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Computer Science 083
Computer Systems and Organisation
Class 11
Unit I: Computer Systems and Organisation 2

TERM - I

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● Basic Computer Organisation: Introduction to computer system,
hardware,software, input device, output device, CPU, memory (primary,
cache and secondary), units of memory (Bit, Byte, KB, MB, GB, TB, PB)
● Types of software: system software (operating systems, system utilities,
device drivers), programming tools and language translators (assembler,
compiler & interpreter), application software
● Operating system (OS): functions of operating system, OS user interface
Unit I: Computer Systems and Organisation 3

TERM - I

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● Boolean logic: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, truth table, De Morgan’s laws
and logic circuits
● Number system: Binary, Octal, Decimal and Hexadecimal number system;
conversion between number systems.
● Encoding schemes: ASCII, ISCII and UNICODE (UTF8, UTF32)
Computer System 4

A computer system is a set of integrated devices that input, process, output,and

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store data and information.

Computer systems are currently built around at least one digital processing device.

There are five main HARDWARE components in

Keyboard and Mouse/TouchPad
a computer system: Motherboard
● Input Processor
Power Supply/Battery
● Processor Memory - RAM/ROM
● Storage Video card
Hard Disk Drive or Solid State Drive
● Communication devices (Ethernet/Wireless card) Optical Drive DVD/RW
● Output Pen Drive/Memory Stick
Ethernet or Wireless card
Monitor/Screen/Printer
Computer Organisation 5

Basic computer organisation: description of a computer system and

mobile system, CPU, memory, hard disk, I/O, battery.

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INPUT OUTPUT
CPU
Device Device
(Central Processing Unit)
Keyboard
Monitor
Mouse
Printer
Mic
Speaker
Joystick
Plotter
Touch Pad Memory Unit Control AL Communication Projector
Touch Screen Unit Unit Port/Device
Light Pen ROM | RAM LCD Screen
LCD Panel
Scanner
LED Screen
Digitizer
LED Panel
Webcam INTERNAL EXTERNAL EXTERNAL Barcode Printer
Barcode Reader
RFID/IR Reader HDD/SSD HDD/SSD Pen Drive/Stick
Memory Units 6

Memory Units: bit, byte, KB, MB, GB, TB, and PB.

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Bit - Binary Digit 0 or 1
Byte - 8 Bits 10010011 (1 Character)
KB - Kilobyte = 1024 (210) Bytes
MB - Megabyte = 1024 (210) Kilobytes = 1024x1024 Bytes
GB - Gigabyte = 1024 (210) Megabytes = 1024x1024x1024 Bytes
TB - Terabyte = 1024 (210) Gigabytes
PB - Petabyte = 1024 (210) Terabytes
 Computer & Peripherals
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 Types: Laptop, Tab/iPad, Palm Top, Mobile
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 Display Panels - Resolution, Type, Dimensions
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Computer System 10
COMPUTER

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HARDWARE SOFTWARE

SYSTEM APPLICATION UTILITY

OPERATING LANGUAGE DEVICE

BIOS
SYSTEM PROCESSOR DRIVER

ASSEMBLER COMPILER INTERPRETER GENERAL PURPOSE SPECIFIC PURPOSE

Software 11

Types of software:

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● Application software
● System software
● Utility software.
Application software 12

Application software

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A program or group of programs designed for end-users.

Examples of an application include a Word Processor/ Presentation/

Spreadsheet, an Accounting Application, a Web Browser, an Email
client, a Media Player, a File Viewer, a Simulator, a Console Game, or
a Photo/Image Editor.
System software 13

System software

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System software is a type of computer program that is designed and
developed to run a computer's hardware and application programs.
The system software is the interface between the hardware and user
applications.
Utility software 14

Utility software

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Utility software is software designed to
help to analyze, configure, optimize or
maintain a computer.

It is used to support the computer

infrastructure - in contrast to
application software, which are aimed
at directly performing tasks that
benefit ordinary users.
Concept of Compiler and Interpreter 15
Both compilers and interpreters are used to convert a program written in a
High-Level Language into Machine Code understood by computers.

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Interpreter Compiler
Translates program one statement at a Scans the entire program and translates
time. it as a whole into machine code.
Interpreters usually take less time to Compilers usually take more time to
analyze the source code. analyze the source code.

However, the overall execution time is However, the overall execution time is
comparatively slower than compilers. comparatively faster than interpreters.
Concept of Compiler and Interpreter 16

Interpreter Compiler

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No intermediate object code is Generates an intermediate object code
generated, hence are memory efficient. which further requires linking, hence
requires more memory.
Programming languages like the Programming languages like the
following use interpreters following use compilers.
● JavaScript, ● C,
● Python, ● C++,
● Ruby. ● Java,
● Fortran,
● Pascal
Operating System 17

The fundamental goal of a Computer System is to execute user programs and to

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make tasks easier for user.

Operating System is a software which manages and control the entire set of
resources and effectively utilize every part of a computer.

Windows MacOS Android LINUX

Microsoft Apple Google LINUX

Operating System - Need 18

OS as a platform for Application programs: Operating system provides a

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platform, on top of which, other programs, called Application Programs can run.
It acts as an interface between the computer and the user. It is designed in such a
manner that it operates, controls and executes various applications on the
computer.

Managing Input-Output unit: Operating System also allows the computer to

manage its own resources such as memory, monitor, keyboard, printer etc.
Management of these resources is required for an effective utilization.
Operating System 19

Consistent user interface: Operating System provides the user an easy-to-work

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user interface, so the user doesn’t have to learn a different UI every time and
can focus on the content and be productive as quickly as possible.

Multitasking: Operating System manages memory and allow multiple programs to

run in their own space and even communicate with each other through shared
memory. Multitasking gives users a good experience as they can perform several
tasks on a computer at a time.
Functions of an Operating System 20

An operating system has variety of functions to perform.

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Processor Management: This deals with management of the CPU. The operating
system takes care of the allotment of CPU time to different processes.
Device Management: The Operating System communicates with hardware and
the attached devices and maintains a balance between them and the CPU.
Memory management: In a computer, both the CPU and the I/O devices interact
with the memory.
Virtual Memory: It is allows the user to load the programs which are larger than
the main memory of the computer.
File Management: It manages the files, folders and directory systems on a
computer.
Boolean Logic 21

Boolean logic: NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR truth tables and De Morgan’s laws,

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Logic circuits

Boolean Constant: False (0) or True (1) values are known as Boolean Constants/
Logical Constants/ Truth Values.

Boolean Statement: A statement is said to be a Boolean/Logical Statement if it

has a definite value, which is either false or true.
Boolean Operator 22

Boolean operators: Operators used in Boolean algebra are known as Boolean/

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logical operators. Basic logical operators and their notations are shown below:

AND OR NOT
. + '
∧ ∨ ~
Examples X . Y X + Y X'
X ∧ Y X ∨ Y ~X

NAND NOR XOR XNOR

( . )’ ( + )’ ⊕
~( ∧ ) ( ∨ )’ ( ⊕ )’
Examples (X . Y)’ (X + Y)’ X ⊕ Y
(X ∧ Y)’ (X ∨ Y)’ (X ⊕ Y)’
Boolean Variable and Expression 23

Boolean Variable: A variable, which holds false/true value, is known as Boolean

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variable (X, Y, Z etc.).
Boolean Expression: A meaningful combination of Boolean operators (NOT/ AND/
OR), Boolean operand/ variable (X, Y, Z etc.) and/or Boolean constant (0 or 1) is
known as Boolean Expression (Logical Expression).
Examples: X + Y . Z
A . (B + C) + B . C’
U OR V AND NOT Z
0 + 1 . X
Boolean Algebra 24

Boolean Algebra: Boolean algebra is an algebraic structure on a set Β together

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with Boolean operators ∙ (AND), + (OR) & ‘ (NOT) with the following postulates
satisfied.

X X’ X Y X+Y X Y X.Y

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0

1 0 1 1 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 1
Boolean Algebra - De Morgan’s Law 25

● Demorgan’s Law :

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For every X,Y ∈ B
( X + Y )’= X’. Y’
( X . Y )’= X’ + Y’ ( by Duality )

Generalised Form:
(X1 + X2 + X3 + …+ Xn)’= X1’.X2’.X3’ ….Xn’
(X1 . X2 . X3 . …. Xn)’= X1’ + X2’ + X3’+ …+Xn’
Boolean Algebra - Logic Gates 26

Logic Gate: An electronic gadget which can perform some logical operations like

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AND/NOT /OR etc. is known as a Logic Gate.

BASIC LOGIC GATES X

NAND (X.Y)’
Y
X X’ UNIVERSAL GATES
X
NOR (X+Y)’
Y
X
X.Y
Y XOR X
(X⊕Y)
Y
EXCLUSIVE GATES
X
X+Y X
Y XNOR (X⊕Y)’
Y
 Z
Y
X
X+Y’.Z

C
B
Boolean Algebra - Logic Circuits

A’.(B+C’)
27

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Boolean Algebra - Logic Circuits 28

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U’.V’+ U.V
U
V

(A+B’).(A’+B)
A
B
Number Systems 29

Decimal and Binary Number Systems

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Till now, you have been using Decimal number system in your mathematics. In
Decimal number system, we have 10 digits that vary from 0 to 9.

Computers use electronic components, which do not use decimal number systems
for the operations inside the computer system. It uses a number system, which is
known as binary number system, in which digits vary from 0 to 1 only. It means a
binary number contains no digit other than 0 and 1.

Here, 0 represents OFF/False signal and 1 represents ON/True signal. Thus

numbers of decimal number system used by us in computers are converted into
their equivalent binary values to be understood by the electronic components of
the computer system.
Decimal and Binary Number Systems 30

The number 0 in decimal is 0 in binary, 1 in decimal is 1 in binary, 2 in decimal is

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10 in binary, 3 in decimal is 11 in binary...
Now, let us see how we convert an integer value of a number in Decimal number
system into a Binary number system.
(123)10 = ( )2
Note: Here, the subscript 10 represents base 10 of decimal number and subscript
2 represents base 2 of binary number.
Decimal and Binary Number Systems 31

To convert this number, we start dividing the decimal number by 2 and repeat the
process with the quotient of the division, till we get 1 as quotient and then

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collect the remainders of all the divisions in the reverse order.
Example: Decimal to Binary
Base Quotient Remainder
So, the number equivalent to 2 123 1
Decimal number 123 2 61 1
will be 1111011 in Binary.
2 30 0
(123)10= (1111011)2 2 15 1
2 7 1

10 2
2 3 1
1
Decimal and Binary Number Systems 32

Now, if we want to obtain a decimal number equivalent to a binary number, we will

use the following method.

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Example: Binary to Decimal
(101011)2 =( )10
(101011)2 =(25 * 1)+(24 * 0)+(23 * 1)+(22 * 0)+(21 * 1)+(20 * 1)
= 32 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 2 + 1
= 43
and so,(101011)2 = (43)10

2 10
Octal Number System 33

Now, look at a large binary number 1011101110110110

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Can you remember this number for a long time, your answer will be obviously no
and so the mathematicians thought, why not make some number system to
interpret binary numbers for easy memorisation and they grouped three binary
digits together to represent a number and so each digit of this new
representation had a variation from 0 to 7 (i.e. 8 in total) - this new
representation of number was called Octal number (with base 8).

1-011-101-110-110-110
Octal Number System 34

Look at the table, which shows Binary (In groups of 3) Octal

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binary and its equivalent octal digits. 000 0
(7)8 =(111)2 001 1

(5)8 =(101)2 010 2

011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
111 7
Binary to Octal 35

(1010110)2 = ( )8

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(1010110)2 = ( 1 010 110)2

Make groups of 3 bits starting from the right side to left side

= (001 010 110)2

Add required number of 0s before the first group to make it a
group of 3 bits

= (126)8
Interpret each group as single octal digit & you get the octal
number equivalent

2 8
Octal to Binary 36

Reverse of the previous conversion

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(237)8 = ( )2
(237)8 = ( 2 3 7 )8
Write all digits separately
= ( 010 011 111 )2
Interpret single octal digit as binary equivalent

8 2
Hexadecimal Number System 37

Further to octal numbers, a grouping of 4 Binary digits of a binary number gave

birth to Hexadecimal Number system.

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Here, each digit of this new representation had a variation from 0 to 15 (i.e. 16 in
total).

1011101110110110 -> 1011 1011 1011 0110

-> B B B 6
Hexadecimal Number System 38

Look at the following table, which shows Binary and its equivalent Hexadecimal
digits.

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Binary Hexadecimal Binary Hexadecimal
(In groups of 4) (In groups of 4)
0000 0 1000 8
0001 1 1001 9
0010 2 1010 A (10)
0011 3 1011 B (11)
0100 4 1100 C (12)
0101 5 1101 D (13)
0110 6 1110 E (14)
0111 7 1111 F (15)
Binary to Hexadecimal 39

(1011010110)2 = ( )16

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(1011010110)2 = (10 1101 0110)2
Make groups of 4 digits from right to left

= (0010 1101 0110)2

Add 0 before the first group as it is not a complete group

= (2D6)16
Interpret each group as single Hexadecimal digit

2 16
Hexadecimal to Binary 40

Reverse of the previous conversion for it

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(2B7)16 = ( )2

(2B7)16 = ( 2 B 7 )16
Write all digits separately

= ( 0010 1011 0111 )2

Interpret single hexadecimal digit as binary equivalent

16 2
Decimal number from Octal or Hexadecimal 41

To obtain a Decimal number from Octal or Hexadecimal number system, you have
to use the same method as used while converting Binary to Decimal.

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Example: Octal to Decimal
(126)8 = ( )10
(126)8 = (82 * 1) + (81 * 2) + (80 * 6)
= 64 + 16 + 6

so,(126)8 =
= 86
(86)10 8 10
Decimal number from Octal or Hexadecimal 42

Example: Hexadecimal to Decimal

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(1B6)16 =( )10
(1B6)16 =(162 * 1)+(161 * 11)+(160 * 6)
Note: B represents 11
= 256 + 176 + 6
= 438
so,(1B6)16 = (438)10
16 10
Now, if you want to obtain octal or hexadecimal number from decimal number,
you have to use the same method as used while converting decimal to binary.
Decimal to Octal 43

For decimal to octal conversion we start dividing the decimal number by 8 and

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repeat the process with the quotient of the division, till you get a quotient which
cannot be further divided by 8 and then collect the remainders of all the divisions
in the reverse order.

So, the number equivalent to Base Quotient Remainder

decimal number 123 will be 173
8 123 3
in octal.
8 15 7
(123)10= (173)8
1

10 8
Decimal to Hexadecimal 44
Similarly, for Decimal to Hexadecimal conversion we start dividing the decimal
number by 16 and repeat the process with the quotient of the division, till you

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get a quotient which cannot be further divided by 16 and then collect the
remainders of all the divisions in the reverse order. Note that, for such divisions if
ever a remainder is more than 9 then the remainder has to be represented as A,
B, C...(till F)

So, the number equivalent to

Base Quotient Remainder
decimal number 123 will be 7B in
Hexadecimal. 16 123 11 (B)

(123)10= (7B)16 7

10 16
Convert the following: 45

1. (100100111)2 = (____________)10

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2. (110100111)2 = (____________)8
3. (101100101)2 = (____________)16
4. (234)10 = (____________)16
5. (435)10 = (____________)8
6. (89)10 = (____________)2
7. (3B2)16 = (____________)2
8. (AB2)16 = (____________)8
9. (3C9)16 = (____________)10
10. (302)8 = (____________)2
11. (32)8 = (____________)10
12. (452)8 = (____________)16
 ASCII
AMERICAN STANDARD CODE
FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE
46

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Encoding Scheme - ASCII 47

Released in 1960 with 128 characters - later in 1981 - 128 more extended

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characters were added.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange - The American Standard
Code for Information Interchange (ASCII, pronunciation: /Aæski/ ass-kee) is a
character-encoding scheme originally based on the English alphabet.
ASCII codes represent text in computers, communications equipment, and other
devices that use text.
Most modern character-encoding schemes are also based on ASCII, though they
support many additional characters.
Encoding Scheme - ASCII 48

ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and

other devices.

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ASCII code for capital A is 65

ASCII HEX BINARY HTML CHAR DESC

65 41 1000001 A A Capital A
66 42 1000010 B B Capital B
67 43 1000011 C C Capital C

97 61 1100001 a a Small a

 ISCII
INDIAN SCRIPT CODE
FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE
49

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Encoding Schemes - ISCII 50

ISCII (8 bit coding) was introduced in the year 1991 by the Bureau of Indian
Standards(BIS), which used first 128 characters of ASCII only.

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It is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India. It encodes
the main Indic scripts and a Roman transliteration.
Supported scripts are: Assamese, Bengali (Bangla), Devanagari, Gujarati,
Gurmukhi, Kannada, Malayalam, Oriya, Tamil, and Telugu. ISCII does not encode
the writing systems of India based on Arabic, but its writing system switching
codes nonetheless provide for Kashmiri, Sindhi, Urdu, Persian, Pashto and Arabic.
The Arabic-based writing systems were subsequently encoded in the PASCII
(Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange).
Encoding Schemes - ISCII 51

The ISCII code table is a super-set of all the characters required in the ten
Brahmi-based Indian scripts.

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For convenience, the alphabet of the official script Devanagari (with diacritic
marks for non-Devanagari alphabets) has been used in the standard.
ISCII encodes letters with the same phonetic value at the same code point,
overlaying the various scripts. For example, the ISCII codes 0xB3 (i.e. ) 0xDB (i.e.
) represent [ki]. This will be rendered as കി in Malayalam, क in Devanagari, as ਿਕ
in Gurmukhi, and as கி in Tamil.
CLICK TO VIEW LIST
 UNICODE
CHARACTER ENCODING
UNIQUE, UNIVERSAL, AND UNIFORM
52

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Encoding Schemes - Unicode 53

For multilingual computing - Unicode is a computing industry

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standard for the consistent encoding, representation and handling of
text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. Developed in
conjunction with the Universal Character Set standard and published
in book form as The Unicode Standard. The latest version of Unicode
contains a repertoire of more than 149,186 characters covering 161
modern and historic scripts, as well as symbols, emoji (including in
colors), and non-visual control and formatting codes.
Standard started in 1991 with version 1.0
The latest version of Unicode 15.0.0, was released on 13 September
2022.
 54

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Thank you!
Department of Computer Science
Delhi Public School R.K.Puram New Delhi