Modifiers

Kabir
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‡h Word ev Phrase- Noun-c~‡e© A_ev c‡i e‡m D³ Noun -‡K modify K‡i A_©vr D³ Noun m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Zv‡K Modifier
e‡j| Modifier g~jZ t Sentence- Gi g‡a¨ Adjective-Gi KvR K‡i|
He is a wise man.
The boy playing in the field is strong.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii cÖ_g Sentence -G "Wise"- adjective-wU man Noun-wUi c~‡e© e‡m †m m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB Wise Sentence-
G Modifier.
Avevi 2q Sentence-G playing in the field-G phrase- wU "boy" Noun- wUi c‡i e‡m D³ Noun m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i| "playing
in the field" phrase-wU 2q Sentence-G Modifier.

Note : (i) Determiners, Adjectives Gi Noun-Adjective Modifier Gi KvR K‡i|

(ii) Modifier me mgq Noun Phrase Gi head word - Gi c~‡e© ev c‡i e‡m|
A‡bK mgq Adverbial Phrase Gi Modifier _v‡K|

Modifier `y cÖKvi t 1. Pre-modifier,

2. Post-modifier
Pre modifier

Pre k‡ãi A_© c~‡e©| ZvB †h Modifier-Noun ev Noun phrase- Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zv‡K modify K‡i Zv‡K pre-modifier e‡j| D‡jøL¨ pre-
modifier Noun phrase- Gi head word- Gi c~‡e Ges Determiner-Gi c‡i e‡m|

Different Types of pre modifier

1. Adjectives as Pre modifier: G‡¶‡Î Adjective Noun ev Noun phrase- Gi c~‡e© e‡m Pre modifier- Gi KvR K‡i|
Adjective- Gi G ai‡bi use ‡K Attributive use ejv nq|
He is an intelligent boy.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-G "intelligent" adjective-wU "boy" Noun-Gi c~‡e e‡m Pre modifier Gi KvR K‡i‡Q|
A wise man cannot commit a great blunder.
Our country needs many honest workers.
The most young beautiful lady drew the attention of the audience.

2. Participles as pre modifier: Avgiv Rvwb participles memgq Adjective-Gi KvR K‡i| Avevi Adjective me©`v Noun-‡K
modify K‡i| ZvB Participle hLb Noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m D³ Noun ‡K modify K‡i ZLb Zv pre modifier Ges participle hLb Noun Gi c~‡e©
e‡m D³ Noun ‡K modify K‡i ZLb Zv pre modifier Ges Pre-modifier Ges participle hLb Noun- Gi c~‡e© e‡m Noun- ‡K modify K‡i
ZLb Zv Post-modifier.

(i) Present participle as pre modifier (Verb-Gi present form Gi mv‡_ ing without any AV if acts like an adjective):
A sleeping dog seldom bites.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii sentence-wU‡Z sleep-G verb- wUi mv‡_ ing ‡hvM n‡q Zv Adjective- Gi KvR K‡i| KviY sleeping Øviv KzKziwU †Kgb Zv cÖKvk
Ki‡Q| Dc‡iv³ sleeping-G present participle-wU Noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m‡Q| ZvB Sleeping D³ Sentence-G pre-modifier.
A drowning man catches at a straw.
All the hopes of the promising boy were nipped in the bud.
Don't get down from a running train.
Casablanca stood on the burning deck.
(ii) Past Participles as Premodifier (g~j Verb-Gi Past Participle form if acts like an adjective)
He bought a rotten fish.
e¨vL¨vt Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z rot-Verb-Gi Past Participle "rotten" Ges Zv Adjective-Gi KvR Ki‡Q| KviY rotten Øviv gvQwU
†Kgb Zv cÖKvk cv‡”Q| AwaKš‘ rotten-G Participle-wU fish Noun-Gi c~‡e e‡m‡Q| ZvB "rotten" Pre-modifier.
Everybody respects a learned man.
They live in abandoned water.
We should not drink polluted water.
He showed me the written order of the principal.
(iii) Perfect Participle as Pre-modifier: ‡h †Kvb Verb Gi Past Participle Gi c~‡e© having hy³ Ki‡j Perfect Participle MwVZ nq|
Perfect Participle me mgq Phrase AvKv‡i _v‡K Ges GwU Verb Gi Pre-modifier wnmv‡e Mb¨ nq| Having + PP
Having finished the homework, the students started for school.
 Kabir
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3. Noun-adjective as Pre modifier: A‡bK mgq Noun-I Noun-‡K modify K‡i| hLb `ywU Noun cvkvcvwk e‡m, ZLb cÖ_g Noun-
wU wØZxq Noun wU‡K modify K‡i e‡j Zv Adjective.
We bought a train ticket.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z train ticket `ywUB Noun Ges Zv cvkvcvwk e‡m‡Q| cÖ_g Noun "train" wØZxq Noun "ticket" Gi c~‡e© e‡m Zv‡K
modify K‡i| ZvB train D³ sentence-G Pre modifier.
We enjoyed a football match yesterday.
Let us go out by the sea beach.
A train journey is pleasant.

4. Demonstratives as Pre-modifier: Demonstrative pronoun (this, these, that, those, such) Pre-modifier wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ
nq|
I bought this book yesterday.
Those boys are playing in the field.

5. Determiners as pre-modifiers: Determiners A_©vr Articles (a, an, the) Pre-modifier wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
He bought a pen. The boy took an egg.
The Padma is a big river.

6. Quantifiers are pre-modifiers: Quantifiers A_©vr No, any, some, few, a few, several, every, either, neither, each, a
good many, a great many, enough, much, lots of, a lot of, little, very little, a little, more, most, less, least, a number of, the
number of, a great number of, a good deal of, a great deal of, plenty of, many BZ¨vw` pre-modifier wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ nq|
The man has much money.
Give me a little rice.
He bought five books from the book fair.

7. Compounds as Pre modifier: A‡bK mgq Compounds Pre modifier-Gi KvR K‡i| Compounds n‡jv GKvw`K k‡ãi mgš^q hv
GKwU Single Noun Gi KvR K‡i|
A hard-working student can shine in life.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z hard-working Compound-wU hard Ges working-G kã `yÕwUi mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q Ges Zv student GB Noun-
wUi c~‡e© e‡m, Zv‡K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB hard-working-G Compound-wU "Student" Noun-wUi Premodifier.
He bought a brand-new car.
We got into a first-class compartment.
The man came here wearing an old-fashioned shirt.
It is a back-dated idea.
He sold his out-of-order machine.

8. Possessive as Pre modifier: G †¶‡Î Possessive (my, our, your, their, her, his, its, noun’s) Noun-Gi c~‡e© e‡m
Premodifier wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
His brother has gone to Japan.
Our country is very fertile.
Mr. Rahim's shirt is new.

9. Adverb as Pre modifier: wKQy Adverb ‡hgb - then, above, down, up etc. Noun Gi c~‡e© e‡m Modifier wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
The then Headmaster was a learned man. (The word which modifies adjective, verb and another adverb)
e¨vL¨v: Dc‡ii Sentence-G "then"-G Adverb-wU "Headmaster"-G Noun-wUi c~‡e© e‡m Pre modifier wn‡m‡e KvR Kv‡i|
1. Adverb of Manner: Adjective + ly: Nicely, usually, naturally, usefully
2. Adverb of Time: Now, then, once, often, sometimes, never, yesterday, today, tomorrow, regularly,
always, ever, suddenly
3. Adverb of Place: Here, there, up, over, above, bottom, under, down, below, beside, behind, forward,
top
The down train will leave now.
The above passage is difficult.
10. General Ordinals as Pre-modifier: General Ordinals A_©vr Other, the other, next, last, another, further etc. Noun
Gi c~‡e© e‡m Modifier wnmv‡e KvR K‡i|
The injured opener will be replaced by another player.
I will buy the other mangoes.
Further warning is not necessary.

Post Modifier
Kabir Sir
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Post k‡ãi A_© c‡i| ZvB †h modifier Noun ev Noun Phrase-Gi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K modify K‡i Zv‡Kv Post Modifier e‡j|
Different Types of Post Modifiers

(i) Infinitive Phrase as Post Modifier: To+Verb-Gi c‡i AwZwi³ kã ewm‡q Infinitive phrase MwVZ nq|
Infinitive = To + Verb
Infinitive Phrase = To + Verb + Something
He made an attempt to escape punishment.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z "to escape punishment"-G infinitive phrase-wU "attempt" Noun-wUi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K modify
K‡i‡Q| ZvB D³ Sentence-G "to escape punishment" "attempt" Noun-wUi post Modifier.
His plan to start the business ended in smoke.
His scheme to found a hospital did not come true.
Her decision to study medicine was appreciated.
I took a determination to pass the examination.

(ii) Present Participle Phrase as Post Modifier: Verb + ing + something

The boy standing at the door is known to me.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z standing at the door G Present Participle Phrase-wU "boy" Noun-wU Posdt Modifier.
I saw the porter lying on the floor.
He found the girl reading a book.
They watched the train leaving the station.

(iii) Past Participle Phrase as Post Modifier: Verb3 + something

The machines made in a local factory are working well.
e¨vL¨vt Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z "made in a local factory" G past participle phrase-wU "machines" Noun-wUi post Modifier.
The book published in 1993 has been revised.
The building constructed fifty years ago collapsed last week.
The letter signed by the principle was posted.

(iv) Perfect Participle as Post Modifier: (Having + PP)

Prize money was given to the swimmer having reached the touchline first.
Jobs were offered only to the youths having done well in the previous competitions.

(v) Prepositional phrase as post modifier: Prepositional phrase hLb Post Modifier wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i ZLb AwaKvsk †¶‡Î Zv‡K
Relative Clause/Subordinate Adjective Clause-G iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv hvq|
Preposition + something (Avoid: to + verb, for + verb + ing)
The road to Khulna is spacious.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z "to Khulna" G preposition phrase-wU"road" Noun-wUi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K Modify K‡i‡Q| D‡jøL¨ The road to
Khulna Øviv g~jZ t The road that leads to Khulna eySvq ev Relative Clause ev Subordinate Adjective Clause.
The boy in torn cloth is very poor.
The fish on the pan is very fresh.
The man on board the ship was clever.

(vi) Appositive as post modifier: hLb `yÕwU Noun cvkvcvwk e‡m GKB e¨w³ ev e¯‘‡K eySvq ZLb wØZxq Noun-wU cÖ_g Noun-wUi m¤ú‡K©
AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|
Mr. Ahmed, principal of our college, is a good administrator.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-G "principal of our college" G Appositive-wU "Mr. Ahmed"-G Noun-wUi c‡i e‡m D³ Noun-‡K modify
K‡i Zvi m¤ú‡K© AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i|
We invited Mr. Islam, a great physician of Bangladesh.
Babor, emperor of Delhi, was a pious man.
(vii) Adjective as post modifier: Adjective ‡K modify K‡i mvaviYZt Zvi c~‡e© e‡m| wKš‘ A‡bK mgq Zv wKQz Noun Ges pronoun
(something, everyone, anyone) Gi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K modify K‡i|
All the members present in the meeting were against the proposal.
e¨vL¨v t Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z " Present" G Adjective-wU members Noun-Gi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB Present-G
Adjective-wU members Noun-wUi Post Modifier.
I don't find anything wrong in the papers.
There is something abnormal in his behaviour.
Is there anyone interested in art?

(viii) Relative clause as Post Modifier: Relative Clause me©`v Noun- Gi c‡i e‡m D³ Noun-‡K modify K‡i|
Relative Pronoun: That, who, which, what, where, when, why, whose, whom, how
The boy who lost his pen is poor.
e¨vL¨vt Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z "who lost his pen" G Relative Clause-wU "boy" Noun-wUi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB "who lost
his pen" G Relative Clause-wU "boy" Noun-wUi Post Modifier.
The lady who ate many items was greedy.
I bought a pen which was black.
She took a cabin that was small.
Do you know the boy who came here yesterday?

(ix) Adverb as post Modifier:

The questions below are to be answered.
e¨vL¨vt Dc‡ii Sentence-wU‡Z "Below" G Adverb-wU "questions"-G Noun-wUi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB Below Adverb-wU
"questions" Noun-wUi c‡i e‡m Zv‡K modify K‡i‡Q| ZvB "below"Adverb-wU "questions" Noun -wUi most modifier.
The man behind is his brother.
The beggar there is waiting for alms.

Intensifier

Intensifier kãwU mvaviYZ Adjective I Adverb Gi Dci AwaK †Rvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î e¨envi Kiv nq| ZvB Adjective I Adverb ‡K Post
modify Kiv gv‡b Zv‡`i c~‡e© Intensifier e¨envi Kiv|
List of Intensifiers: Very, extremely, much, so, more, most, least, too etc.
The people living by the Padma are very poor.
This sum is too difficult for the students to solve.
Their economic condition is extremely bad.

Nominal Adjective

What is a nominal adjective?

We know that adjectives are words that modify (or describe) nouns, such as the word red in “the red jacket,” or the word
beautiful in “that girl is beautiful.”
Nominal adjectives, on the other hand, are adjectives that perform the function of a noun in a sentence. They are headed by
the word ‘the’. They can be found as the subject or the object of a sentence or clause. For example:
“The elderly are a great source of wisdom.”
“The French have amazing restaurants.”
“The opposite of up is down.”
“The best is yet to come.”
In the examples above, the nominal adjectives do not modify any other noun — they’re acting as nouns themselves.
Specifically, they are performing the function of the subject of the sentences, but, as we mentioned, they can also function
as objects. For example:
“We should treat the elderly with respect.”
“This law protects the innocent.”
“We all want the best for her.”

Important Note:
Pre-modify the noun = Adjective
Pre-modify the adjective = Adverb
Post-modify the verb = Adverb
Post-modify the adverb = Adverb
 Modifiers
Practice Sheet 01
Kabir Sir
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Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the blank spaces.
1. NCTB
I experienced a very interesting incident (a) - (Post-modify the verb) on my way to Dinajpur. My friend Tamalika, (b) - (post-
modify the noun with an appositive) was driving. A cow was crossing the road but suddenly in the middle of the road it stopped
and remained standing. In a minute Tamalika had to change her course but she didn't have (c) -- (pre-modify the noun) time
and space to do that. Tamalika tried to turn in the left when the cow too walked (d) -- (post-modify the verb) back a few steps.
To save (e) - (Use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) cow Tamalika had to move in the right. She lost her control and
bumped (AvNvZ Kiv) the car with a (f) - (Use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) tree. (g) - (Use a participle to pre-modify
the verb) Tamalika was shocked but she was (h) -- (Use an intensifier to premodify the adjective.) happy (i) - (Use an infinitive
phrase to post-modify the verb). She patted (Pvcovb) the (j) - (Pre-modify the noun) cow and burst into laughter.
2. DB 23
Cricket is an (a) --- (pre-modify the noun) game. It is not a game of (b) --- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country. A
(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) match is played between two teams. (d) --- (use a distributive pronoun to per-
modify the noun) team consists of eleven players. A cricket field must be (e) -- (post modify the noun). It requires two wooden
bats, a ball & two sets of stamps. (f) --- use a numeral adjective to pre-modify the noun) umpires conduct the game. Sometimes,
a third umpire is required (g) ---- (use infinitive to post-modify the verb) an acute confusion. (h) ---- use a participle to pre-
modify the noun) the opportunity, the batter hits the ball away at a good distance and runs to the opposite wicket. If (i) --- (use
an indefinite pronoun to pre-modify the noun) batter is out, next batter comes in his place. Both teams try (j) ---- (use an
adverbial phrase to post modify) to out all batters of the opposite.
3. SB 23
Drug addiction among the young generation has become a (a) ---- (pre-modify the noun) concern. Drug is mainly used as
medicine (b) ---- (use an infinitive to post modify the verb) diseases and an excess of taking drug for no disease is called drug
addiction. It has grasped the young generation (c) ---- (post modify the verb). They take drugs to forget (d) ---- (use possessive to
pre-modify the noun) sadness. (e) ---- (pre modify the noun) people take drugs (f) ---- (use adverb to post modify). Drug
addiction causes (g) ---- (pre modify the noun) harm to human body. (h) ---- (use a participle) them aware, we can remove this
curse from our society. All concerned should take initiatives (i) --- (use an infinitive to post modify the verb) it. The criminals
should be punished with an (j) ---- (use a noun adjective) hand.
4. RB 23
People around were just watching as the (a) --- (pre-modify the noun) boy started (b) ---- (post-modify the verb) into the (c) ----
(pre-modify the noun) canal. Then the traffic constable came. (d) ---- (pre-modify the noun with a present participle) no time, he
jumped into the canal. The (e) ----- (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) constable did not think of his (f) ---- (pre-modify the
noun) life. He was (g) --- (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) kind that he risked his life. life. People (h) --- (post-
modify the noun) by the canal praised him (i) --- (post-modify the verb with an adverb). This type of person is a model (j) -----
(post-modify the noun).
5. JB 23
Language plays a (a) --- (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) important role in our life. We use language from the time
we wake up (b) --- (post-modify the verb) till we go to bed at night. We use language not only in our (c) --- (pre-modify the
noun) hours, but also in our dreams. We use language (d) --- (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) what we feel and to say
what we like or dislike. We also use language (e) ---- (post modify the verb with an infinitive) information. Language is (f) ---
(pre-modify the adjective) present in our life. It is an (g) ---- (pre-modify the noun) part of our life. As an (h) ---- (pre-modify the
noun) nation we also have a language. But we had to struggle (i) ---- (use adverb to post-modify the verb) to establish the right
to our language. Many (j) ----(pre-modify the noun with an adjective) sons of our country sacrificed their lives for our mother-
tongue.
6. CB 23
Amerigo, (a) --- (use noun in apposition) lives alone. His parents now live separate and none of them wants (b) --- (use infinitive
to post-modify the verb) his responsibility. (c) --- (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) mother told him to go away because
she is married to another man. (d) --- (use determiner to premodify the noun) streets are now his home. He wanted (e) --- (use
adjective to premodify (use noun the noun) money from his father to buy a (f) ---- use noun adjective to premodify the noun)
ticket. But his father did not answer. He earns his living by working hard. (g) --- (use adverbial to premodify the verb) he finds
work. Some of (h) --- (use demonstrative to premodify the noun) works are very risky for him. Once he sold ice-cream (i) -- (use
prepositional phrase to post modify the verb). But he got (j) --- (use quantifier to premodify the noun) money in return from the
owner of the ice-cream shop.
7. MB 23
The purpose of education is to bring about (a) --- (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) changes in (b) - (use a possessive to
pre-modify the noun) behaviour. It also brings changes in our lives and society (c) --- (use a relative clause to post-modify the
noun). If it fails to do so, it can't be called education. Education is not only receiving certificates and getting grades. It is (d) ---
(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) more than that, we can apply our (e) --- (use a part participle to pre-modify the
noun) knowledge in our engagement with the world that lies (f) --- (use an adverb to post-modify the verb). We can do that in
(g) --- (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) ways. One way is civic engagement which is (h) --- (use an adverb to pre-modify
the verb 'appreciated') appreciated all over the world. Civic engagement means working to make difference in civic life (i) ---
(use a prepositional phrase to post-modify the noun 'life'). A person (j) --- (use a past participle to post modify the noun)
civically is concerned about civic issues like injustice, discrimination and other forms of social ills.
8. DjB 23
An (a) ---- (pre-modify the noun) student is he, who has (b) --- (use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun) good qualities. He
studies (c) --- (post modify the verb). He knows that the (d) --- (pre-modify the noun) duty of a student is to study. So, he never
neglects (e) --- (use a possessive) duty. He even makes the proper use of (f) --- (use a determiner to pre-modify the noun)
moment. Sabuj, (g) --- (post modify the noun with an appositive) of our class is an example of a good student. Sabuj is (h) ---
(pre-modify the adjective) helpful to us. I try (i) --- (modify the verb with an infinitive) a boy like Sabuj. I want to be one of the (j)
---- (pre-modify the noun) stars in the class.
9. BB 23
Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bangla literature. He was a (a) -- (premodify the noun) poet. He wrote (b) --- (post
modify the verb) in almost all branches of Bangla literature. Nazrul, (c) --- (post modify the noun with appositive), won the
attention of everybody in his early childhood. He wrote ceaselessly until the death of (d) - (use possessive to premodify the
noun) poetic flair. He composed (e) ---- (premodify the noun) songs (f) --- (post modify the noun with an adjective clause). His
literary works have enriched (g) --- (pre-modify the noun with noun adjective) literature. His poems and songs played a great
role (h) --- (post modify the verb with an infinitive phrase) in our war of liberation. He (i) --- (pre-modify the verb) sang the songs
of equality in his poetry. He is (j) --- (pre-modify the noun with determiner) pride, no doubt.
10. CtgB 23
We know that (a) — (use quantifier to premodify the noun) species are important for maintaining (b) — (pre modify the noun)
balance. If one is lost, the whole natural environment changes (c) — (post modify the verb). In order to protect the environment
from being spoilt, we should protect (d) — (use possessive to pre modify the noun) wildlife. (e) — (use determiner to pre
modify the noun phrase) good news is that many countries are taking action (f) — (use infinitive phrase to post-modify the
verb). George Laycock, (g) --- (use appositive to post modify the noun) writes, "Mankind must develop a concern for wild
creatures and determine that (h) —(use demonstrative to pre modify the noun) wild species will not perish (i) — (use
prepositional phrase as post modifier). We have to save wild animals (j) --- (use relative clause as post modifier).
11. DB 19
Arsenic is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) substance. It is (b) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dangerous for
human health. (c) -- (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) substance is found in the water of the tubewell. There are (d)
-- (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun) villages in (e) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country. Most of our (f) —
(use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) people drink tubewell water. As a result, many of them are suffering from arsenic
problem. This problem is (g) — (pre-modify the verb) found in North Bengal. We should take proper measures (h) - (post-modify
the verb with an infinitive phrase). Government is trying to mark the tubewells having arsenic (i) — (use a participle to post
modify the verb) red colour. People should be refrained from drinking water of (j) -- (use demonstrative to pre-modify the
noun) tubewells. Otherwise, they will suffer from arsenicosis.
12. RB 19
Taking food is essential. We take food (a) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). We cannot survive on earth if we
do not take food. In fact (b) — (use a quantifier to pre-modify the noun phrase) living beings need to take food. But it is a
matter of great regret that (c) — (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) food is being adulterated. (d)— (use a noun-adjective
to pre-modify the noun) adulteration is increasing (e) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adverb) alarmingly that we cannot
stop it. (f) — (use a determiner to pre-modify the noun phrase) dishonest businessmen use (g) — (pre-modify the noun)
chemicals in food and fruits to make illegal and quick money. But they do not think about (h) — (use a possessive to pre-modify
.the noun) health. (i) — (use present participle) adulterated food, people get sick. They are often attacked with different fatal
diseases. So (j) - (use a gerund) food safety is a must today.
13. DjB 19
Bangladesh is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) country. Though it is a small country, it has a (b) — (pre-modify the noun)
population. People (c) -- (pre-modify the verb with an adverb) depend on agriculture. They grow different kinds of crops (d) —
(post modify the verb with an adverbial phrase). We earn (e) - (pre-modify the noun with a noun adjective) currencies by
exporting some of these crops. We are also rich in (f) -- (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) resources. Now, we are able (g)
— (post-modify the adjective with an infinitive) natural gas from underground. Our industries are also rising (h) -- (post-modify
the verb with an adverb). We export (i) — (pre-modify the noun with a noun-adjective) products to the developed countries. In
this regard, we have already earned a (j) -- (pre-modify the noun) reputation.
14. JB 19
Air and water are the most (a) -- (pre-modify the noun with an adjective) elements of the environment. But we are polluting
them (b) — (post modify the verb with an adverb). Mills and factories use fuel (c) - (post modify the verb with an infinitive) their
products. The burning of this fuel creates smoke (d) — (post modify the verb with an adverbial). Motor vehicles also pollute the
air, (e) — (use an appositive). Water is polluted by (f) — (pre-modify the noun with a quantifier) kinds of waste and filth. We
also contaminate water (g) -- (post-modify the verb with a present participle phrase) into it. Farmers use (h) — (pre-modify the
noun with an adjective) fertilizers and insecticides and pollute water. (i) — (pre-modify the noun with a past participle) water is
(j) — (pre-modify the adjective with an intensifier) harmful for health.
15. CB 19
Newspaper plays a very (a) — (pre-modify the noun) role in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home and
abroad. Only (b) - (pre-modify the noun) knowledge is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps a man (c) -
(post-modify the verb with infinitive) his general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should read newspapers (d) -
(post-modify the verb). Newspaper helps one (e) - (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) the facts of the world. (f) - (pre-
modify the verb with a present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of everything. There are (g) - (pre-modify the
noun) kinds of newspapers. One should select the newspaper (h) -- (post-modify the verb). One should choose the (i) — (pre-
modify the noun) paper because many newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is, it (j) - (pre-modify the verb)
helps a man.
16. CtgB 19
We can't think of our existence without language. It plays a (a) — (use an intensifier) important role in our life. We use language
from the time we wake up (b) -- (post-modify the verb) till we go to bed at night. We use language not only in our (c) - (pre-
modify the noun) hours but also in our dreams. We use language (d) — (use an infinitive) what we feel and to say what we like
or dislike. We also use language (e) — (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) information. Language is (f) — (pre-modify the
adjective) present in our life. It is an (g) — (pre-modify the noun) part of our life. As an (h) --- (pre-modify the noun) nation, we
also have a language. But we had to struggle (i) — (post-modify the verb) to establish the right of our language. Many (j) -- (pre-
modify the noun) sons sacrificed their lives for the language.
17. SB 19
A library is a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) of knowledge. The students (b) — (use a participle) to all classes visit it in their library
periods. Our college library is housed in two rooms. (c) — (pre-modify the noun) almirahs are placed in one room. The other
room is the (d) — (use a participle to modify the noun) room where magazines, journals and newspapers are placed. There are
about five thousand books in our library which are arranged (e) — (post modify the verb). Any type of book can be traced in no
time. The books cater (satisfy) to the needs and interests (f) — (use a prepositional phrase). There are two separate sections in
the library. One of them contains reference books like (g) -- (use nouns) etc. The other section contains books (h) -- (use
prepositional phrase). Every student has a library (i)— (use a noun). The reading room is always crowded (j) -- (post modify the
verb) in the afternoon.
18. BB 19
The roads (a) -- (use an adjective phrase to post modify the noun) are beset with problems. (b) — (pre-modify the noun) driving
is one of them. Most of the drivers are not (c) -- (pre-modify the participle) trained. They are not well educated. They can (d) --
(use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) put their signature and read Bengali. They are indifferent (উদাসীন) to (e) -- (use a noun
adjective) life. They do not realize that life is (f) --- (use a determiner) valuable than time. They drive (g) -- (post modify the
verb). They do (h) — (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) drive consciously. Even they themselves are not conscious of (i) —
(use a possessive) own lives. They drive (j) — (use an adverb phrase to post modify the verb) and try to overtake others.
19. All Boards 2018 OBB
Television has become the most common and (a) - (pre-modify the noun) source of entertainment of the (b) - (pre-modify the
noun) world. A wide range of programs of (c) - (pre-modify the adjective) interest is telecast on (d) - (use quantifier to pre-
modify the noun) channels. Almost every middle class and even working-class families have a television set today. (e) - (use a
noun-adjective to pre-modify the noun) programs are (f) - (pre-modify the adjective) entertaining. They can be (g) - (pre-modify
the adjective) educative too. Courses (h) - (post modify the noun) by the Open University are shown on BTV. (i) - (pre-modify
the noun) channels like the Discovery Channel and the National Geographic Channel telecast highly informative programs.
However, watching TV has become (j) - (use an article) addiction for many.
20. RB, CB, CtgB, BB 18, SB 17
Kazi Nazrul Islam is called the Shelley of Bengali literature. He was a (a) - (pre-modify the noun) poet. He wrote (b) — (post-
modify the verb) in every branch of Bengali literature. Nazrul, (c) — (use an appositive), won the attention of everyone in his
early childhood. He wrote ceaselessly (ivZw`b) until the death of (d) — (use possessive pronoun) poetic flair (ˆbcyY¨). He
composed his songs (e) — (use an infinitive phrase to post modify the verb). His songs are (f) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify
the adjective) melodious. He enriched the Bengali literature (g) — (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb). His literary works
have enriched (h) - (use a noun adjective) literature. He was (i) — (use an article) secular (ag© wbi‡cÿ) poet. He sang the songs of
equality (j) - (use an adverbial phrase).
21. DB 17
Deforestation means cutting down of trees (a) — (post-modify the verb). To meet up the basic needs of food and housing, trees
are being cut in large scale and thus it causes (b) — (pre-modify the noun) imbalance. Besides, there are some dishonest people
who cut trees in our forest (c) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). The (d) — (use a noun adjective to pre-
modify the noun) level is rising and many parts of the world are going to be engulfed by the sea in near future. New areas of the
world are (e) — (use a participle to pre-modify the verb) turned into desert as a result of deforestation. So, we must stop (f) —
(use a participle to post-modify the verb) down trees unnecessarily. (g) — (use a participle to pre-modify the noun) trees
indiscriminately will be hazardous for our future existence. If we destroy tress (h) — (use an adverbial phrase to post-modify the
verb) one day the country will turn into a great desert. The (i) - (use a participle to pre- modify the noun) temperature will cause
greenhouse effect. Necessary measures should be taken (j) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb).
22. CB 17
A balanced diet is a good mixture of (a) — (pre modify the noun) foods. It is essential for us (b) - (post modify the adjective with
an infinitive) a healthy life. There are many benefits of eating a (c) — (pre modify the noun) diet because it prevents (d) — (use
determiner to pre-modify the noun) diseases. As a result, we do not get sick (e) — (post modify the verb with an adverb). We
should select (f) — (pre modify the noun with possessive) diet according to our needs. We should not eat the (g) — (use
adjective to pre modify the noun) foods for the whole week. We can keep fit (h) - (use a participle) a balanced diet. But it is not
easy (i) — (post modify the adjective with an infinitive) a balanced diet. Here (j) — (use a determiner) nutritionist can help us.
23. RB 17
Ayesha Begum has three sons and two daughters. Her husband was a (a) — (pre-modify the noun) farmer who used (b) —
(post-modify the verb by using infinitive) on other people's land. With great effort, they married (c) - (use a pronoun)
daughters off by the time they reached teenage. The sons also started (d) - (use present participle to modify the verb) with
their father as (e) — (pre-modify the noun) labourers when they were old enough to help. By the time they were
seventeen, they left for towns (f) — (use infinitive to post modify the verb) money. At first, they used to send money to
their parents (g) — (use an adverb to post modify the verb) but after getting married they barely had enough to support
their (h) — (pre-modify the noun) families. Out of desperation, Ayesha Begum started (i) — (post-modify the verb) in the
village to feed her old, (j) — (pre-modify the noun) husband and herself.
24. DJB 17
Sabbir is (a) — (use determiner to pre modify the noun phrase) ideal student. He prepares (b) — (use possessive to pre modify
the noun) lessons in collaboration (mn‡hvwMZv) with his teachers. He does (c) — (post modify the verb) in every examination as
he does not waste time. He knows time once lost is lost forever. So, he utilizes every moment. During his free time, he
goes to his native village. He teaches (d) — (pre modify the noun) people. He wants (e) — (use an infinitive phrase to post
modify the verb) illiteracy from his village. (f) — (use present participle to pre modify the verb) illiteracy from his village,
he wants to bring about massive development there. He is (g) — (use an intensifier to pre modify the adjective) devoted
to God. He says prayer (h) — (use quantifier to pre modify the noun) times a day. He never tells a lie. He respects his,
parents very much. Other superiors are also respected by him. His father, (i) -- (post modify the noun phrase with an
appositive) supports him cordially. His mother, an ideal housewife, (j) - (pre modify the verb) supports him very much.
Such a student like Sabbir is rarely found nowadays.
25.
A village doctor is a very (a) — (pre-modify the noun) person in the rural areas of Bangladesh. He is (b) - (pre-modify the verb)
known as quack. A village doctor is not a (c) — (pre-modify the noun) doctor. He usually sits in a small dispensary (d) — (post
modify the verb). He treats the patients (e) — (use a participle phrase to post-modify the verb). A village doctor is not a (f) —
(pre-modify the noun) man. His chamber is (g) — (pre-modify the verb) furnished. He cannot supply costly medicine to (h) —
(pre-modify the noun) patients. In our country, the number of qualified doctors is (i) - (use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) few. So, a village doctor is a great friend to the (j) — (pre-modify the noun) villagers.
26. CHB 17 (Difficult)
The people of Bangladesh have expressed their shock (a) — (post modify the verb) at the reaction of the Pakistan Parliament.
Pakistan strongly protested the execution (ফাাঁসস) of two (b) — (pre- modify the noun) collaborators (সহয াগী) who committed
crimes against humanity on their own people in 1971. There is a demand (দাসি) for apology (ক্ষমাপ্রার্থনা) from (c) — (use a noun
adjective to pre-modify the noun) government for the crimes of its army during the liberation war of Bangladesh. Recently
Pakistan's National Assembly (জাতীয় পসিষদ) may be within its rights (d) — (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) for the
execution of two collaborators. But it is quite clear to us that Pakistan always tries to erase (মু যে ফফলা) its past history. To erase
(e) - (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) history is not easy because history continues to follow all of us. Pakistan, (f)
— (post modify the noun with an appositive), cannot come out of its military influence. As a result, the country has become (g) -
(use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) barbarous (িিথি). So Pakistan is going down (h) — (use an adverb to post-modify
the verb). The founder of Pakistan Mr. Jinnah was physically (i) — (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) weak and so,
the state always tried to show its physical strength since (j) — (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) birth.
27. BB 17
Raja, (a) — (post-modify the noun with an appositive), is known to his classmates as a good student. He has (b) - (use a
quantifier to pre-modify the noun) good qualities. He knows that the (c) — (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) duty of a
student is to study and he never neglects (d) -- (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) duty. He prepares (e) — (use
possessive to pre-modify the noun) lessons regularly. He maintains discipline. He knows the value of time. He gets up (f) —
(post-modify the verb with an adverb) so that he can get enough time to study. He goes to school (g) — (post-modify the verb
with an adverb). He never wastes a (h) - (use determiner to pre-modify the noun) moment in vain. Raja is (i) - (pre-modify the
adjective with an intensifier) gentle. He always obeys his parents and teachers. He never mixes with (j) — (pre-Modify the noun)
boys. A student like Raja is a great asset of a nation.
28. DB 16
Rabindranath Tagore was a (a) - (pre-modify the noun) poet of Bangali literature. He was born in a (b) - (premodify the noun)
family at Jarasanko, Kolkata. He went to school (c) - (post modify the verb). He wrote his (d) - (pre-modify the noun) verse at the
age of eight. At the age of seventeen, he went to London (e) - (post-modify the verb with an infinitive) school there. He was put
up in a lodging house under the care of a (f) - (pre-modify the noun) coach, Mr. Scott. He was lucky (g) - (post-modify the
adjective with an infinitive) an English family of Mr. Scott. He also visited the House of Parliament (h) - (post-modify the verb
with an infinitive) Gladstone and John Bright's debates on Irish rule. He wrote letters to Kolkata (i) - (post-modify the verb with
a present participle) English society. At this, his family thought that they might lose their son (j) - (post-modify the verb). So, he
was called back to Kolkata.
29. RB16
It was a hot (a) - (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) day. A (b) - (pre-modify the noun) crow flew all over the fields
looking for water. For a long time, she could not find any water. She felt (c) - (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
weak, almost giving up hope. Suddenly, she saw a water jug below her. She flew (d) - (post-modify the verb) to see if there was
any water inside. Yes, she could see some water inside the jug. The crow tried (e) - (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the
verb). Sadly, she found that the neck of the jug was too narrow. Then she tried to push the jug down for the water to flow out.
But she found (f) - (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) jug too heavy. The crow thought (g)- (use a phrase to post-
modify the verb) what to do. (h) - (use a participle to pre modify the verb), she saw some pebbles nearby. She (i) - (pre-modify
the verb) had a good idea. She started picking up the pebbles one by one, dropping each into the jug. As more and more
pebbles filled the jug, the water level kept rising. Soon it was high (j) - (post-modify the adjective) for the crow to drink. The
crow quenched its thirst and flew away.
30. DJB 16
Water is a (a) - (pre-modify the noun) substance. It has no colour of (b) - (possessive to pre-modify) own. The - (c) (determiner
to pre-modify the noun) name of water is life. By drinking water, we can quench (d) - (possessive to pre-modify the noun) thirst.
Thus we can survive on earth. But (e) - (pre-modify the noun) water is life killing. By drinking contaminated water, we suffer
from diseases like diarrhoea, typhoid etc. We may (f) - (pre-modify the verb) face (g) - (pre-modify the noun) death by drinking
such type of water. We are responsible for (h) - (noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) pollution. Waste materials from mills
and factories are thrown here and there. Farmers use fertilizers and insecticides in their land. During the rainy season, they are
mixed with ponds and rivers. Besides, latrines (i) - (participle to post modify the noun) on ponds and rivers cause water
pollution. (j) - (pre-modify the noun) awareness should be raised to stop water pollution.
31. JB 16
Most of the people in (a) - (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) country do not know the importance of English. In fact, it is
an - (b) (use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) language and we are living in a (c) - (pre-modify the noun) village. So, if you
know English (d) - (post modify the verb with an adverb), you can communicate with (e) - (use an article to pre-modify the noun
phrase) rest of the world. It is surely an important element of your (f) - (use a noun adjective to pre-modify the noun) skill.
Without the knowledge of English with proper understanding, you cannot complete (g) - (use possessive to pre-modify the
noun) higher studies because most of the books are written in English in the process of higher education. Poor knowledge of
English will also hamper your (h) - (use a noun-adjective) development. In short, if you do not have a good command of English,
you will suffer (i) - (pre-modify the verb with prepositional phrase/Adverbial) of your life. So, don't waste your time and try to
learn English (j) - (post-modify the verb with an adverb) from today.
32. CB 16
I had a peculiar experience (a) - (post-modify the verb) while travelling to St. Martin's Island. I visited the island along with my
family. Zahid, (b) - (post-modify the noun with an appositive), was our guide. On our way to the island, we watched (c) -
(demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) sea gulls (kO&LwPj). The (d) - (pre-modify the noun) birds were flying (e) - (post-modify
the verb) with the ship. They became (f) - (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) dear and friendly to us. We
entertained them with chips and biscuits. (g) - them (use a present participle to pre-modify the verb), we became (h) - (use an
intensifier to pre-modify the adjective) excited. We decided (i) – (use an infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb) in the idyllic
island for a couple of days. We can never forget (j) - (use a demonstrative to pre-modify the adjective phrase) lovely sea birds.
33. CHB 16 (Kabir Sir)
Once there lived a (a) - (pre-modify noun) fox in a jungle. One day, while he was walking (b) - (post-modify the verb) through
the jungle he fell into a trap and lost his tail. He felt (c) - (pre-modify the adjective) unhappy and sad. But the fox was very
cunning. He hit upon a plan. He invited all the foxes (d) - (post modify the verb with an infinitive) to a meeting. When all the
foxes arrived, the fox without a tail said "My dear friends, listen to me, please, I have discovered a (e) - (pre-modify the noun)
thing. It is that our tails are (f) - (pre-modify the adjective) useless. They look ugly and dirty. So, we all should cut off our tails,
shouldn't we?" All foxes listened to the cunning fox (g) - (post-modify the verb). Most of them agreed (h) - (post-modify the
verb with an infinitive) their tails. But an old and (i) - (pre-modify the noun) fox said to him, "My friend, your plan is nice but
evil. Actually, you want to cut off our tails because you have (j) - (pre-modify the noun with a determiner) tail of your own."
34. SB 16
Othello, (a) - (use an appositive to post-modify the noun) had risen to become a general. He had shown his bravery in many (b) -
(use an adjective to pre-modify the noun) battles against the Turks. Everyone praised him (c) - (use an adverb to post modify
the verb) and the senate trusted and honoured him. Brabantio, a rich senator of Venice had a daughter named Desdemona (d) -
(use a relative clause to post-modify the noun). Brabantio (e) - (use an adverb to pre-modify the verb) invited Othello to his
house where he and his daughter listened in wonder to Othello as he spoke about his adventures. He told them of deserts, of
caves and of mountains high (f) - (use an intensifier to pre- modify the adjective) to touch the sky. Desdemona had to weep (g) -
(use a present participle to post-modify the verb phrase) and she never became tired of listening to it. She pitied Othello (h) -
(use an adverb to post-modify the verb) for the misfortunes and hardships of his life. Her pity (i) - (use an adverb to post-modify
the verb) turned to love. She refused all the young men (j) - (use an infinitive to post-modify the verb) because she loved
Othello, a noble Muslim Moor (AvwdªKvq emevmKvix gi‡°v Awaevmx) from North Africa.