT as explained below:
Artificial intelligence (AI) – Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad concept
where machines carry out tasks in a way that we would consider “smart,” such
as identifying and predicting faults typically with the ability to learn more
behaviours the more you use it. Common examples in business include speech
recognition, autonomous machinery, digital assistants . Machine learning is a
specific type of AI that requires less human involvement.
Machine learning - Machine learning is a specific application of AI based on
the idea that we should just be able to give machines access to data and let
them learn for themselves – aka, subtract the human component. Within the
field of machine learning, there are two main types of tasks:
Supervised learning – This is done using a ground truth, meaning you have
prior knowledge of what the output values should be. Therefore, the goal of
supervised learning, given a sample of data and desired outputs, is to best
approximate the relationship between the input and output observable in the
data.
Unsupervised learning – This type of machine learning does not have labelled
outputs, so its goal is to infer the natural structure present within a set of data
points.
Automation – Automation simply means enabling technology (robots,
software, etc.) to perform the repetitive tasks that your people are spending
time on. Automation can improve productivity, accuracy, safety and more.
Business intelligence – Big data isn’t that helpful if you don’t have a way to
use it. Business intelligence offers a system that allows you to quickly access
and understand data so that you can use it to make business decisions. It
typically requires a data warehouse, analytics engine and other tools.
Cloud computing – With all that awesome data, you need somewhere to put it,
right? Cloud computing simply refers to storing your data on a network of
remote servers hosted on the internet rather on your hard drive. It allows you
access to these resources from any location.
Cyber-physical system (CPS) – A CPS is a manufacturing operation that’s
equipped to collect, analyze, use and share real-time data across all areas of the
business. It's similar to the ecosystem (see below).
Ecosystem – You already know this term from elementary school biology. It’s
not that different when applied to smart manufacturing. An ecosystem is an
operation where different software systems are connected, such as inventory,
maintenance, financials, customer relationship management (CRM) and more.
Enterprise asset management (EAM) – An EAM is a platform that allows
you to collect, analyze and use asset data to extend equipment life. It
aggregates condition data to help you better plan maintenance tasks and
priorities.
M2M – This is an abbreviation for “machine to machine.” It’s the term for
when your equipment has the ability to “talk” to other equipment, often via IoT
sensors although this communication can be wired or wireless.
Predictive analytics – Predictive analytics is an advanced analytics model that
uses current and historical data to make predictions about future events. By
finding patterns in your data, predictive analytics can help with risk assessment,
inventory management, forecasting and more.
System integration – System integration is the process of connecting your
different software sub-systems (think work order systems, inventory
management, accounting, etc.) so that they can work together like one unified
system. It saves you a ton of time (and stress).

SAQ 5

a) What do you understand by Industry 4.0?

b) Discuss a few critical components of IIoT.

2.11 IIOT ARCHITECTURE

A diagrammatic representation of the multi-layered architecture of IIoT is
shown in Figure 2.11:

Figure 2.11: IIOT Architecture

(Source: IIoT Architecture: Standards at every level lets you change wherever by Jonas Berge,
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/iiot-architecture-standards-every-level-lets-you-change-jonas-berge)

IIoT spans from Instrumentation & Control (I&C), also known as OT, to
Information Technology (IT). Any plant can digitally transform to enjoy the
reliability and energy efficiency advantages long-term with minimal burden on
the persons responsible for the system. Choosing the right technologies for the
architecture is critical for the long term viability of the IIoT system. A complex
system becomes simpler if it is broken down into modules or layers. The
layered approach enables any one layer to be switched as technology evolves,
without having to change all the layers in the architecture because standards
decouple the layers. For instance, you can change backhaul from
cellular/mobile to broadband, change cloud provider, change middleware,
change firewall to data diode, and you can mix fieldbus with wireless sensor
networks and so on.
By building the IIoT architecture on standards it is possible to switch IIoT-
enabled connected services from in-house monitoring to outsourced or vice-
versa as shown in the Figure 2.12:
 Figure 2.11: IIoT Enabled Connected Services
(Source: IIoT Architecture: Standards at every level lets you change wherever by Jonas Berge,
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/iiot-architecture-standards-every-level-lets-you-change-jonas-berge)

Things and Digital Sensors:

The “things” in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) are the equipment like
compressors, pumps, heat exchangers, cooling towers, blowers, air cooled heat
exchangers, control valves, intelligent on-off valves, relief valve, steam traps,
and other equipment found around the plant. Plants already have thousands of
sensors connected to the control system, but those are primarily focused on
process monitoring and control. Therefore, many additional sensors are
required to cover the missing measurements for monitoring the equipment
themselves. This equipment needs to be instrumented with sensors to enable
them to be monitored remotely, permanent sensing around the clock, for
condition monitoring and performance monitoring ensuring plant availability
and energy efficiency. These digital sensors include pressure, temperature,
level, flow, acoustics, corrosion, vibration, pH, conductivity, position, electric
power, H2S gas, and hydrocarbon leakage etc. as shown in the Figure 2.13:

Figure 2.13: Things and Digital Sensors

(Source: IIoT Architecture: Standards at every level lets you change wherever by Jonas Berge,
https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/iiot-architecture-standards-every-level-lets-you-change-jonas-berge)

With hundreds or thousands of pieces of equipment in the plant to be

monitored, this can translate into many hundreds or thousands of sensors; often
referred to as Pervasive Sensing. Hardwiring each sensor signal point to point
would require an inordinate amount of wiring and I/O cards. Therefore, these
applications lend themselves very well to digital networking; bus or wireless.
Because there will be thousands of these sensors in the plant it is critical to
select high quality industrial grade sensors that will last trouble-free and
maintenance free for many years. The sensors touch the equipment and process;
its where cyber meets physical: cyber-physical systems. High quality industrial
grade sensors will not cost $10 each because they are built to withstand
corrosive and abrasive fluids, extremely high pressures and vacuum, high to
cryogenic temperatures, vibration, EMI, RFI, water and dust ingress, and are
suitable for hazardous areas etc. Good sensors are critical to run and maintain
the IIoT system itself.
An advantage of standards like Wireless HART, FOUNDATION fieldbus, FF-
HSE, and Modbus etc. is that multiple vendors of gateways support these
standards. It is possible to expand the IIoT system with gateways from another
vendor without having to make major changes or completely replace the upper
layers of the architecture.
Backbone Network:
The backbone network connects the gateways similar to a control system
control network. Ethernet and UDP/TCP/IP is used as media and transport for
the backbone network. Many industrial Ethernet application protocols exist. To
preserve the richness of the sensor data, preserve the application protocol for
the backbone networking using the industrial Ethernet application protocol
standard corresponding to the fieldbus protocol standard used for the sensor
network:

Because the backbone network is decoupled from the lower layers (sensors and
sensor networks) and upper layers (security, cloud, and apps etc.) of the
architecture it is possible to add another backbone network standard in the
future should a new more powerful technology become standardized, or even
to migrate gateways to other network technologies, without having to make
major changes or completely replace the underlying sensors and networks or
upper layers of the architecture.
Cyber Security :
Cyber Security is a very important consideration. Multiple options exist to pass
data into the cloud to enable enterprise level or outsourced third-party
connected services. The most suitable security solution can be selected
depending on the connected service provided and the architecture of the plant
automation system. Options include but are not limited to:
 Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
 Data diode
 Physically Private Network (PPN)
 Historian cloud connection
Backhaul Network
The backhaul network connects the plant to the cloud data center enabling
connected services. The media can be the plant’s broadband internet
connection or a separate mobile/cellular network connection using a
mobile/cellular router. IP is used as the transport protocol supporting many
application protocols.
For a mobile network (cellular network) or satellite network connection where
the data charges are high and the bandwidth limited, it may be necessary to use
slow polling rates, and data caching and report by exception techniques to
reduce the data volumes to keep the data charges low. Slower sampling from
the applications in the cloud is the easiest way to reduce the data volume
because no intermediate protocols or data caching is involved, hence no
software changes or intermediate drivers have to be used.
By using a backhaul network based on IP it is easy to add new protocols across
the same network since IP supports multiple protocols in parallel. It is also
possible to change the backhaul network in the future as demands change and
new technologies become available.
Cloud
The Cloud refers to the use of Virtual Machines (VM) with lots of storage
capacity (cloud storage) and computing capacity (cloud computing) running in
a remote data centre building. The cloud service provider supports with cyber
security and physical security. If mobile/cellular backhaul is used, it is
necessary to make sure the connection between the telecommunication
company and the cloud service provider is already established.
Middleware “Platform”
The middleware is usually the historian software which most plants already
have at both the plant and enterprise level but could instead be other software
“platform” providing the same shared data acquisition, storage, and access
security functions. The historian (or other middleware platforms) collects and
archive data from the control system and other data sources in the plant over
long periods of time in a shared repository; “Big Data”. And they enable
access to real-time and historical data to analytics and reporting applications.
Historians support OPC, Modbus, FF-HSE, HART-IP, and other standard
protocols to get the data from the underlying sensors and other data sources.
Because historians use these standard protocols for data acquisition it is
possible to add new data sources as required in the future. It is even possible to
change historian without changing the underlying systems.
Analytics Apps
Analytics applications receive raw data through the historian (or other
middleware platform) from the sensors installed on the equipment and return
actionable information as a result of the analysis. There are apps for condition
and performance monitoring of equipment as simple as steam traps and relief
valves, to more complex equipment like pumps, heat exchangers, cooling
towers, compressors, air cooled heat exchangers, and blowers etc. For instance,
a heat exchanger monitoring application receives inlet and outlet temperatures
for product and cooling water/steam as well as flow rates and pressure drops
from the historian. The analytics app determines the performance and alarms
on fouling when it is time to schedule cleaning, displaying this to the user but
also returning this information to the historian.
The analytics can use historical data or use streaming live data in real-time.
These apps are what people using the IIoT system actually see. The apps are
the user interface. If equipment performance and condition monitoring is done
“on-prem” within the plant or at a corporate centre of excellence, it is critical
these apps are user-friendly, easy to use. If not, the apps – and the entire IIoT
system – may fall into disuse. For this reason the apps are the second most
important part after the sensors. As explained for the middleware, the analytics
apps are traditionally closely coupled with the historian/platform, but this may
change in the future.
Digital Ecosystem
A digital ecosystem means that the components in the system were designed to
work well together, often beyond what multiple vendors can achieve through
standards because standards have mandatory and optional parts. The beauty of
components implemented as a digital ecosystem is that mating components
implement the same optional features such that these features can actually be
used. A digital ecosystem thus ensures greater functionality, yet still within the
framework of the standard.

SAQ 6

a) Enumerate different layers of IIoT architecture.

b) Discuss “Things and Digital Sensors”.

2.12 WHAT IS THE INTERNET OF EVERYTHING (IOE)?

The Internet of Everything (IoE) “is bringing together people, process, data,
and things to make networked connections more relevant and valuable than
ever before-turning information into actions that create new capabilities, richer
experiences, and unprecedented economic opportunity for businesses,
individuals, and countries.”, (Cisco, 2013) .
In simple terms: IoE is the intelligent connection of people, process, data and
things. The Internet of Everything (IoE) describes a world where billions of
objects have sensors to detect measure and assess their status; all connected
over public or private networks using standard and proprietary protocols.
Pillars of The Internet of Everything (IoE):
The following are the four pillars of the Internet of Everything:
People: Connecting people in more relevant, valuable ways.
Data: Converting data into intelligence to make better decisions.
Process: Delivering the right information to the right person (or machine) at
the right time.
Things: Physical devices and objects connected to the Internet and each other
for intelligent decision making; often called Internet of Things (IoT).
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects accessed
through the Internet. These objects contain embedded technology to interact
with internal states or the external environment. In other words, when objects
can sense and communicate, it changes how and where decisions are made,
and who makes them. For example Nest thermostats.

2.13 THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN IOE AND IOT

The Internet of Everything (IoE) with four pillars: people, process, data, and
things builds on top of The Internet of Things (IoT) with one pillar: things. In
addition, IoE further advances the power of the Internet to improve business
and industry outcomes, and ultimately make people’s lives better by adding to
the progress of IoT.
Internet of Everything is a new concept as compared to the Internet of Things.
Technology experts often state that IoE is the advanced stage of IoT. But it
covers the entire area of IoT, even a little wider than IoT.
IoE is not merely communication between machines (M2M) but also includes
people in it. It makes intuitive interaction between machines and people
possible, thus, combining the two powerful sources of knowledge and creating
a superpower source. In scientific terms, it is put forward as:
Machine to people (M2P)
People to Machine(P2M)
People to people communication(P2P)
Therefore, IoE is an intersection where all the roads like people, machines, and
technology meet. To make things simpler, IoE is a world of sensors and
detectors used to supervise and assess every move of either technology or
human and keep in check their status.

2.14 APPLICATIONS OF IOE

Saving Lives By Connecting Roads and Hospitals: Traffic crashes
influenced the deaths of around 857 bicyclists in 2018 in the US, according to
the US Department of Transportation some analysts had suggested that these
lives could have been saved by leveraging the IoE.
Connecting the helmet of a rider to necessary services like traffic signals,
hospitals, and nearby police stations through sensors, medical treatment can be
provided which can save innumerable lives. This way information about the
patient’s criticality can be directly received by the doctor by tracking a hospital
around the vicinity right away so that the ambulance reaches the spot on time,
enabling the ambulance to interact with the streetlights thus, showing green
lights all the way, to take the victim to the hospital without any obstacles
blocking the way, and allows the doctor to be ready with the essentials by the
time patient arrives.
Supply Chain Management: Supply chain management has become a crucial
sector after globalization and there has been immense competition in this
sector. If there is a mechanism to alert the trucks about the early harvest, the
time of delivery can be arranged with the supermarkets earlier, they can keep
in check the available stock so that overstocking sales don’t take place. This
way the markets can escape from financial losses and the consumers can avail
fresh produce every time. Even the harvesters can directly connect with
retailers through a common platform and sell their products with profit without
having to incur losses bypassing the intermediaries.
To further boost customer gratification, customers can interact with the stores
through their smartphones and can check notifications on the stock arrivals and
the stores can even give early bird offers. It’s a win-win game for all the
stakeholders involved. Ever wondered why do you get all the advertisements
about items that you just looked for on some app? It’s all IoE! It is possible to
collect data about the various searches that you look for all-day and IoE helps
you by giving all the other available options that may be better.
Elderly Care: A significant amount of the population is now senior citizenry,
and the needs of this section of people are completely different. There have
been numerous attempts by various academicians and developers to fulfill
these needs and to alleviate their day-to-day hardships. The role of IoE can
serve as a solution to these everyday problems by helping the senior citizens
stay active, and keeping them in touch with their loved ones. There are many
robots in the market to nursing the elderly, take care of their health, give them
timely medication and even by conversing with them these robots can alleviate
their mental health issues if any. From assisting them on how to use
smartphones to interact with their loved ones to offering companionship to
those who are struggling with a disturbed mind, these robots provide emotional
simulation.
Connecting Homes for a Comfortable Life: By establishing connections
between different devices and equipment to automating the life processes IoE
has innumerable opportunities to explore. Imagine how you would feel waking
up to serene music with hot coffee beside your bed, imagine a robot feeding
and watching your pets timely when you are not home, imagine a robot that
knows your mood, taste, and health status and cooks accordingly. Imagine a
home that adjusts to the outside temperature automatically. Doesn’t it look like
a wonderful and comfortable life? Imagine your home and life becoming like
that one from the Sci-Fi movies you see, like, and desire to have. No, don’t
imagine it is possible with IoE now!
Agriculture is No More a Hectic Human Task: Demand for food supply is
ever-increasing with increasing population but the supply even though
increasing has always remained far below the demand. Governments across the
world are bringing in new policies, giving incentives to farmers to equip new
technologies, and increasing their spending in the R&D department to find
ways to increase food production. Smart farming has always been in news but
despite limited trials, it has never been employed on a full scale.
To yield better results on investment for farmers, to eradicate hunger, and to
reduce the demand-supply gaps smart farming is the way to go. From assisting
the farmers in sensing the soil moisture, nutrient content, and controlling the
water usage to connecting the farmers directly to the markets IoE has the
potential to become an enabling factor in transforming the agriculture sector.
Smart City Technology as a solution to Urban Mobility: According to an
estimate of the UN, the population living in cities is expected to increase to
68% in 2050 from 55%. With increased growth comes increased challenges.
WHO in a report said that approximately a 1.35 million people die every year
in road accidents. Overcrowding and congestion are two of the major reasons
at the heart of this issue.
Santa Clara, a city in California uses cloud-based data to optimize traffic.
Highway cameras are centralized in the cloud-based operations center to
analyze the videos. More dynamic traffic estimates are provided hence
reducing the congestion on roads and providing the commuters the less
congested routes thereby minimizing the traffic accidents.
San Jose, yet another city from northern California, has piloted a traffic
optimization project to understand the peak hour traffics and reduce the
accidents thereby caused.
These are some cases where IoE has been tried and tested but there is more to
this transformational technology that can serve as examples in the history of
technology evolution.
IoE in Business: The business process has been in existence since the
beginning of time and has been growing endlessly. What has caused the
growth? The first thing that shaped an impressive business model was the
feedback mechanism thus, bringing “target marketing” in the game, consumer
satisfaction being a major factor affecting the entire business. IoE has majorly
influenced this department by bringing into market various technologies that
identify the needs of its customers. Micromarketing is majorly associated with
numerous websites that allow the requirements of the customers to reach the
business owners.
Not only that, but IoE has also been implemented in the building of ERP
software platforms like SAP Cloud Platform. This is used as an extension and
integration platform for the running of various applications. SAP Fiori
applications support the consumer goods system and enhance the sales process.
It is all about reconnecting and re-engaging various service lines to remodel
the business.
Pros: In this section, let us have a look at some benefits of the Internet of
everything.
Information access- Information accessibility will now become a hassle-free
task despite your location. The network of devices makes it easy for you to
access information from any corner of the earth.
Communication- Better communication with interconnected devices with
reduced inefficiencies.
Affordability- The same data that once took hours to transfer will now be done
within no time hence negligibly reducing the delay and hence reducing the
costs involved.
Automation- Automation has become the buzzword and has been intriguing
humankind for quite a long time. This helps reduce human intervention and
boosts the quality of services.
Cons: In this section, let us have a look at all the cons of the Internet of
everything:
Privacy and Security- There are a lot of “what ifs” and “buts” in the case of
security and privacy. The leakage of data has always been a matter of concern.
The privilege of technology comes at the cost of security. This is a major
drawback but can be overcome with adequate measures and safety protocols.
Data breaching and issues in law enforcement regarding the “deep web” have
blown out in the world Recently, testimony has been held against Facebook
accused of leakage of data.
Dependability- Technology has made us depend on it even for small tasks,
making humans lazy and killing creativity in humans. The impact of
technology is paramount in our everyday life processes
There are other obstacles like the availability of finance for the purpose and
availability of power the entire time.
The future work
The opportunities available for the future of IoE are endless. The capacity to
automate, deploy and secure devices can change the face of industrial
processes. The potential is not just in connecting devices and hence in
simplifying the life processes but to leverage data that can diversify the
business processes and to overcome these challenges, new service providers
come up in the markets opening new streams of revenue. High stakes have
been put by scientists and academicians into IoE believing it will meet the
high-end requirements of the market in the coming future.
A human-machine interacting ecosystem is going to provide new experiences
to the technology-driven world, new opportunities within remote learning.
Developments in wireless networking like Li-Fi, 5G provide further impetus to
IoE.
Even though it may feel like IoE has covered as much ground as it can, IoE has
been mapping new territories enhancing its implementations and expanding
unexpectedly. Signalling more connectivity from cars, electronic gadgets, and
toys to traffic lights and home security systems IoE facilitates connectivity
between a range of internet-supported physical devices and non-internet
supportive devices. With this emerging involvement of IoE in almost every
field, many other technologies can be expected to naturally wane out of the
process.
Beyond just pure technological concepts for academicians, IoE is capable of
transforming the socio-cultural fabric of the world by connecting people and
processes. This time is not yet ripe to predict if IoE is the next big bloom but
the statistics, according to Market Research Engine predictions IoE market is
expected to reach $39 trillion by 2024 and grow at 15% CAGR, as well as the
dependence on technology life suggests so.

SAQ 7

a) What is IoE?
b) Explain the difference between IoE and IoT.
c) Discuss a few applications of IoE.

2.15 THE FUTURE?

The Internet of Everything will re-invent industries at three levels: business
process, business model, and business moment.
“At the first level, digital technology is improving our products, services and
processes, our customer and constituent experiences, and the way we work in
our organizations and within our partnerships,” said Hung Le Hong, research
vice president and Gartner Fellow.
“We do what we normally do, but digitalization allows us to do it better or
develop better products within our industry.”
As companies digitalize products and process, completely new ways of doing
business in industries emerge. Gartner analysts expect more transformational
changes as digitalization re-invents industries at the business model level. Mr.
Le Hong gave the examples of Nike, playing on the edge of the healthcare
industry with its connected sporting clothes and gear, and Google having a
visible presence in autonomous vehicles. “These organizations had no business
in your industry, and are now re-inventing them,” said Mr. Le Hong.
The third level of digital re-invention is created by the need to compete with
unprecedented business velocity and agility. Gartner calls this the “business
moment.”
The Internet of Everything will create tens of millions of new objects and
sensors, all generating real-time data. “Data is money,” said Nick Jones,
research vice president and distinguished analyst at Gartner. “Businesses will
need big data and storage technologies to collect, analyze and store the sheer
volume of information. Furthermore, to turn data into money business and IT
leaders will need decisions. As they won’t have the time or the capacity to
make all the decisions themselves they will need processing power.”
“Now that digital is embedded in everything we do, every business needs its
own flavor of digital strategy. Vanilla is off the menu,” said Dave Aron,
research vice president and Gartner Fellow. “Digital is not an option, not an
add-on, and not an afterthought; it is the new reality that requires a
comprehensive digital leadership.”
Gartner predicts that enterprises will make extensive use of IoE technology,
and there will be a wide range of products sold into various markets. These
will include advanced medical devices, factory automation sensors and
applications in industrial robotics, sensor motes for increased agricultural yield,
and automotive sensors and infrastructure integrity monitoring systems for
diverse areas such as road and railway transportation, water distribution and
electrical transmission; an endless list of products and services.
But as devices get more connected and collect more data, privacy and security
concerns will increase too. How companies decide to balance customer privacy
with this wealth of IoE data will be critical.
Well, the difference is the intelligent connection. IoT is mostly about physical
devices and objects communicating with each other but IoE brings with it the
network intelligence to bind all these concepts together into a cohesive system.
IoT has been limited to only machines thus achieving Machine to Machine
Communication but IoE brings together people, processes, data, and things and
adds them into the network therefore not just Phone/tablets and PCs but People.
Health Fitness bands, Coffee pots, Marine Container’s all become a Node in an
intelligent network communicating with each other. The more expansive IoE
concepts include, besides M2M communication, M2P, and technology-assisted
P2P communication.
The IoE Economy will profoundly affect four major Aspects of our lives:
People:
People will be connected to the internet in more relevant ways and will be
generating data and interacting with devices not only through
Mobile’s/Tablet’s, PC’s and Social networks but also through Sensors placed
on human skins or sewn into clothing which will provide a person’s vital signs.
In this way, people will themselves becomes Nodes on the internet.
A good example is Nike’s wearable fitness band’s which read a person’s vital
signs and sports apparel and gears embedded with chips that track the
performance of Athletes.
Things:
Things and physical items such as sensors, industry devices, consumer
products, enterprise assets will be connected to the internet or to each other,
also fetching information from its surroundings, will be more context-aware,
more cognitive, more intelligent, often so-called the internet of things.
As of 1984, only 1000 devices were connected to the internet which increased
to about 1 million in 1992 and shot across 10 Billion in 2010, and as there is
around 50 billion devices connected to the internet by 2020. These devices
fetches data from their environment internally or externally and sends it back
to the server for analyzing and making much more intelligent decisions.
Data:
Rather than simply collecting Raw data, these connected devices will be
sending higher level, more processed data back to respective servers for faster
evaluation or more intelligent decision making.
Here the data is more about insightful information and action plan than just a
random chunk. Figuring out a way to decipher the right flow of information is
the key to making the best use of Big Data and as the types of data and sources
increase, in order to draw useful insight’s there will be a need to classify
information and analyze it.
Process:
With the equivalent to the IOE process, the right information will be delivered
to the right person at the right time in an appropriate way.
Technology-based Businesses will be relying on data to make further decisions
and advance their workflow processes and strategies and will be therefore
competing to leverage the data faster than their competitors for agile and faster
decision making.
General Electrics predicts that IoE can add 15 trillion dollars to the Global
Domestic Product while Cisco estimates 19 trillion in savings and profits for
companies that can leverage IoE. But as the number of devices connected to
the internet increase and therefore collect more data, privacy is put at risk
which increases security concerns but as these devices grow more intelligent,
hopes is that the device and network will grow knowledgeable enough to
detect, stop and prevent any harmful threats. IoE is here and is inevitable, we
should embrace ourselves to adapt our lives to the changes that it brings with it.

2.16 SUMMARY
In this unit, we have discussed IIoT, Industry 4.0, Smart Manufacturing, IoE
and their applications. Actually, IIoT is nothing but Industrial Internet of
Things or Smart Manufacturing. The differences between IIoT and IoT, IIoT
and IoE etc. have been clearly described in this unit.

2.17 KEYWORDS AND DESCRIPTIONS

IOT:
The Internet of Things means taking all the things in the world and connecting them
to the internet. Internet of Things (IoT) is a computing concept that describes the idea
of everyday physical objects being connected to the internet and being able to identify
themselves to other devices and send and receive data.
IIOT:
IIoT is the advanced form of IoT and it is used in industrial applications such
as agriculture and manufacturing. The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is
the application of the Internet of Things (IoT) in an industrial setting which
applies smart technology (smart sensors), data collection/storage, and cloud-
based analytics connected together using the internet’s infrastructure to
achieve value added performance within an industry’s enterprise.
IOE:
The Internet of Everything (IoE) describes a world where billions of objects
have sensors to detect measure and assess their status; all connected over
public or private networks using standard and proprietary protocols.

2.18 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READINGS

1. Internet of Things: A hands on Approach: Authors: Arshdeep Bahga
and Vijay Madisetti, Universities Press, Hyderabad
2. Internet of Things: Author: Jeeva Jose, Khanna Publishing, New Delhi
3. New Age Technology and Industrial Revolution 4.0: Author: Narendra
Jadhav, Konark Publishers Pvt Ltd, NewDelhi
4. The Smart City Transformations: Authors: Amitabh Satyam and Igor
Calzada, Bloomsbury Publishers, New Delhi
5. Smart Cities: Author: Dr.Sameer Sharma, Bloomsbury Publishers, New
Delhi
6. Smart Cities and Urban Development in India: Author: N.Mani, New
Century Publications, New Delhi
7. Introduction to Smart Cities: Author: P.P.Anil Kumar, Pearson
Publishers, Noida
8. Building Smart Cities: Author: Carol L.Stimmel, CRC Press Taylor &
Francis Group, New Yark
9. India Automated: Author: Pranjal Sharma, Macmillan Publishers,
NewDelhi
10. Big Data Analytics for Connected Vehicles and Smart Cities: Author:
BoB McQueen, Artech House, Bostan