Calculating Greenhouse Gas

Emissions from Iron and Steel

Production

A component tool of the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative

January 2008.

1
For additional information please contact Stephen Russell (stephen.russell@wri.org)

Contents
1.0 Overview 3
1.1 Purpose of tool 3
1.2 Domain of application 4
2.0 Organizational and Operational Boundaries 6
2.1 Organizational boundaries 6
2.2 Operational boundaries 7
3.0 Methodologies 8
3.1 Introduction 8
3.2 Stationary Combustion 9
3.2.1 Emissions from electricity generation and 10
reheating furnaces
3.2.2 Emissions from Coke Making 15
3.2.3 Emissions from flaring 19
3.3 Industrial Process Emissions 20
3.3.1 CO2 methods for process sources 20
3.3.2 CH4 methods for process sources 22
3.4 Limestone and Dolomite Production 23
3.4.1 Scope 1 emissions
23
3.4.2 Scope 2 emissions 25

Appendices
Appendix I Defaults for estimating the CO2 emissions from 27
the stationary combustion of fuels
Appendix II Defaults for estimating the CH4 and N2O
emissions 33
from the stationary combustion of fuels
Appendix III Unit conversion ratios 36

2
1.0 Overview

1.1 Purpose of tool

This document provides guidance on the estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions

from sources associated with Iron and Steel production. A companion spreadsheet,

available at www.ghgprotocol.com, implements the methods described in this

document. Together these documents comprise the ‘Iron and Steel Tool’, one of many

calculation tools available under the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Initiative, a joint program

of the World Resources Institute and the World Business Council for Sustainable

Development. The Iron and Steel Tool may be used by companies for internal or public

reporting needs, or to participate in a GHG program. Likewise GHG programs,

including voluntary or mandatory programs and emission trading schemes, may also

customize this tool for their program’s needs.

This guidance explains best practices for the selection and implementation of emission

calculation methods, as well as for the collection, documentation, and quality control of

data. It often presents different methods for calculating emissions from single sources so

that different users of the Iron and Steel tool may match the rigor and detail of their

emission inventory to their needs or goals. The guidance has been structured so that any

3
company, regardless of its experience or resources, should be able to produce reliable

estimates of its emissions. In particular, default values for virtually all of the parameters

in the methods are supplied so that, at the very least, a company needs only to supply

data on production volumes or the amount of fuel consumed, for example.

This tool updates the Corporate Standard’s previous guidance for the Iron and Steel

sector that was issued in 2002. Major revisions in this update include the provision of

methods for specific industrial activities within the overall iron and steel manufacturing

process. For example, facilities may now account for the emissions from Direct

Reduced Iron and sinter production, as well as coke manufacture. Furthermore, this

update includes expanded coverage of stationary combustion sources, such as reheating

furnaces, which may contribute significantly to an Iron and Steel facility’s overall

emissions.

Users of the Iron and Steel Tool and of other tools available under the GHG Protocol

Initiative should consult the Corporate Standard (available at www.ghgprotocol.org),

which outlines best practices for general GHG accounting issues. In particular, the

Corporate Standard explains why Iron and Steel companies need to have clearly set

their organizational and operational boundaries prior to developing an inventory.

Because boundaries constitute a critical issue in GHG accounting that has to be

considered prior to the use of this tool, Section 2.0 of this guidance summarizes some

4
basic concepts related to the drawing of boundaries (see Section 2.0). Users should

consult the Corporate Standard for further guidance and information.

1.2 Domain of application

The manufacture of iron and steel is an energy intensive activity that generates carbon
2 4 2

dioxide (CO ), methane (CH ), and nitrous oxide (N O) emissions at various stages
2

during the production process (Figure 1). Although CO is easily the main GHG
2 4

emitted, N O and CH emissions are not necessarily trivial. Hence, the Iron and Steel

tool has incorporated methods for each of these three GHGs whenever possible. Figure

1 summarizes the industrial activities and associated GHG emissions that are considered

in this tool.

Please note that this tool does not provide guidance on calculating emissions from

transport vehicles (‘mobile combustion’) or the consumption of purchased electricity,

heat and steam. Instead, users interesting in calculating emissions from these sources

should consult the relevant tools from the Protocol Initiative’s website

(www.ghgprotocol.org).

5
Figure 1. The main GHG emission sources associated with iron and steel production that are
considered in this tool. Other sources that are not represented here and that may contribute
significantly to a facility’s overall emissions include the on-site transportation of materials and the
consumption of purchased electricity, heat and steam. Figure modified from the 2006 IPPC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.

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2.0 Organizational and Operational Boundaries

The manner in which organizational and operational boundaries are drawn determines

both the sources that are included within an inventory and the emissions from those

sources that are reported by a company. Because it is critical that boundaries are

consistently and reliably drawn across a company’s constituent facilities and units,

organizational and operational boundaries are briefly discussed here. Users are strongly

encouraged to consult the Corporate Standard for further guidance.

2.1 Organizational boundaries

For corporate inventories, the exact accounting of the emissions from a source depends

on whether that source is wholly owned, a joint venture, subsidiary, or other legal entity.

The Corporate Standard provides two approaches for determining how such accounting

should be undertaken.

I. Equity share approach

A company reports the percentage GHG emissions from a source that mirrors the

percentage financial ownership that company has in the source. One exception relates to

fixed asset investments: whenever a company owns only a small part of the shares of a

source and does not exert significant financial control, the company does not account

for that source’s emissions.

7
II. Control Approach

A company reports 100% of the emissions from sources over which it has control. Two

alternative criteria can be used to define control:

(a) Financial control. A company exerts financial control over the source if it

has the ability to direct both the financial and operating policies of the source with a

view to gaining economic benefits from such activities.

(b) Operational control. A company has operational control over a source if it

has the full authority to introduce and implement its operating policies and practices at

the source.

The Corporate Standard encourages companies to use both the equity share approach

and a control approach when reporting under voluntary schemes. However, contractual

arrangements might determine the ownership of and reporting requirements for GHG

emissions, and various other factors might influence the choice of an approach,

including:

- Liability and risk management. In assessing risk the equity share and financial

control approaches might be most appropriate choices.

- Management information and performance tracking. The control approaches

would allow managers to be held accountable for activities under their control.

8
 - Completeness of reporting. Companies may find it difficult to provide matching

records or lists of financial assets as proof that sources are correctly accounted

for under the operational control approach.

Once an appropriate approach has been determined it should be consistently applied

across all of the facilities and units under the control of the reporting company.

2.2 Operational boundaries

Having established its organizational boundaries, a company is then able to establish the

scope (or ‘operational boundaries’) of an emissions source. Robustly defined

operational boundaries will help a company better manage the full spectrum of GHG

risks and opportunities that exist along its value chain. In particular, the use of scopes

helps companies meet the reporting requirements of corporate reporting programs,

voluntary GHG registries, and other GHG programs.

Emissions fall under one of three scopes. Scope 1 emissions are ‘direct’; that is, they

stem from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting company. Scopes 2 and

3 refer to ‘indirect’ emissions that originate from sources that are controlled by third

parties, but that are nonetheless related to the activities of the reporting company. Scope

2 emissions stem from the consumption of purchased electricity, and Scope 3 emissions

from all other indirect sources, notably the third party transport of raw materials.

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Scope 2 emissions are not considered in this document, although Scope 3 emissions

from the production of coke and of limestone and dolomite are. Otherwise, the methods

in this tool pertain to Scope 1 emissions.

3.0 Methodologies

3.1 Introduction

Tiers

Many of the methods described in this document are categorized as belonging to one of

three tiers. Typically the equations underlying a method do not change amongst tiers.

Instead, the values of the parameters forming those equations do, and tiers differ in how

much those values are representative of the activities of the reporting company. As the

tier level increases from Tier 1 to Tier 3 the values become more specific to the

reporting company, leading to greater accuracy in the emissions calculations. A tier

system is used here to emphasize the advantages of collecting and using facility-specific

information, and to distinguish between the different sets of default factors that are

available for some methods (e.g., both Tier 1 and Tier 3 default emission factors are

offered for reheating furnaces).

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● Tier 1: Tier 1 methods estimate emissions by multiplying production data, such as the

volume of fuel used or steel produced, by an industry-specific default emission factor.

Tier 1 defaults are supplied for all of the methods in the Iron and Steel Tool, where

appropriate.

● Tier 2: Tier 2 methods require data that are less general. For instance, a Tier 2

emission factor might reflect the typical industrial practices within a specific country,

whereas a Tier 1 factor constitutes a global default value. Facility-specific data are not

considered Tier 2. Tier 2 data might be available from national statistical agencies or

industry associations.

● Tier 3: Tier 3 methods require facility-specific data, such as the composition of the

fuel combusted at a facility, or the specific types of technologies employed at a facility.

Facilities should ensure that only a single method is used to calculate the emissions

from a single source so as to help avoid the double counting of emissions. Particular

care should be exercised when fuels have dual energy and process uses, as might

happen with blast furnace gases, sinter off gases and coke oven gasses, which, although

the product of industrial processes, can also be used to supply energy to industrial

processes. Companies are recommended to use the most accurate method possible given

the data they have at hand.

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 2 4 2

Differences between CO and CH /N O

2

The recommended methods for calculating CO emissions often differ from those for
2 4 2

N O and CH emissions. This is because CO emissions are largely determined by the

2 4

carbon contents of the consumed materials, whereas N O and CH emissions are much

more influenced by the combustion or emission control technologies employed by the

2

industrial apparatus. Consequently, CO emissions are best determined using a material

balance approach that tracks the flow of carbon through the industrial process, whereas
2 4

N O and CH emissions are best determined using equipment or process-specific

2 2

emission factors. The methods in this guidance will treat CO separately from N O and
4

CH .

N O is only considered by this tool in relation to stationary combustion sources. This is

2

because the N O emissions from the industrial processes specific to the Iron and Steel

sector are assumed to be negligible.

Global Warming Potentials

The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of a greenhouse gas is a measure of how much a

given mass of that gas contributes to global warming. GWPs are given on a relative

scale that compares the gas in question to carbon dioxide, whose GWP is therefore 1.0.
2

Over a 100 year time horizon the GWP of CH4 is 21, whereas that of N O is 310 (IPPC

Second Assessment Report).

12
In this tool the emissions of each greenhouse gas are multiplied by a relevant GWP to

determine the potential impacts on global warming of these emissions. The product of
2 2

this multiplication is given in units of CO -equivalents (metric tones CO -e.). The

spreadsheet program that accompanies this guidance allows facilities to calculate both
2

the absolute emissions of individual GHGs and their CO -equivalency.

3.2 Stationary Combustion

Stationary combustion emissions account for roughly half of the overall emissions from
2 4 2

an Iron and Steel company and include CO , CH , and N O emissions. Stationary

combustion sources belong to four main types:

1. Electricity generation; e.g., captive power plant boilers

2. Re-heating furnaces (other coal and oil use); e.g., mill sections

3. Coke production

4. Flaring

3.2.1 Emissions from Electricity Generation and Reheating Furnaces

CO

13
 2

The calculation of CO emissions from Electricity Generation and Reheating Furnaces

requires data on the carbon content, heating value and oxidation fraction of the

consumed fuel(s). Default, Tier 1 values for each of these factors are supplied.

The following sections provide information on these factors and on how the fuel

consumption data should be gathered.

Fuel Consumption Data

Facilities need to collate data on the amount of fuel consumed over the reporting year

and disaggregate these data by fuel type. These data can come directly from on-site

metering of the fuel inputs into the combustion units or from the output of these units.

Alternatively, the data may be calculated from purchase or delivery records, in which

case companies should be careful to account for inventory stock changes following

Equation 1:

Equation 1 Accounting for Changes in Fuel Stocks

Total Annual Fuel Consumption = Annual Fuel Purchases - Annual Fuel Sales + Fuel
Stock at Beginning of Year - Fuel Stock at End of Year

Fuel Carbon Content and Heating Values

The carbon content of a fuel is the fraction or mass of carbon atoms relative to the total
2

mass or number of atoms in the fuel; it is thus a measure of the potential CO emissions

from that fuel’s combustion.

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The carbon content of a given fuel can show variation over space and time (see Figure 2

for an example). The extent of variation can depend on the units chosen to express the

carbon content data - less variability is often seen when the data are expressed on an

energy basis (e.g., Kg carbon/MJ or tonnes carbon/ million Btu) compared to a mass or

volume basis (e., kg C/ Kg fuel). Carbon content values can be converted to energy

units using heating or calorific values.

Figure 2. Spatial variation in the carbon content of pipeline-quality natural gas

in the U.S.

Source: Energy Information Administration (1994), Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United
States 1987-1992.

A fuel’s heating value is the amount of heat released during the combustion of a

specified amount of that fuel (example units are MJ/Kg, thousand Btu/lb, and

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MMBtu/bbl). Two alternative metrics of heating value may be used to adjust carbon

content data: lower heating value (LHV; also known as Net Calorific Value (NGV)) and

higher heating value (HHV; also known as Gross Calorific Value (GCV)). These

metrics differ in how they consider the different physical states (liquid or gaseous) that

water exists in following combustion. The HHV includes the latent energy of

condensation of water following combustion, whereas the LHV is obtained by

subtracting the heat of vaporization of the water produced by combustion from the

higher heating value. More specifically:

Equation 2 Inter-converting HHV and LHV data

LHV = HHV – 0.212H -0.0245M -0.008Y
Where:
M = % moisture
H = % hydrogen
Y = percent oxygen

A commonly accepted approximation for inter-converting LHV and HHV data is to

assume that the LHV is 95% of the HHV for solid fuels, such as coal and oil, but 90%

of the HHV for gaseous fuels, such as natural gas.

One benefit of the HHV over the LHV is that the relationship between carbon content

and heating values is more direct using the former. This is because the LHV is partly a

16
function of the fuel’s moisture content, which can vary significantly. In North America

the convention is to use HHV, whereas LHV is used outside North America.

Carbon content factors can be converted to an energy scale using heating values with

Equation 3:

Converting carbon content factors from a mass or volume basis to an

Equation 3
energy basis

Where:
Fc,h = Carbon content of fuel on a heating value basis (e.g., short tons carbon / million
Btu or metric tons carbon / GJ)
Fc = Carbon content of fuel on a mass or volume basis (e.g., short ton carbon / short
ton)
HVf = Heating value of fuel (e.g., MJ/Kg, thousand Btu/lb or MMBtu/bbl, etc.)

To summarize, given the variability that can exist in fuel composition, companies are

encouraged to use Tier 3, facility-specific values for carbon content and heating values

whenever possible. Ideally, the carbon content factors should be expressed on an energy

scale using higher heating values. Tier 3 information may be available from suppliers or

from the Material Safety Data Sheets for purchased fuels. In case facility-specific values

can not be derived, plants may use the Tier 1 default values in Appendix I. Companies

may use a mix of plant-specific and default values in a single calculation (e.g., custom

carbon content factor, but default HHV data). Tier 2 values may be available from

national statistical agencies and other national-level organizations.

Fuel Fraction Carbon Oxidation Factor

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A small fraction of a fuel’s carbon content can escape oxidation and remain as a solid

after combustion in the form of ash or soot (for solid fuels) or particulate emissions (for

natural gas and other gaseous fuels). This unoxidized fraction is a function of several

factors, including fuel type, combustion technology, equipment age, and operating
2

practices. This fraction can be assumed to contribute no further to CO emissions, so it

2 2

is easily corrected for in estimating CO emissions. The stationary combustion CO

methods in this tool use an ‘oxidation factor’ to account for the unoxidised fraction

(where 1.00 = complete oxidation). In general, variability in the oxidation factor is low

for gaseous and liquid fuels, but can be much larger for solid fuels. For example, an

Australian study of coal-fired boilers found that the oxidation factor ranged from 0.99 –

0.88 (IPCC, 2006).

The preferred approach for developing a Tier 3 facility-specific oxidation factor is to

measure the quantity of residual solid left over from the combustion process and then

analyze that residue’s carbon content. However, if this is not possible a Tier 1 default

value of 1.00 can be assumed.

Calculating CO2 Emissions

Facilities should first ensure that all units are consistent with each other (Appendix III

provides unit conversion ratios). Facilities are encouraged to express any Tier 2/3

carbon content data on an energy basis using HHV values, before using Equation 4 to

calculate the emissions. Otherwise, when these data are expressed on a mass or volume

18
basis, Equation 5 should be used. Default, Tier 1 values for use with Equations 4 and 5

are given in Appendix I.

Equation 4 Calculating CO2 emissions using carbon content data that are
expressed on a mass or volume basis

Mass basis:

Volume basis:

Where:
E = Amount of CO2 emitted (metric tons)
Af,v = Volume of fuel consumed (e.g., liters, gallons, m3, etc.)
Af,m = Mass of fuel consumed (e.g., kg, short ton, etc.)
Fc,v = Carbon content of fuel on a volume basis (e.g., short tons carbon / gallon)
Fc,m = Carbon content of fuel on a mass basis (e.g., short tons carbon / short ton)
FOX = Fraction oxidation factor
44/12 = The ratio of the molecular weight of carbon to that of CO2

Equation 5 Calculating CO2 emissions from stationary combustion sources using

carbon content data expressed on an energy basis:

Where:
E = Amount of CO2 emitted (metric tonnes)
A = Mass of fuel consumed (e.g., metric tonnes)
HVf = Heating value of fuel (e.g., MJ/Kg or thousand Btu/lb)
Fc,h = Carbon content of fuel on a heating value basis (e.g., short tons C/million Btu or
metric tonnes C/GJ)
FOX = Fraction oxidation factor
44/12 = The ratio of the molecular weight of carbon to that of CO2

CH4 and N2O emissions

2 4

The N O and CH emissions from Electricity Generation and Reheating Furnaces can be

calculated using Equation 6. This tool provides two sets of default emission factors that

can be used with Equation 6. Appendix II lists fuel-specific default factors that are Tier

1. Table 1 lists equipment-specific factors that are Tier 3. Facilities are encouraged to

19
use the Tier 3 factors whenever possible, although they may instead use the Tier 1

factors if they do not have reliable data on the equipment in use at their combustion

units. Tier 2 factors that are fuel- and country-specific, but not equipment-specific, may

also be used and may be obtainable from national statistical agencies and other national-
2

level organizations. Note that the default N O factors are generally based on limited

measurements and have a high degree of uncertainty.

Equation 6 Calculating N2O and CH4 emissions from stationary combustion

sources
Tier 1: E = Af •HHVf •EF * GWP

Tier 3: E = Af •HHVf •ESEF * GWP

Where:
E = Amount of either N2O or CH4 emitted (metric tonnes CO2-equivalent)
Af = Amount of fuel combusted on a mass or volume basis (e.g., lb, bbl, etc.)
EF = Tier 1 fuel-specific emission factor (see Appendix II for default values)
ESEF = Tier 3 Equipment-specific emission factor (see Table 1 for default values)
GWP = 21 for CH4 or 310 for N2O

Table 1: Tier 3 equipment-specific CH4 and N2O default emission factors for
stationary combustion sources

LHV/NCV basis: HHV/GCV basis:

Technology kg/TJ fuel kg/TJ fuel
Basic Technology Configuration CH4 N2O CH4 N2O
Liquid Residual fuel oil/ Shale oil
fuels boilers 3.000 0.300 3.158 0.316
Gas/Diesel oil boilers 0.200 0.400 0.211 0.421
Large stationary diesel oil
engines >600hp (447kW) 4.000 N/A 4.211 N/A
Liquified Petroleum Gases
(LPG) boilers 0.900 4.000 0.947 4.211
Solid fuels Other bituminous /Sub-
bituminous overfeed stoker
boilers 1.000 0.700 1.053 0.737
Other bituminous /Sub-
bituminous underfeed stoker
boilers 14.000 0.700 14.737 0.737
Other bituminous/sub- Dry bottom, wall
bituminous pulverised fired 0.700 0.500 0.737 0.526

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 Dry bottom,
tangentially fired 0.700 1.400 0.737 1.474
Wet bottom 0.900 1.400 0.947 1.474
Other bituminous spreader
stokers 1.000 0.700 1.053 0.737
Other bituminous/sub-
bituminous fluidised bed Circulating bed 1.000 61.000 1.053 64.211
combustor
Bubbling bed 1.000 61.000 1.053 64.211
Natural Boilers 1.000 1.000 1.111 1.111
Gas Gas-fired gas turbines
>3MW 4.000 1.000 4.444 1.111
2-Stroke lean 693.00
burn 0 N/A 770.000 N/A
Natural gas-fired 4-Stroke lean 597.00
reciprocating engines burn 0 N/A 663.333 N/A
4-Stroke rich 110.00
burn 0 N/A 122.222 N/A
Biomass Wood/wood waste boilers 11.000 7.000 11.579 7.368
Source: IPCC 2006, Volume 2, Chapter 2.

3.2.2 Emissions from Coke Making

2

CO
2

This guidance provides two methods for calculating the CO emissions from coke

manufacture. Facilities should chose between the two based on whether or not the coke

they consumed was produced onsite. This is because coke manufacture may entail the

use of by-products from industrial activities that took place within the site of coke

production. Facilities that consume coke produced off-site should not account for the

emissions from these by-products; otherwise, emissions from these by-products might

be double-counted.

The separate consideration of emissions from onsite and offsite coke manufacture also

allows the separation of emissions based on ownership. In other words, if coke is

purchased from an entity outside the organizational boundaries of the reporting

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company, the associated emissions are Scope 3, not Scope 1. Likewise, if the coke

production facility is offsite, but located within the corporate boundaries of the reporting

company, the facility’s emissions fall under Scope 1. Figure 3 demonstrates this

principle.

Figure 3. Diagram illustrating how the accounting of emissions from coke

manufacturing facilities depends on whether those facilities exist within the
organizational boundaries of the reporting company.

Emissions from onsite and offsite coke production should be estimated using Equations

7 and 8, respectively. Both equations require carbon content data for each material input

into the coke plant. Companies are encouraged to use facility-specific (Tier 3) values

22
whenever possible. However, if companies do not have the requisite information they

may then use the default, Tier 1 values (see Table 2).
Equation 7 Calculating CO2 emissions from onsite coke production

Where:
ECO2, energy = emissions of CO2 from onsite coke production, tonnes
CC = quantity of coking coal consumed for coke production in onsite integrated iron
and steel production facilities, tonnes
PMa = quantity of other process material a, other than those listed as separate terms,
such as natural gas and fuel oil, consumed for coke and sinter production in onsite
coke production and iron and steel production facilities, tonnes
BG = quantity of blast furnace gas consumed in coke ovens, m3 (or other unit such as
tonnes or GJ.
CO = quantity of coke produced onsite at iron and steel production facilities, tonnes
COG = quantity of coke oven gas transferred offsite, m3 (or other unit such as tonnes
or GJ).
COBb = quantity of coke oven by-product b, transferred offsite to other facilities,
tonnes
Cx = carbon content of material input or output x, tonnes C/(unit for material x) [e.g.,
tonnes C/tonne]

Equation 8 Calculating CO2 emissions from offsite coke production

Where:
ECO2, energy = emissions of CO2 from offsite coke production (tonnes)
CC = quantity of coking coal used in non-integrated coke production facilities
(tonnes)
PMa = quantity of other process material a, other than coking coal, such as natural gas
and fuel oil consumed nationally in non-integrated coke production (tonnes)
NIC = quantity of coke produced offsite in non-integrated coke production facilities
nationally (tonnes)
COG = quantity of coke oven gas produced in offsite non-integrated coke production
facility (tonnes)
COBb= quantity of coke oven by-product b, produced nationally in offsite non-
integrated facilities and transferred offsite to other facilities (tonnes)
Cx = carbon content of material input or output x, tonnes C/(unit for material x) [e.g.,
tonnes C/tonne]

23
Table 2. Carbon contents for materials consumed in process sources
Process Materials Carbon Content*
(kg C/kg)
Blast Furnace Gas 0.17
Charcoala 0.91
Coal 0.671
Coal tar 0.62
Coke 0.83
Coke Oven gas 0.47
Coking Coal 0.73
Direct reduced Iron (DRI) 0.02
Dolomite 0.13
EAF Carbon Electrodes 0.822
EAF Charge Carbon 0.833
Fuel Oil 0.864
Gas Coke 0.83
Hot Briquetted iron 0.02
Limestone 0.12
Natural Gas 0.73
Oxygen Steel Furnace Gas 0.35
Petroleum Coke 0.87
Purchased pig Iron 0.04
Scrap Iron 0.04
Steel 0.01
Sources and Notes:
* Default values are consistent with those provided in the IPCC 2006 Guidelines (Volume 2) and have
been calculated with the following assumptions:
1
Assumed other bituminous coal
2
Assumed 80% petroleum coke and 20% coal tar
3
Assumed coke oven gas
4
Assumed gas/diesel fuel
a
The CO2 emissions from charcoal can be calculated using this carbon content value, but are reported
as zero for the purposes of corporate inventories.

CH4
The CH4 emissions from coke manufacture can be calculated using
Equation 9, regardless of whether the coke was produced onsite of
offsite.

24
 Equation 9 Calculating CH4 emissions from coke production

Where:
ECH4 = The amount of CH4 emitted from coke manufacture.
EFCH4 = The CH4 emission factor (g CH4 / tonne coke)
Coke = The amount of coke produced (metric tonnes coke)

The default value for the CH4 emission factor is: 0.1 g/metric tonne
coke.

3.2.3 Emissions from Flaring

Flares are a special category of stationary combustion sources because they are not

typically operated for the purpose of producing useful energy and because they tend to

function at relatively low combustion efficiencies (i.e., they allow a larger percentage of

the fuel to pass unburnt). Flaring is generally uncommon in Iron and Steel operations as

most integrated plants recycle the coke-oven and blast furnace gases they produce.

Exceptions arise when industrial operations are interrupted and systems must be taken

offline.

The CO2 and CH4 emissions from flares should be estimated following Equations 10 and
11, respectively. There is no method to calculate flare N2O emissions.

CO2

Equation 10 Calculating CO2 emissions from flares

CO2 Emissions = Q x 5.16-5x Cmole ratio

Where:
CO2 Emissions = annual emissions from flaring (tonne/yr)
Q = Volume Gas Flared (scf/yr)
Cmole ratio= (lbmole HCi/lbmole gas * lbmoles C/lbmole HCi), where HCi = Hydrocarbon
molecule i

25
5.16 * 10-5 = 1/Molar Volume (lbmole 379.3scf) * Combustion Efficiency (.98) * 1
lbmoles CO2/lbmole C * MWCO2 (44 lb/lbmole) * tonne/2204.6 lb)

CH4

Equation 11 Calculating CH4 emissions from flares

CH4 Emissions = Qfg • 3.83 –7 • CH4 mole ratio • GWP

Where:
CH4 Emissions = annual emissions from flaring (tonne/yr)
Qfg = Volume Gas Flared (scf/yr)
CH4 mole ratio = lbmole CH4/ lbmoles gas
3.83 * 10-7 = 1/Molar Volume (lbmole 379.3scf) * .02 (% Uncombusted CH4/100) *
MWCH4 (16 lb/lbmole) * tonne/2204.6 lb)
GWP = 21

3.3 Industrial Process Emissions

The four main sources that contribute to process GHG emissions are:

1. Sinter making

2. Pelletzing

3. Iron and steel making

4. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) production

2 4 2

CO and CH are the main GHGs emitted by process sources. N O emissions may also

occur, but these are considered very small and are not considered further by the Iron and

Steel Tool.

3.3.1 CO2 methods for process sources

These methods require data on the carbon content of the materials consumed during the

industrial processes. Companies are encouraged to use Tier 3, facility-specific values

26
whenever possible. However, the default, Tier 1 values in Table 2 may be used in the

absence of other, more detailed information.

Sinter production
2

The CO emissions should be calculated following Equation 12.

Equation 12 Calculating CO2 emissions from sinter production

Where:
ECO2 = emissions of CO2 from sinter production (tonnes)
CBR = quantity of purchased and onsite produced coke breeze used for sinter
production (tonnes)
COG= quantity of coke oven gas consumed in blast furnace in sinter production (m3)
BG = quantity of blast furnace gas consumed in sinter production (m3)
PMa = quantity of other process material a, other than those listed as separate terms,
such as natural gas and fuel oil, consumed during sinter production (tonnes)
SOG = quantity of sinter off gas transferred offsite either to iron and steel production
facilities or other facilities (m3)
Cx = carbon content of material input or output x, tonnes C/(unit for material x) [e.g.,
tonnes C/tonne]. See the default values in Table 2.

Iron and Steel Production

2

The CO emissions from iron and steel making can be calculated following Equation 13.

Equation 13 Calculating CO2 emissions from iron and steel production

Where:
ECO2 = emissions of CO2 from iron and steel production (tonnes)

27
PC = quantity of coke consumed in iron and steel production (not including sinter
production) (tonnes)
COBa = quantity of onsite coke oven by-product a, consumed in blast furnace (tonnes)
CI= quantity of coal directly injected into blast furnace (tonnes)
L = quantity of limestone consumed in iron and steel production (tonnes)
D = quantity of dolomite consumed in iron and steel production (tonnes)
CE = quantity of carbon electrodes consumed in EAFs (tonnes)
Ob = quantity of other carbonaceous and process material b, consumed in iron and
steel production, such as sinter or waste plastic (tonnes)
COG= quantity of coke oven gas consumed in blast furnace in iron and steel
production (m3)
S = quantity of steel produced (tonnes)
IP = quantity of iron production not converted to steel (tonnes)
BG = quantity of blast furnace gas transferred offsite (m3)
Cx = carbon content of material input or output X, tonnes C/(unit for material X) [e.g.,
tonnes C/tonne]. See the default values in Table 2.

Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) Production

2

The CO emissions from DRI production stem from the combustion of fuel, coke

breeze, metallurgical coke or other carbonaceous materials. The emissions can be

calculated following Equation 14.

Equation 14 Calculating CO2 emissions from DRI production

Where:
ECO2 = emissions of CO2 (tonnes)
DRING = amount of natural gas used in direct reduced iron production (GJ)
DRIBZ = amount of coke breeze used in direct reduced iron production (GJ)
DRICK = amount of metallurgical coke used in direct reduced iron production (GJ)
CNG = carbon content of natural gas (tonne C/GJ) (see Table 2)
CBZ = carbon content of coke breeze (tonne C/GJ) (see Table 2)
CCK = carbon content of metallurgical coke (tonne C/GJ) (see Table 2)

3.3.2 CH4 methods for process sources

28
 4

The CH emissions from steel-making are assumed to be negligible and are therefore

not discussed here. Instead this toll provides methods for estimating the CH4 emissions

from sinter, pig iron and DRI production using Equations 15, 16 and 17, respectively.

Tier 1 default values for the emission factors used in Equations 15 and 17 are given in

Table 3. These values should only be used in the absence of facility-specific data that

would allow the derivation of Tier 3 values. Please note that no default is available for

pig iron production (Equation 16).

Equation 15 Calculating CH4 emissions from sinter production

Equation 16 Calculating CH4 emissions from pig iron production

Equation 17 Calculating CH4 emissions from DRI production

Where:
ECH4 = emissions of CH4 (kg)
SI = quantity of sinter produced (tonnes)
PI = quantity of iron produced, including iron converted to steel and not converted to
steel (tonnes)

29
DRI = quantity of direct reduced iron produced (tonnes)
EFX = emission factor, kg CH4/tonne X produced
GWP = 21

Table 3. Tier 1 CH Emission Factors for process emission sources

Process Emission Factor

Sinter o.o7 kg per tonne of sinter

production produced

DRI Production 1 kg/TJ (on a net calorific basis)

Source: IPCC 2006 (Volume 3, Chapter 4)

3.4 Limestone and Dolomite Production

2

Two different methods are presented here to allow facilities to calculate the CO

emissions from limestone and dolomite production. The choice between them is

determined by the available data and by whether or not production occurs within the

organizational boundaries of the reporting company. If the associated emissions are

direct (Scope 1) then the Scope 1 method should be used. If the associated emissions are

indirect (Scope 3) and the reporting company does not have access to the data required

by the Scope 1 method, it should use the Scope 3 method instead.

3.4.1 Scope 1 emissions

The Scope 1 method requires data on the type(s) and quantity(ies) of the carbonate(s)

consumed to produce lime, as well as the respective emission factor(s) for these

carbonate(s). Emissions should be calculated following Equation 18. Note that this

30
method assumes that no lime kiln dust (LKD) is recycled to the kiln, because such

recycling is rarely carried out.

Equation 18 Calculating Scope 1 CO2 emissions from lime production

Where:
ECO2 = emissions of CO2 from lime production (tonnes)
EFi = emission factor for carbonate I (tonnes CO2/tonne carbonate). See defaults in
Table 4.
Mi = weight or mass of carbonate i consumed (tonnes)
Fi = fraction calcination achieved for carbonate I (fraction). See below
Md = weight or mass of LKD (tonnes)
Cd = weight fraction of original carbonate in the LKD (fraction). See below
Fd = fraction calcination achieved for the LKD (fraction). See below
EFd = emission factor for the uncalcined carbonate in the LKD (tonnes CO2/tonne
carbonate). See below

Companies are encouraged to use facility-specific values for the parameters in Equation

18 whenever possible. However, default Tier 1 values may be used in the absence of

other, more detailed data. Specifically:

i

• Carbonate emission factor (EF ). Refer to the values in Table 4.

i

• Carbonate calcination fraction (F ). A value of 1.0 (ie. 100 % calcination) may be

assumed.
d

• LKD calcination fraction (F ). A value of 1.0 (ie. 100 % calcination) may be assumed.
d

• Weight fraction of original carbonate in the LKD (C ). Because calcium carbonate is

31
 overwhelmingly the dominant carbonate present in the raw materials used in

limestone and dolomite production, facilities may assume that it makes up 100 percent
d

of the carbonate remaining in the LKD. Hence, the Tier 1 default for C is equal to the

calcium carbonate ratio in the raw material feed to the kiln.

Table 4. Tier 1 emission factors for common carbonate species

Carbonate Mineral name(s) Emission factor (tonnes
CO2/tonne carbonate)

CaCO3 Calcite or aragonite 0.44

MgCO3 Magnesite 0.52

CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite 0.48

FeCO3 Siderite 0.38

Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO3)2 Ankerite 0.41-0.48

MnCO3 Rhodochrosaite 0.38

Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate or soda ash 0.41

Source: IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2, Table 2.1.

3.4.2 Scope 3 emissions

2

The reporting company should calculate the Scope 3 (i.e. indirect) CO emissions from

lime production using Equation 19. This is an output-based method that requires data

only on the amount of lime that facilities import. These data are then multiplied by an

emission factor that is based on the stoichiometric ratios and CaO / CaO·MgO contents

32
of a combination of lime types that is assumed to typify the output of the lime
2

production industry. The resulting estimate of CO emissions is then corrected for the

production of hydrated lime and of any Lime Kiln Dust (LKD) that is not returned to the

kiln.

Equation 19 Calculating Scope 3 CO2 emissions from lime production

Where:
ECO2 = emissions of CO2 from lime production (tonnes)
EFlime = emission factor for the specific type of lime that is imported. The default
value is: 0.75 tonnes CO2/ tonne lime produced. See below
ML = weight or mass of lime produced (tonnes)
Hfraction = Fraction of imported lime that is hydrated. Default value: 0.1
Hwater = Water content of hydrated lime (fraction). Default value: 0.1
LKDCF = Correction factor for the production of lime kiln dust (LKD) that is not
returned to the lime kiln. Default value: 1.02

The default emission factor assumes that the produced lime is 85% high calcium lime

and 15% dolomitic lime (see Equation 20). Should the reporting company have access

to more accurate information, it should adjust the default emission factor based on

Equation 20 and Table 5 to reflect the actual combination of lime types present in the

imported lime and on the CaO / CaO·MgO contents of these types.

Equation 20 Deriving a custom CO2 emission factor for Scope 3

emissions

33
Where:
EFlime = aggregated emission factor for lime produced
Proportioni = Fraction of lime type i in the lime imported by the reporting company
EFi = Emission factor for lime type i (tonnes CO2/ tonne lime produced) (see Table 5)

Table 5: Properties of various lime types

Lime Type Stoichiometr Range of Range of Default Default
ic Ratio CaO MgO value for emission
(tonnes CO2 Content content CaO or factor
per tonne CaO (%) (%) CaO∙MgO (tonnes CO2
or CaO∙MgO) content per tonne
(1) (fraction) lime)
(2) (1)●(2)
High- 0.785 93-98 0.3-2.5 0.95 0.75
calcium
lime
Dolomitic 0.913 55-57 38-41 0.95 or 0.85 0.86 or 0.77
lime
Hydraulic 0.785 65-92 NA 0.75 0.59
lime

Source: IPCC 2006 Guidelines, Volume 2, Table 2.1.

34
Appendix I: Defaults for estimating the CO2 emissions from the stationary combustion of fuels

Both Tables I-1 and I-2 below contain Tier 1 defaults for various fuel properties (fuel heating value, carbon content and carbon oxidation fraction)
that should enable companies to calculate the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.

Table I-1. Tier 1 defaults for carbon content values

Fuel Carbon content

% basis (% w/w) Energy basis (=carbon content / heating value)

Lower Heating Value (LHV) / Higher Heating Value (HHV) /

Net Calorific Value (NCV) Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
basis (kg/GJ) basis (kg/GJ)

Crude oil and Crude oil 0.85 20 19.00

derived substances Orimulsion 0.58 21 19.95
Natural Gas Liquids 0.77 17.5 16.63
Motor Gasoline 0.84 18.9 17.96
Aviation Gasoline 0.85 19.1 18.15
Jet Gasoline 0.85 19.1 18.15
Jet Kerosene 0.86 19.5 18.53
Other Kerosene 0.86 19.6 18.62
Shale oil 0.76 20 19.00
Gas/.Diesel oil 0.87 20.2 19.19
Residual Fuel oil 0.85 21.1 20.05
Liquified Petroleum Gases 0.81 17.2 15.48
Ethane 0.78 16.8 15.12
Naphtha 0.89 20 19.00
Bitumen 0.88 22 20.90
Lubricants 0.80 20 19.00

35
 Fuel Carbon content
% basis (% w/w) Energy basis (=carbon content / heating value)

Lower Heating Value (LHV) / Higher Heating Value (HHV) /

Net Calorific Value (NCV) Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
basis (kg/GJ) basis (kg/GJ)

Petroleum coke 0.86 26.6 25.27

Refinery feedstocks 0.86 20 19.00
Refinery Gas 0.78 15.7 14.13
Paraffin waxes 0.80 20 19.00
White Spirit & SBP 0.80 20 19.00
Other petroleum products 0.80 20 19.00
Coal and derived Anthracite 0.72 26.8 25.46
products Coking coal 0.73 25.8 24.51
Other bituminous coal 0.67 25.8 24.51
Sub-bituminous coal 0.50 26.2 24.89
Lignite 0.33 27.6 26.22
Oil shale and tar sands 0.26 29.1 27.65
Brown coal briquettes 0.55 26.6 25.27
Patent fuel 0.55 26.6 25.27
Coke oven coke / lignite coke / coke breeze 0.82 29.2 27.74
Gas coke 0.82 29.2 27.74
Coal tar 0.62 22 20.90
Gas works gas 0.47 12.1 10.89
Coke oven gas 0.47 12.1 10.89
Blast furnace gas 0.17 70.8 63.72
Oxygen steel furnace gas 0.35 49.6 44.64
Natural Gas Natural Gas 0.73 15.3 13.77
Non-biomass waste Municipal wastes (non-biomass fraction) 0.25 25 23.75
Industrial wastes NA 39 NA
Waste oils 0.80 20 19.00

36
 Fuel Carbon content
% basis (% w/w) Energy basis (=carbon content / heating value)

Lower Heating Value (LHV) / Higher Heating Value (HHV) /

Net Calorific Value (NCV) Gross Calorific Value (GCV)
basis (kg/GJ) basis (kg/GJ)

Peat Peat 0.28 28.9 27.46

Biomass waste Wood/Wood waste 0.48 30.5 28.98
Sulphite lyes (Black liqour) 0.31 26 24.70
Other primary solid biomass fuels 0.32 27.3 25.94
Charcoal 0.90 30.5 28.98
Biogasoline 0.52 19.3 18.34
Biodiesels 0.52 19.3 18.34
Other liquid biofuels 0.59 21.7 20.62
Landfill gas 0.75 14.9 13.41
Sludge gas 0.75 14.9 13.41
Other biogas 0.75 14.9 13.41
Municipal wastes (biomass fraction) 0.32 27.3 25.94

Table I-2. Tier 1 defaults for fuel heating values and carbon oxidation factors.

37
 Fuel Heating values Carbon
Higher Heating Values Lower Heating Values oxidation
(HHV) / Gross Calorific (LHV) / Net Calorific factor (%)
Values (GCV) units Values (NCV) units
(thousand Btu / lb) MJ/kg / TJ/Gg

Crude oil Crude oil 21.31 42.3 100

and Orimulsion 13.85 27.5 100
derived Natural Gas Liquids 22.26 44.2 100
substance Motor Gasoline 22.31 44.3 100
s
Aviation Gasoline 22.31 44.3 100
Jet Gasoline 22.31 44.3 100
Jet Kerosene 22.21 44.1 100
Other Kerosene 22.06 43.8 100
Shale oil 19.19 38.1 100
Gas/.Diesel oil 21.66 43 100
Residual Fuel oil 20.35 40.4 100
Liquified Petroleum Gases 25.15 47.3 100

38
 Ethane 24.67 46.4 100
Naphtha 22.41 44.5 100
Bitumen 20.25 40.2 100
Lubricants 20.25 40.2 100
Petroleum coke 16.37 32.5 100
Refinery feedstocks 21.66 43 100
Refinery Gas 24.93 49.5 100
Paraffin waxes 20.25 40.2 100
White Spirit & SBP 20.25 40.2 100
Other petroleum products 20.25 40.2 100
Coal and Anthracite 13.45 26.7 100
derived Coking coal 14.20 28.2 100
products Other bituminous coal 12.99 25.8 100
Sub-bituminous coal 9.52 18.9 100
Lignite 5.99 11.9 100
Oil shale and tar sands 4.48 8.9 100
Brown coal briquettes 10.43 20.7 100
Patent fuel 10.43 20.7 100
Coke oven coke / lignite coke / coke
breeze 14.20 28.2 100
Gas coke 14.20 28.2 100
Coal tar 14.10 28 100
Gas works gas 20.58 38.7 100
Coke oven gas 20.58 38.7 100
Blast furnace gas 1.31 2.47 100
Oxygen steel furnace gas 3.75 7.06 100
Natural
Gas Natural Gas 25.52 48 100
Non- Municipal wastes (non-biomass fraction) 5.04 10 100
biomass Industrial wastes NA NA 100
waste Waste oils 20.25 40.2 100
Peat Peat 4.92 9.76 100

39
Biomass Wood/Wood waste 7.86 15.6 100
waste Sulphite lyes (Black liqour) 5.94 11.8 100
Other primary solid biomass fuels 5.84 11.6 100
Charcoal 14.86 29.5 100
Biogasoline 13.60 27 100
Biodiesels 13.60 27 100
Other liquid biofuels 13.80 27.4 100
Landfill gas 26.80 50.4 100
Sludge gas 26.80 50.4 100
Other biogas 26.80 50.4 100
Municipal wastes (biomass fraction) 5.84 11.6 100

Appendix II: Tier 1 Defaults for estimating the CH 4 and N2O emissions from the stationary combustion of fuels

Lower Heating Value(LHV)/Net Calorific Higher Heating Value(HHV)/Gross Calorific

Value (NCV) Basis Value (GCV) Basis
kg GHG / TJ fuel kg GHG / ton fuel kg GHG / TJ fuel kg GHG / ton fuel
Fuel CH4 N2O CH4 N2O CH4 N2O CH4 N2O
Crude oil and Crude oil 3.000 0.600 0.134 0.027 2.850 0.570 0.127 0.025
derived Orimulsion 3.000 0.600 0.087 0.017 2.850 0.570 0.083 0.017
substances Natural Gas Liquids 3.000 0.600 0.140 0.028 2.850 0.570 0.133 0.027
Motor Gasoline 3.000 0.600 0.140 0.028 2.850 0.570 0.133 0.027
Aviation Gasoline 3.000 0.600 0.140 0.028 2.850 0.570 0.133 0.027
Jet Gasoline 3.000 0.600 0.140 0.028 2.850 0.570 0.133 0.027
Jet Kerosene 3.000 0.600 0.139 0.028 2.850 0.570 0.132 0.026
Other Kerosene 3.000 0.600 0.138 0.028 2.850 0.570 0.131 0.026
Shale oil 3.000 0.600 0.120 0.024 2.850 0.570 0.114 0.023
Gas/.Diesel oil 3.000 0.600 0.136 0.027 2.850 0.570 0.129 0.026
Residual Fuel oil 3.000 0.600 0.128 0.026 2.850 0.570 0.121 0.024
Liquified Petroleum Gases 1.000 0.100 0.053 0.005 0.900 0.090 0.047 0.005
Ethane 1.000 0.100 0.052 0.005 0.900 0.090 0.046 0.005

40
 Lower Heating Value(LHV)/Net Calorific Higher Heating Value(HHV)/Gross Calorific
Value (NCV) Basis Value (GCV) Basis
kg GHG / TJ fuel kg GHG / ton fuel kg GHG / TJ fuel kg GHG / ton fuel
Fuel CH4 N2O CH4 N2O CH4 N2O CH4 N2O
Naphtha 3.000 0.600 0.141 0.028 2.850 0.570 0.134 0.027
Bitumen 3.000 0.600 0.127 0.025 2.850 0.570 0.121 0.024
Lubricants 3.000 0.600 0.127 0.025 2.850 0.570 0.121 0.024
Petroleum coke 3.000 0.600 0.103 0.021 2.850 0.570 0.098 0.020
Refinery feedstocks 3.000 0.600 0.136 0.027 2.850 0.570 0.129 0.026
Refinery Gas 1.000 0.100 0.055 0.006 0.900 0.090 0.050 0.005
Paraffin waxes 3.000 0.600 0.127 0.025 2.850 0.570 0.121 0.024
White Spirit & SBP 3.000 0.600 0.127 0.025 2.850 0.570 0.121 0.024
Other petroleum products 3.000 0.600 0.127 0.025 2.850 0.570 0.121 0.024
Coal and derived Anthracite 1.000 1.500 0.028 0.042 0.950 1.425 0.027 0.040
products Coking coal 10.000 1.500 0.297 0.045 9.500 1.425 0.282 0.042
Other bituminous coal 10.000 1.500 0.272 0.041 9.500 1.425 0.258 0.039
Sub-bituminous coal 10.000 1.500 0.199 0.030 9.500 1.425 0.189 0.028
Lignite 10.000 1.500 0.125 0.019 9.500 1.425 0.119 0.018
Oil shale and tar sands 10.000 1.500 0.094 0.014 9.500 1.425 0.089 0.013
Brown coal briquettes 10.000 1.500 0.218 0.033 9.500 1.425 0.207 0.031
Patent fuel 10.000 1.500 0.218 0.033 9.500 1.425 0.207 0.031
Coke oven coke & lignite coke 10.000 1.500 0.297 0.045 9.500 1.425 0.282 0.042
Gas coke 1.000 0.100 0.030 0.003 0.950 0.095 0.028 0.003
Coal tar 10.000 1.500 0.295 0.044 9.500 1.425 0.280 0.042
Gas works gas 1.000 0.100 0.043 0.004 0.900 0.090 0.039 0.004
Coke oven gas 1.000 0.100 0.043 0.004 0.900 0.090 0.039 0.004
Blast furnace gas 1.000 0.100 0.003 0.000 0.900 0.090 0.002 0.000
Oxygen steel furnace gas 1.000 0.100 0.008 0.001 0.900 0.090 0.007 0.001
Natural Gas Natural Gas 1.000 0.100 0.053 0.005 0.900 0.090 0.051 0.005
Non-biomass Municipal wastes (non-biomass fraction) 30.000 4.000 0.316 0.042 28.500 3.800 0.300 0.040
waste Industrial wastes 30.000 4.000 N/A N/A 28.500 3.800 N/A N/A
Waste oils 30.000 4.000 1.269 0.169 28.500 3.800 1.206 0.161

41
 Lower Heating Value(LHV)/Net Calorific Higher Heating Value(HHV)/Gross Calorific
Value (NCV) Basis Value (GCV) Basis
kg GHG / TJ fuel kg GHG / ton fuel kg GHG / TJ fuel kg GHG / ton fuel
Fuel CH4 N2O CH4 N2O CH4 N2O CH4 N2O
Peat Peat 2.000 1.500 0.021 0.015 1.900 1.425 0.020 0.015
Biomass waste Wood/Wood waste 30.000 4.000 0.493 0.066 28.500 3.800 0.468 0.062
Sulphite lyes (Black liqour) 3.000 2.000 0.037 0.025 2.850 1.900 0.035 0.024
Other primary solid biomass fuels 30.000 4.000 0.366 0.049 28.500 3.800 0.348 0.046
Charcoal 200.000 4.000 6.211 0.124 190.000 3.800 5.900 0.118
Biogasoline 3.000 0.600 0.085 0.017 2.850 0.570 0.081 0.016
Biodiesels 3.000 0.600 0.085 0.017 2.850 0.570 0.081 0.016
Other liquid biofuels 3.000 0.600 0.087 0.017 2.850 0.570 0.082 0.016
Landfill gas 1.000 0.100 0.056 0.006 0.900 0.090 0.050 0.005
Sludge gas 1.000 0.100 0.056 0.006 0.900 0.090 0.050 0.005
Other biogas 1.000 0.100 0.056 0.006 0.900 0.090 0.050 0.005
Municipal wastes (biomass fraction) 30.000 4.000 0.366 0.049 28.500 3.800 0.348 0.046

42
Appendix III.Unit Conversion Ratios

Mass
0.4536 kilograms 0.0004536 metric tons
1 pound (lb) 453.6 grams (g)
(kg) (tonne)
1 kilogram (kg) 2.205 pounds (lb)
907.2 kilograms
1 short ton (ton) 2'000 pounds (lb)
(kg)
1'000 kilograms 1.1023 short tons
1 metric ton 2'205 pounds (lb)
(kg) (tons)
Volume
1 cubic foot (ft 0.1781 barrel
3 7.4805 gallons (gal)
) (bbl)
1 cubic foot (ft 0.02832 cubic
3 28.32 liters (L)
) meters (m 3)
0.003785 cubic meters
1 gallon (gal) 0.0238 barrel (bbl) 3.785 liters (L)
(m 3)
0.1589 cubic meters
1 barrel (bbl) 42 gallons (gal) 158.99 liters (L)
(m 3)
0.001 cubic meters 0.2642 gallons
1 litre (L)
(m 3) (gal)
1 cubic meter 264.2 gallons
6.2897 barrels (bbl) 1'000 liters (L)
(m 3) (gal)
Energy
1 kilowatt hour 3'600 kilojoules
3412 Btu (btu)
(kWh) (KJ)
1 megajoule 0.001 gigajoules
(MJ) (GJ)
0.9478 million Btu 277.8 kilowatt
1 gigajoule (GJ)
(million btu) hours (kWh)
1 Btu (btu) 1'055 joules (J)
1 million Btu 1.055 gigajoules 293 kilowatt
(million btu) (GJ) hours (kWh)
0.1055 29.3 kilowatt hours
1 therm (therm) 100'000 btu
gigajoules (GJ) (kWh)
Other
kilo 1'000
mega 1'000'000
giga 1'000'000'000
tera 1'000'000'000'000
1 psi 0.06895 bar
1 kgf / cm 3
0.9807 bar
(tech atm)
1 atmosphere 101.325 kilo 14.696 pounds per
1.01325 bar
(atm) pascals square inch (psia)
1 mile (statue) 1.609 kilometers
43
 21 metric tons CO2
1 metric ton CH4
equivalent*
1metric ton 310 metric tons CO2
N2O equivalent*
1 metric ton 3.664 metric tons
carbon CO2

44