Electrical

Engineering

Electrical & Electronic

Measurements

Comprehensive Theory
with Solved Examples and Practice Questions

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Electrical & Electronic Measurements

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First Edition : 2015

Second Edition : 2016
Third Edition : 2017
Fourth Edition : 2018
Fifth Edition : 2019
Sixth Edition : 2020
Seventh Edition : 2021
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Ninth Edition : 2023

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Contents
Electrical & Electronic
Measurements

Chapter 1 Chapter 4
Introduction��������������������������������������������������������� 1 Electromechanical Indicating
1.1 Measurements and it’s Significance...................................... 2
Instruments.....................................................100
1.2 Types of Instruments.................................................................. 3
4.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 100
1.3 Deflection and Null Type Instruments.................................. 3
4.2 Moving Iron (M.I.) Instruments........................................... 110
1.4 Errors in Measurements and their Analysis........................ 7
4.3 General Torque Equation of Moving Iron Instruments.... 110
1.5 Types of Errors.............................................................................15
1.6 Standard and their Classifications........................................20 4.4 Errors in Moving Iron Instruments.................................... 112

1.7 Torques in Electromechanical Indicating Instruments....22 4.5 Electrodynamometer Type Instruments......................... 121
1.8 Types of Damping......................................................................24 4.6 Applications of Electrodynamometer
1.9 Errors in Meters...........................................................................25 Type Instruments...................................................................... 124
1.10 Important Prefixes and Their Symbol.................................28
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 142
Student Assignments-1..............................................................28
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 142
Student Assignments-2..............................................................29
Chapter 5
Chapter 2
Measurement of Power and Energy���� 146
Measurement and Resistance��������������������32
5.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 146
2.1 Resistors.........................................................................................32
5.2 Measurement of Power......................................................... 146
2.2 Methods of Reducing Residual Inductance and
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 176
Capacitance in Resistors..........................................................33
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 176
2.3 Measurement of Low Resistance..........................................35
2.4 Measurement of Medium Resistance.................................44 Chapter 6
2.5 Important Definitions...............................................................50
Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO)���������� 179
2.6 Measurement of High Resistance........................................55
6.1 Basics of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope)..................... 179
Student Assignments-1..............................................................59
6.2 Advantages of CRO................................................................. 179
Student Assignments-2..............................................................60
6.3 Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)....................................................... 181

Chapter 3 6.4 Deflection Sensitivity of CRO.............................................. 184

6.5 Graticule..................................................................................... 185
A.C. Bridges���������������������������������������������������������62
6.6 Relation between Bandwidth and Rise Time................ 186
3.1 Introduction to Bridge Measurement and AC Bridges....62
6.7 Lissajous Pattern...................................................................... 188
3.2 Measurement of Inductance..................................................69
6.8 Phase Angle From the Lissajous Pattern......................... 192
3.3 Wagner Earthing Device..........................................................87
6.9 Special CRO............................................................................... 193
3.4 Measurement of Frequency...................................................91
6.10 Probes of CRO........................................................................... 194
3.5 Special Bridge circuit................................................................94
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 195
Student Assignments-1..............................................................96
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 195
Student Assignments-2..............................................................97

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Chapter 7 8.4 Methods to Reduce Errors in CT........................................ 254
8.5 Effect of Secondary Open Circuit...................................... 255
Transducers������������������������������������������������������197
8.6 Construction of Current Transformer............................... 255
7.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 197
8.7 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of a PT................................... 257
7.2 Active and Passive Transducers.......................................... 198
8.8 Errors in a Potential Transformer....................................... 258
7.3 Analog Transducers................................................................ 198
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 259
7.4 Measurement of Displacement using Transducers..... 199
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 259
7.5 Applications of Hall effect Transducers........................... 204
7.6. Strain Gauges........................................................................... 206
7.7 Resistance Thermometer (RTD).......................................... 218 Chapter 9
7.8 Thermistors............................................................................... 220 Miscellaneous������������������������������������������������ 261
7.9 Application of Thermistors.................................................. 222 9.1 Potentiometer.......................................................................... 261
7.10 Pyrometer.................................................................................. 225 9.2 Flux Meter.................................................................................. 271
7.11 Bimetallic Strip......................................................................... 226 9.3 Telemetry................................................................................... 275
7.12 Measurement of Pressure.................................................... 228 Student Assignments-1........................................................... 278
Student Assignments-1........................................................... 242 Student Assignments-2........................................................... 278
Student Assignments-2........................................................... 242

Chapter 10
Chapter 8 Digital Meters������������������������������������������������ 280
Instrument Transformers��������������������������245 10.1 Digital Voltmeter (DVM).......................................... 280
8.1 Introduction.............................................................................. 245
8.2 Calculation of Ratio and Phase Angle Error of a CT.... 249 nnnn
8.3 Characteristics of Current Transformers.......................... 253

(iv)