STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

1/10/2013 TRAN MINH TU - University of Civil Engineering, 1

Giai Phong Str. 55, Hai Ba Trung Dist. Hanoi, Vietnam
CHAPTER

Axial Force, Shear Force and

Bending Moment

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 Contents
2.1. Introduction

2.2. Internal Stress Resultants

2.3. Example
2.4. Relationships between loads,
shear forces, and bending moments
2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams
2.6. Normal, Shear force and
bending moment diagram of frame
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2.1. Introduction
- Structural members are usually classified
according to the types of loads that they
support.
- Planar structures: if they lie in a single
plane and all loads act in that same plane.
2.1.1. Support connections.
- Structural members are joined together in various ways depending on
the intent of the designer. The three types of joint most often specified
are the pin connection, the roller support, and the fixed joint

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2.1. Introduction

- Types of supports
- Pin support: prevents the translation at the
end of a beam but does not prevent the
rotation.
A

Idealized
HA

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A
2.1. Introduction

- Roller support: prevents the translation in

the vertical direction but not in the horizontal
direction, and does not prevent the rotation.

V
A

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2.1. Introduction
- Fixed (clamped) support: the bar can neither translate nor rotate.

MA
HA

V
A

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2.1. Introduction

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2.1. Introduction
2.1.2. Types of beams

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2.2. Internal Stress Resultants
In general, internal stress resultants
(internal forces) consist of 6 components
Mx x
• Nz – Normal force Mz
Qx
• Qx, Qy – Shear forces
NZ z
• Mx, My – Bending moments My
Qy
• Mz – Torsional moment
y
 Planar structures: if they lie in a
single plane and all loads act in that
same plane => Only 3 internal stress x
Mx
resultants exert on this plane (zoy) .
• Nz – axial force (N);
• Qy – shear force (Q); NZ z
• Mx - bending moment (M) Qy

y
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2.2. Internal force Resultants
 To determine the internal force resultants => Using the method of
sections.

N N N
N
Q
Q
N

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2.2. Internal force Resultants
 Sign convention:
• Axial force: positive when outward
N N N N
of an element, negative when
inward of an element
• Shear force: positive when acts
clockwise against an element,
negative when acts counterclockwise
against an element
• Bending moment: positive when
compresses the upper part of the
beam and negative when
compresses the lower part of the
beam

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2.2. Axial, Shear and Moment diagram
2.1.3. Axial, Shear and Moment diagram
• Because of the applied loadings, the beams develop an internal
shear force and bending moment that, in general, vary from point to
point along the axis of the beam. In order to properly design a beam it
therefore becomes necessary to determine the maximum shear and
moment in the beam.
• One way to do this is expressing N, Q and M as the functions of their
arbitrary position z along the beam’s axis. These axial, shear and
moment functions can then be plotted and represented by graph called
the axial, shear and moment diagram

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2.2. Axial, Shear and Moment diagram

Moment diagram to be plotted by side, which it is in tension

N, Q
z
z
M
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2.3. Example
Example 2.1: Draw the shear
and moment diagram for F
the beam shown in the
figure. C
Solution: a b
1. Support reactions VA VB
M A  VB  a  b   Fa  0
Fa
 VB 
 a  b
M B  VA  a  b   Fb  0
Fb
 VA 
 a  b
Recheck: Y  0
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 2.3. Example
Segment AC 1 F
2
Section 1 – 1:0  z1  a A B
N 0 1 C
2
a b
Fb VA
Y  Q  VA  0  Q  VA   a  b
M M VB
N N
Fbz1 z1
 0
M  M  V z
A 1  0  M  V z
A 1 
 a  b  VA Q
z2
Q
VB
Segment BC
Section 2 – 2: 0  z2  b
N 0
Fa
Y  Q  VB  0  Q  VB    a  b
Faz2
M 0  M  VB z2  0  M  VB z2 
 a  b
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2.3. Example
Fb F
AC : Q 
 a  b
Fa C
BC : Q  
 a  b a b
VA VB
Fbz1
AC : M  Fb
 a  b a+b
Faz2 + F
BC : M 
 a  b Q
N
Fa
Comment 1:
a+b

The section on which the

concentrated force acts, the M
shear force diagram has
“jump”
Fab
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 2.3. Example
1
Example 2.2: Draw the shear and q
moment diagram for the beam
shown in the figure.
Solution: 1 L
1. Support reactions VA VB
M
q.l
Symmetrically:  VA  VB  q
2 N
Or: Q
ql 2
q.l VA z
 A B 2 0
M  V .l   VB 
2 qz 2
ql 2 q.l  M 0 M  VA z  2  0
 M B  VA .l  2  0  VA 
2 ql q
 M  .z  .z 2
2 2
2. Internal force resultant’s functions:
ql
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Segment 1-1
(0 ≤ z  L)
 Y  Q  qz  VA  0 Q
2
 q.z
18
2.3. Example
z  0  QA 
qL q
ql 2
Q  q.z
2 qL L
z  L  QB  
2
VA VB
qL/2
ql q z  0  M A  0
M  .z  .z 2 +
2 2 z  L  M B  0
Q
qL L
M'   qz M '  0  z 
2 2
qL2 L/2
M ''  q  0  M max  M  z  L / 2 
8 qL/2
 Comment 2
The section on which the shear M
force is equal to zero then the
bending moment is maximum.
qL2/8
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 2.3. Example – example 2.3
1. Support reactions: 1 M 2
M A VB .(a  b)  M  0
C
M
 VB 
ab VA a 1 b 2 VB
 M B  VA.(a  b)  M  0 M
M
 VA  M
ab
2. Stress resultants: z1 Q Q z2 VB
VA
AC: Section 1-1 ( 0 ≤ z1  a)
M
Qy  VA  
ab
M x  VA .z
Section 2-2 ( 0 ≤ z2  b)
M
Qy  VA  
ab
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2.3. Example – example 2.3
M
AC: ( 0 ≤ z1  a)
M
Qy  VA   C
ab a b
M x  VA .z1 VA VB
BC: ( 0 ≤ z2  b)
Q
M M
Qy  VA  
ab (a+b) M
M x  VB .z2 Ma (a+b)
(a+b)
Comment 3 M
The section on which the M
concentrated moment acts,
the bending moment diagram
has “jump” Mb
(a+b)
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2.4. Relationships between transverse loads, shear forces,
and bending moments
- Consider the beam shown in the figure,
which is subjected to an arbitrary loading.
The free-body diagram for a small
segment dz of the beam:
- Positive distributed load q(z): acts
upward on the beam
q(z) > 0

 Y  Q  dQ  Q  q( z)dz  0
dQ
  q( z )
dz
dz dz
 M  M  dM  M  (Q  dQ) 2
Q  0
2
dM d 2 M dQ
 Q
2
  q( z )
dz dz dz
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2.4. Relationships between loads, shear forces,
and bending moments
Application:
- Recognizing the type of Q and M diagrams when the distributed
load’s function is known, i. e if the distributed load’s function is n-
degree, then the shear force’s function will be (n+1)-degree and the
bending moment function will be (n+2)-degree.
- The section, on which the shear force is equal to zero then the
bending moment is maximum.
- Determining Q, M on the arbitrary section, when knowing the value of
Q and M on the specific section.

•Qright = Qleft + Sq ( Sq – Area of distributed load diagram q)

•Mright = Mleft + SQ ( SQ – Area of shear force diagram Q)

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2.4. Relationships between loads, shear forces,
and bending moments
B B
q q(z)
 dQ   q( z )dz
A A
Sq
QB  QA  Sq
z
A B

Q Q(z) B B

 dM   Q( z )dz
SQ A A

z M B  M A  SQ
A B
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2.4. Relationships between loads, shear forces,
and bending moments

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2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams

- Base on the relationships between loads, shear force, and bending

moments
- Knows the distributed load q(z) => Predict the types of shear force
and bending moment diagram => Indentify the necessary number of
points to construct the diagram.

• q=0 => Q=const => QA=? (or QB)

M linear => MA=? and MB=?
• q=const => Q linear => QA=? QB=?
M quadratic => MA=?; MB=?; maximum?
convex, concave,..?

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2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams -Example
F=qa
• Support reactions
q
M B  VA .3a  2qa.2a  F .a  0
C
5 2a a
 VA  qa VA
3 VB
5
 M A  VB .3a  2qa.a  F.2a  0 3
qa

4 +
 VB  qa
3 5a/3 1
qa
Segment AC: q=const Q linear 3

QA=VA
QC=VA+Sq=5qa/3-2qa=-qa/3
M quadratic: MA=0
4qa2/3
MC=MA+SQ=4qa2/3;
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Mmax=25qa2/18
2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams -Example
F=qa
Segment BC:q= 0 q
Q = const C

QB= - VB 2a a
VA VB
5
M linear: 3
qa

MB=0 +
Q
MC = MB - SQ=4qa2/3 5a/3
1
qa 4
3 qa
3

4qa2/3
Mmax=25qa2/18
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2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams - Example
F
Example 2.5: Draw the shear force A B
D
and bending moment diagram for the C
compound beam shown in the figure:
a a a
Solution:
System of beams ABCD consists of:
F
+ Secondary beam BCD
B D
+ Main beam AB C
1) Secondary beam BCD: R
- Support reactions: VD
F
VD  R  A R
2 B

a a a

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 2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams -Example
F
a. Segment BC: q(z)=0 A B
D
=> Q=const => QB= R = F/2 C

=> M linear  MB  0 a a a
F Fa
 M C  M B  SQ  0  ( a)  F
2 2 B D
b. Segment CD: q(z)=0 C

R
=> Q=const => QD= -VD = - F/2 VD
F
2
=> M linear  MD  0 (Q)

F
Fa Fa
 M C  M D  SQ  0  (  )  2
2 2
(M)

Fa
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2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams -Example
F

A B
D
2.) Mean beam AB:
C

a a a

A R

F
2 (Q)

Fa
2 (M)

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2.5. Graphical Method for Constructing Shear
and Moment Diagrams -Example

3.) The Shear force and bending A B

moment diagram of a system of D
the beams C
a a a

F F
2 2 (Q)
F
2
Fa
2
(M)
Fa
2

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2.6. Normal, Shear force and
bending moment diagram of frame
- The frame is composed of several connected members that are fixed
connection. The design of these structures often requires drawing the
shear and moment diagram for each of the members
- Using a method of section, we determine the axial force, the shear
force, and the bending moment acting on each members.
- Always draw the moment diagram on the tensile side of the member.

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2.6. Normal, Shear force and
bending moment diagram of frame
Draw the axial force, shear force and bending moment diagram of the frame:
with q=8kN/m, F=5kN, a=1m
q
Solution: C
1. Support reactions: D

X 0 H A  F  5(kN ) a
a
1 VD
 A D
M  V .1  q.1.
2
 F .1  0  VD  9(kN )
F
B

1
M D  VA .1  q.1.  F .1  H A .2  0  VA  1(kN )
y
2 a
2. Axial force diagram N A x
HA
AB: N AB  VA  1kN
BC: N BC  VA  1kN
VA
CD: NCD  0
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2.6. Normal, Shear force and
bending moment diagram of frame
3. Shear force and bending moment diagram
AB: q=0  Q  const  QA  H A  5kN
 M linear:  M A  0
 M B  M A  SQ  0  5.1  5kNm

5 5 1 N
Q kN
M kN +
kNm +
5 1
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2.6. Normal, Shear force and
bending moment diagram of frame
BC: q=0  Q  const  QB  0

 M linear:  M B  5kNm  M C  M B  SQ  5  0  5kNm

CD: q=const Q linear:  QD  VD  9kN  QC  QD  Sq  9  (8.1)  1kN

 M quadratic:  M D  0
 M C  M D  SQ  0  (1  9).1/ 2  5kNm
5 1
1 - N
5 kN
+
Equilibrium of joint
5 9
5 1 5kNm
Q
kN +
M 1kN
kNm +
5kNm
5 1 1kN 36
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2.7. Home works
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the beam shown in the
figure.

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2.7. Homework
Draw the shear and moment diagram for the beam shown in the
figures.

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2.7. Homework

Draw the shear and moment diagram for the compound beam shown
in the figures.

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 THANK YOU FOR
YOUR ATTENTION !

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