Reading a Potential

Reading Energy
a Potential Curve
Energy (one(one
Curve dimensional motion)
dimensional motion)
Graphs of F and PE for gravity
gravity
dU(x)
ΔU(x) = −W = −F(x)Δx F(x) = −
dx
or, mathematically
or, mathematically moremore rigorously:
rigorously:
Z x x F = −mg U = mg y
dU(x)
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€ U (x) =U(x) = −F∫(x

F(0 )xdx
#) d0 ,x# U⇔ F(x) = − dU (x)
(x
€ 0 ) = 0 () F (x) =
x0 x i dx dx

€ €
€
yy yy

A plotAofplot
U(x)ofvs.
U(x) vs.axparticle
x for for a particle to to A plotAofplot
confined
confined theofforce
the force F(x)x acting
F(x) vs. vs. x acting
on theon the
move move
along along an x-axis.
an x-axis. ThereThere is no friction,
is no friction, particle,
so so particle, derivedderived
from from the potential
the potential energyenergy
mechanical
mechanical energyenergy is conserved.
is conserved. plot
plot by by taking
taking its slope
its slope at various
at various points.
points.

Graphs of F and PE for

for spring
spring

F = −kx U = 12 kx 2

€ €
xx

xx

Force
Force pushes
pushes object
object back
back towards
towards equilibrium
equilibrium
(bottom
(bottom of
of potential
potential well)
well) The U(x) plot with three possible values of
Emec shown.
Potential Energy Curve, Equilibrium Points
Example 60

U (J)
50
unstable equilibrium: x3
40
• Force pushes away from Release point
equilibrium
30

neutral equilibrium: x5 20

10 A
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
At point 'A', which quantities are zero? x (m)
stable equilibrium: x2 and x4 a) force
• Force pushes back towards b) acceleration
equilibrium c) force and acceleration
d) velocity

Example 60
Example
60
U (J)

U (J)
50 50
A
I
40 40
Release point Release point
30 30 B
E H
20 20 D
B
C F
10 10 G
0 0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
At point 'B', which are zero? x (m) All points for which force is negative (to the left): x (m)
a) force a) C, E and G
b) acceleration b) B and F
c) force and acceleration c) A and I
d) velocity d) D and H
e) kinetic energy e) D, H and I
Example 60 Example 60

U (J)

U (J)
50 50 Etot
40
Release point D 40

30 30

20 20

10 10

0 0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0
At point 'D', which are zero? x (m) x (m)
a) force A particle of mass m = 0.5 kg is at a position x = 1.0 m,
b) acceleration and has a velocity of v = -10.0 m/s.
c) force and acceleration What are the furthest points (turning points) to the left and
d) velocity right that it will reach as it oscillates back and forth?
e) velocity and kinetic energy 0.125 and 3.75 m

9.1 The Centre-of-Mass

l The motion of rotating objects can be complicated (imagine

flipping a baseball bat into the air)

Chapter 9 l But there is a special point on the object for which the
motion is simple, called the centre-of-mass (com).
l The centre-of-mass of the bat
Centre-of-Mass traces out a parabola, just as a
tossed ball does
and
l All other points rotate around
Linear Momentum this point
l An object suspended from its
com is completely balanced
9.1 The Center of Mass ! !! !!!
9.1 The Centre-of-Mass
F1,ext + f12FF!= m++ 1af112
f ==mmaa
!!
Centre-of mass:
Centre-of a point
mass: onon
a point ananobject
object(or(oraasystem
system of
of objects) that
objects) that ! ! !! ! !!12 ! !!11 11 !!
1,ext
1,ext
F2,ext + f21 = F+2,ext
FF2,ext +f21 f −==f12 = m−−2 af12f2 ==mm2 a!a!2
FF2,ext
moves as though
moves allall
as though of of
thethe
mass
masswerewereconcentrated
concentrated at that point,
at that point, 2,ext 21 2,ext 12 2 2

and and
all external forces
all external applied
forces appliedatatthat
thatpoint.
point. Adding these
Adding
Adding
Adding equations,
these equations,
these
these we find
equations,
equations, we find the
wewefindtotal
the the
find external
total
the external
total
total forceforce
external
external on the
force
force
on the system
system
on obeys
the obeys
the
system the equation:
equation:
obeys
on the system obeys the equation: the equation:
Consider a two-particle
Consider system
a two-particle systemwith
withboth
both internal and ! ! !! ! !! !!! !
€ F€€
ext = F1,ext +=F=2,ext
FFextext a1 +==mm2ma1a!2a!1 ++mm2 a!a!2
=+mF12,ext
FF1,ext
1,ext + F
internal and forces:
external external forces: 2,ext
2!
1 1
!2!!
2 2
!
!
d r
= m1 2=1=+mm m dddr1r1r2
2 2
dd2 2r2r!2
! m1 F1,ext : external force on 1 2 2++m m
r1 ! ! dt 1 1 dt
dtdt2 2
22
dtdt2 2
F1,ext F2,ext : external force on 2 2 ! 22 ! !! !!
! d (m1r1 +ddm(m 2 r21r)1r++m
(m m2 2r2r2))
f12 !
= == 2 1 1
€ f12 : internal force of 2 on 1 dt dtdt2 2
! ! 2 2 ! !%! !
r21r1r++mm2 r!d2r!2%r%com dd2 r2!com
€ € € f21 : internal force of 1 on 2 d 2 " m1r1d+ m""m !
!
x = (m1 + m ==2(m )(m1 +2+$mm2 )) $$ 1' 1= M 2 2''=2=MM rcom
d 2m

o € rcom ! ! dt1 # m 2 +2 2m
dt
1 dt ##2 m m&1 1++mm2 2 dt&& dtdt2 2
€ f21 = - f12 : by Newton's third law
!
f21 € where Mwhere
where =Mm=
where 1M+M
mm=
1=2+mis
mm11the mmtotal
2++is the
22is
mass,
istotal
the
the mass,
total
total and mass, the and
and
mass, centre-of-mass
the
andthecentre-of-mass
thecentre-of-mass is is isis
centre-of-mass
defined as:
defined as: as:
defined ! !
€
!
defined as: ! m1!r!1 + mm 2mr21r!1r!++mm2 r!2r!
! F2,ext€ € r = rrcom== 1 1 2 2
r2 €€ com
€ m2 mcom
1 + m2 m m ++mm11 22

€ €
9.1The
9.1 The Centre-of-Mass 9.1 The Centre-of-Mass
9.1 TheCenter
Centerof
ofMass
Mass € €€

l
!!
The
The centre-of-mass
Thecentre
centreof
ofmass (com)of
mass(com)
(com) ofaaasystem
of systemof
system ofofparticles:
particles:
particles:
l The centre-of-mass is in the same location regardless of the
coordinate system used
l It is a property of the particles, not the coordinates
!l
!
For
For two
Fortwo particles
twoparticles separatedby
particlesseparated
separated byaaadistance
by distanced,d,
distance d,where
wherethe
where theorigin
the origin
origin
isis chosen
ischosen atthe
chosenatat theposition
the positionof
position ofparticle
of particle1:1:
particle 1:
mm2 2
xxcom =
com =
dd
mm1 1++mm2 2

!l
!
For
For two
Fortwo particles,
twoparticles, foran
particles,for
for anarbitrary
an arbitrarychoice
arbitrary choiceof
choice oforigin:
of origin:
origin:

€€ mmxx ++mm xx
xxcom = 11 11 22 22
com =
mm1 1++mm2 2

€€
 9.1
9.1 The
9.1
The Centre-of-Mass
The Center
Center of Mass
of Mass 9.1
9.1 The
9.1 The Centre-of-Mass
Center of
Center of Mass
Mass

l
! More
More concisely, write in
concisely, we can write in terms
terms of
of vectors:
vectors:
!
For
For
l !
nnparticles,
For nparticles,
particles,
wewe wecan
cancangeneralize the
generalize
generalize the equation,
the where
equation,
equation, where
where
!

MM = m
= m + m
+ m + +. .
. . +
. m
+ m
M = m11+1 m2 2+2 . . . + mn:n n: : ! 1 nn !
rcom
com
= ∑ miirii
M i=1i=1
m xm1+x1m+2 m x2 +…+
x22+…+ mn m
xnn xn ! !
xcomxcom
= =1 1 d rcom 1 n d rii 1 nn !
v!com
n
MM com = com = ∑ m ii = ∑ miivii
dt M i=1
i=1 dt M i=1 i=1
1
1 ∑m x
n n
= = ∑m i xi i i
€ !
MM i=1 i=1
! d vcom 1 nn !
acom
com
= com = ∑ miiaii
dt M i=1i=1
InIn
In
!l ! three
three
three dimensions,
dimensions,
dimensions, we
we we find
find
find thethe
the centre
of of mass
centre-of-mass
centre mass along
along
along each
each
each €
! !
axis
axis
axis separately:
separately:
separately: ! We found that:
l
! Fext = M acom implying that the total
€ € ext com
external
implying force the
actstotal
as ifexternal
all the mass force ofactstheasobject wasmass
if all the at it’sof
€ that
1 1n ∑ n
1= 1n ∑ n
1= 1n ∑ n
centre-of-mass.
the object was at it’s centre of mass.
xcomxcom
= = ∑m m
x
i i ,
i x i ,y y
com =
com ∑ m ym
i i ,i yi ,z z
com =
com ∑ m mz
i zi i i
MMi=1 i=1 MM i=1 i=1 MM i=1 i=1
Therefore, is constant.
constant.
l
!
! € if Fext
ext = 0, vcom
com is

€€
Example

Show
Example that the com of a two-particle system lies along a straight
line between the two particles a fractional distance m2/(m1+m2)
Show that the com of a two-particle system lies along a straight
from object 1.
line between the two particles a fractional distance m /(m +m ) 2 1 2
from object 1.
m1
!
m1 r1

!
rcom,1
€
x
!
o € rcom

€
!
r2
m2