First Aid and

Water Safety
A Course Module for Students

Burauen Community College

ii
 First Aid
and Water Safety
A Course Module for Students

Burauen Community College

Written and Designed by

Burauen Community College
Burauen, Leyte
localcollegebcc@gmail.com

Prepared by
John Patrikk B. Gaspay
Faculty, General Education Department

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 BCC VISION
Burauen Community College shall emerge as the
premier local public educational institution in
Eastern Visayas which is responsive to the needs of
the community, and develops students to meet the
economic, social, and environmental challenges as
active participants in shaping the world of the
future.

BCC MISSION
Burauen Community College offers holistic, and
outcomes-based experiential learning to develop
the youth to be responsible individuals with
integrity and service as agents of equality. It will
serve as a venue for the development of individuals
in the areas of academics, research, community
extension, and innovative technology.

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 First Aid and Water Safety:
A Course Module for Students

Burauen Community College

© 2022

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For students who want to purchase additional copies of this module, you may
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for an in-person request.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface v

Midterm First Aid

Module 1 First Aid for Selected Situations

1.1 Heat Injury

a. Heat Exhaustion
b. Heat Cramps
c. Heat Stroke
1.2
Muscle Cramps/ Spasms
a. Cramps in the foot
b. Cramps in the calf muscles
c. Cramps in the foot thigh
d. Cramps in the back thigh
e. Abdominal cramps

1.3 Poison
a. Ingestion
b. Food poisoning
c. Absorbed poison
d. Inhaled
1.4
Animal Bites

1.5 Burns
Emergency Action Principles,
Artificial Respiration and
Module 2
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

Introduction to Artificial Respiration

2.1
2.2 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

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 COURSE OUTLINE

Week Topic

PRELIMINARY PERIOD

Week 1 & 2 Introduction of First Aid Application and Skills.

Week 2 & 3 INJURY EMERGENCIES
• Types and causes of Open Wounds/ First aid
• Types and causes of closed wounds/ First Aid
• Bleeding Control (Shock)

SUDDEN ILLNESS
• Nosebleed
• Hyperventilation

Week 4 FRACTURES
FUNDAMENTALS OF BANDAGING

Week 5 A. Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aider

B. Characteristics of a good first aider
C. Objectives of First Aid
D. Importance of first Aid
E. Basic life saving steps
F. General directions for first aid
G. Suggested contens for first Aid kit.

MIDTERM PERIOD

Week 7 & 8 • Heat Injury

• Muscle Cramps
• Poison
• Burns
• Animal Bites

Weeks 9 & 10 I. Introduction to Artificial Respiration

II. Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
III. Artificial Breathing
IV. External Chest Compression
FINAL PERIOD
Week 12 & 13 I. WATER SAFETY AND SURVIVAL
II. FAMILIARIZATION WITH THE WATER
Week 14 & 15 I. SWIMMING STROKES USED IN LIFE SAVING
II. SURVIVAL AND LONG DISTANCE SWIM
Week 16 & 17 BASIC WATER SAFETY AND RESCUE

• Personal Safety
• Safety and rescue equipment
• Nom – swim rescue
• Water Entries and Approaches
• Carries and releases
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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety Preface

No one knows when an injury may occur to us or the people we

love or those who are around us. So, learning how to help an individual
is essential in emergency situations. According to SMRT Indiana 2014, our
human bodies are vulnerable to some injuries, illnesses and trauma.
If a person is knowledgeable about basic first aid, he or she will
promote the sense of safety and well- being of the people around
him/her. Thus, helping them to be more alert and safer in the
surroundings they live in. The amount of awareness and desire of a
person for his or her immediate surroundings to be accident free will
keep him or her safer and more secure, reducing the number of
causalities and accidents. Moreover, this course is very important
because it will provide our students some amount of basic knowledge
on how to take care the victims who might be facing critical
situations.

According to Emergency First Response, Corp., 2016, having a

basic first aid knowledge means that you will be confident in your skills
and abilities in relation to first aid administration. Through the basic first
aid training, it will greatly help the students to reflect on themselves and
how they would and others react in certain situations. Having this
knowledge will enhance their confidence in a wide range of non-medical
day to day situations.

In addition, the course is designed to introduce the student of the

basic skills necessary to enable him or her to perform the basic first aid
techniques. This course also emphasizes on methods or techniques of
prevention and emergency care of injuries caused by accident or any
sudden illnesses. Therefore, students will be able to administer first aid
to victims in the event of accidents, mishaps and occurrences during
office and school hours or in the case of possible accidents.

Furthermore, the most important aspect in this course is the

knowledge and proficiency that the students will apply in administering
some basic first aid techniques. For example, if they encounter a victim
whose hand has been cut by knife, they have to perform the techniques

students will benefit from the course is the confidence that they will get.
Having been trained to provide first aid would be very useful to oneself
and society.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

PART I: Midterm
First Aid for Selected
Situation

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

1.1 Heat Injury

CONTENT:

a. Heat Exhaustion
b. Heat Cramps
c. Heat Stroke

OUTCOMES:

LO2- Identify basic first

aid skills.

LO3- Discuss the skills

needed to assess the ill
or injured person.
From the past lesson, you were able to gain
OBJECTIVES: knowledge and ideas regarding the roles and
responsibilities of a first aider. In this module,
1. The students will be you are expected to learn, explain and perform
able to define and
some of the immediate actions related to heat
discuss the different
injury emergencies, its injuries.
causes and its first aid.
2. The students will be
Heat emergencies are health crises caused by
able to perform/
demonstrate how to exposure to hot weather and sun. Heat
properly execute emergencies have three stages: heat cramps,
cardiopulmonary
resuscitation. heat exhaustion, and heatstroke. All three
3. The students will be stages of heat emergency are serious.
able to learn the
principles of first aid
application skills If you live in hot climates or play sports in the
through scenario summertime, you should know how to spot the
analysis
symptoms of heat emergency. Getting
treatment in the early stages of this condition
can prevent heat stroke. Heat stroke can be
fatal or cause lifelong complications.

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TYPES OF HEAT INJURY • Have the person sip chilled

water, a decaffeinated
1. Heat Exhaustion sports drink containing
electrolytes or other
nonalcoholic beverage
without caffeine.
• Cool the person by
spraying or sponging with
cool water and fanning.
• Monitor the person
carefully.

Symptoms: Signs and symptoms

of heat exhaustion may develop
suddenly or over time, especially
A condition whose symptoms may
with prolonged periods of
include heavy sweating and a
exercise.
rapid pulse, a result of your body
overheating.
Possible heat exhaustion signs
and symptoms include:
Causes of heat exhaustion include
exposure to high temperatures,
particularly when combined with Cool moist skin with goose bumps
high humidity, and strenuous when in the heat, Heavy
physical activity. Without prompt sweating, Faintness, Dizziness,
treatment, heat exhaustion can Fatigue, Weak, rapid pulse, Low
lead to heatstroke, a life- blood, pressure upon standing,
threatening condition. Muscle cramps, Nausea,
Fortunately, heat exhaustion is Headache
preventable.
If you think you're experiencing
First Aid/Immediate Actions heat exhaustion:

• Move the person out of the

• Stop all activity and
heat and into a shady or
air-conditioned place. rest
• Lay the person down and • Move to a cooler place
elevate the legs and feet • Drink cool water or
slightly. sports drinks
• Remove tight or heavy
clothing.

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2. Heat Cramps • Don't resume strenuous

activity for several hours
or longer after heat
cramps go away
• Call your doctor if your
cramps don't go away
within one hour

The exact cause of heat cramps is

unknown. They are probably
related to electrolyte problems.
Electrolytes include various
essential minerals, such as
sodium, potassium, calcium, and
magnesium. They are involved in
chemical reactions in your
muscles. An imbalance can cause
Heat cramps are painful, problems.
involuntary muscle spasms that
usually occur during heavy Heat cramps occur in voluntary
exercise in hot environments. The muscles (muscles you can move
spasms may be more intense and on your own). Common locations
more prolonged than are typical are:
nighttime leg cramps. Fluid and
electrolyte loss often contribute • legs
to heat cramps. • arms
• back
Muscles most often affected
• abdomen
include those of your calves,
arms, abdominal wall and back,
Signs and symptoms: muscle
although heat cramps may
spasms which can be debilitating,
involve any muscle group
involuntary jerking movements,
involved in exercise.
muscle pain which can be severe,
profuse sweating, moist flushed
skin, running a fever
First Aid/Immediate Actions
When to call a doctor?
• Rest briefly and cool
down If rest, hydration, and cooling
• Drink clear juice or an down the body don’t alleviate
electrolyte-containing heat cramps, see your doctor.
sports drink Talk to a doctor immediately if
• Practice gentle, range-
your temperature doesn’t come
of-motion stretching and
gentle massage of the down or your symptoms escalate.
affected muscle group

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3. Heat Stroke
Signs and Symptoms: A high
body temperature (above 102° F),
Skin that is red and hot with lack
of sweating (sweating that has
stopped), Small pupils, A rapid
weak pulse, Rapid shallow
breathing, Extreme confusion or
irritability, Weakness, Seizures,
Unconsciousness.

First Aid/Immediate Actions

Also known as sunstroke, is • Have the person rest,

a form of heat illness. Heat illness legs slightly elevated, in
occurs when a person's core body a shaded area or cool or
temperature rises above a safe air-conditioned building,
level of the body's internal room, or car.
temperature range. • Remove or loosen the
person's clothes.
• Give the person an
Heat cramps are the earliest electrolyte drink, or
sign of heat illness. If precautions water if not available.
to cool off and rehydrate at this Note: You can make a
point are not made, the more salted drink by adding 1
severe stage of heat illness, heat teaspoon of salt to one
quart of water. Do not
exhaustion, can occur in a rapid
give beverages that
progression, resulting in
contain caffeine or
a potentially life-threatening alcohol.
situation. The most severe form • Wrap the person in wet
of heat illness is heatstroke, which cloth, and position a fan
may result in shock, brain damage, toward him/her.
or death. Evaporation of water on
the skin aids in cooling.
• Apply cold compresses
People most susceptible to (eg, to neck, armpits,
heatstroke are those who are groin).
outdoors on a hot, humid day or
inside in a poorly ventilated area, When to Seek Medical Care?
particularly children, the elderly, or
If you suspect heatstroke or there
the obese. Children and the elderly
is associated shock, seizures, or
show the fastest progression of
unconsciousness, seek emergency
symptoms and can collapse medical care.
suddenly.

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1.2 Muscle Cramps/Spasms

CONTENT:
a. Cramps in the foot
b. Cramps in the calf
muscles
c. Cramps in the foot
thigh
d. Cramps in the back
thigh
e. Abdominal cramps

OUTCOMES:
LO2- Identify basic first
aid skills.
Muscle spasms (muscle cramps) are painful
LO3- Discuss the skills
needed to assess the ill contractions and tightening of your muscles.
or injured person. They’re common, involuntary and unpredictable.
Although there are steps you can take to prevent
OBJECTIVES:
a muscle spasm and treat it when it attacks,
those methods are not always reliable. Muscle
1. Identify the common
relaxants, stretching and massage are most
locations of muscle
cramps. likely to help.
2. Perform the
Muscle spasms range in intensity from mild,
necessary steps to
uncomfortable twitches to significant discomfort
secure a victim in an
incident. to intense, severe pain. The spastic muscle may
3. Demonstrate the feel harder than normal to the touch and/or
application of the appear visibly distorted. It may twitch. Spasms
needed first aid typically last from seconds to 15 minutes or
technique for isolated longer, and may reoccur multiple times.
cases.

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COMMON MUSCLE CRAMP’S on the area while

LOCATION you massage it.
• If ice is not working, put heat
on the cramped muscle with a
Cramps in the Foot
warm towel or heating pad.
You can also soak it in warm
water.

Cramps in the Calf Muscles

Foot cramps are when a muscle

in your foot suddenly squeezes
and can't relax. They're usually
harmless. Often, you can take care
Calf muscle pain is usually the
of the pain yourself at home.
result of a mild injury, such as
Though you might get a foot cramp a strain, or leg cramps. But
because of exercise or other severe or ongoing pain in your
activity, it can just as easily calves can be a sign that the
happen when you're sitting still or muscles in your lower legs aren't
sleeping. getting enough blood.

First Aid/Immediate Action

First Aid/Immediate Action

• Stretch and massage –

• If you’re sitting or lying down,
lengthen the cramping
stand up and put weight on
muscle using a gentle,
your cramping foot.
sustained stretch then lightly
• Actively lift your foot and
massage the area until the
toes, pulling them up toward
cramp subsides. If you are
your nose. (If standing, walk
unsure how to stretch leg
on your heels.) You can also
muscles, see your
stretch the muscles by
physiotherapist for advice.
grabbing your foot with
• Icepack – in cases of severe
your hand or wrapping a
cramp, an icepack applied
towel, necktie, or belt around
for a few minutes may help
the ball of your foot and toes,
the muscle to relax.
pulling the foot further up
• Medication – some
toward your nose.
medications can be helpful
• Rub your muscle gently as
to control muscle cramps.
you stretch it. Try putting ice
See your doctor for further
information.
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• Further treatment
• Regular muscle cramping or
if cramps last longer than a Cramps in the Back Thigh
few minutes. You may have
an undiagnosed medical
condition that requires
treatment.

Cramps in the Front Thigh

First Aid/Immediate Action

• ice
First Aid/Immediate Action
• heat
• Stop the activity that caused • over-the-counter
the cramp. medications such as
• Stretch and massage the acetaminophen (Tylenol) or
muscle. ibuprofen (Advil)

• Hold the leg in the stretched • weight management

position until the cramp • moderating activity
stops.
• stretching and strengthening
• Apply heat to muscles that exercises for the pelvis, hip,
are tight or tense. and core
• Use cold packs on tender
muscles

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Abdominal Cramps these can make the pain

worse.
• When you are allowed to eat
again, start with clear
liquids, then progress to
bland foods such as
crackers, rice, bananas or
toast. Your doctor may
advise you to avoid certain
foods.
• Get plenty of rest.
• Try over-the-counter
antacids, to help reduce
some types of pain.
• Take mild painkillers such as
Stomach spasms are contractions paracetamol. Please check
of your abdominal muscles (abs), the packet for the right
stomach, or intestines. Depending dose. Avoid aspirin or anti-
on which part of your body is inflammatory drugs unless
spasming and how badly, it might advised to take them by a
doctor. These drugs can
feel like either a slight muscle
make some types of
twitch or stomach cramps. abdominal pain worse.

Common Causes Preventing stomach spasms

• Muscle strain • Exercise correctly.

• Dehydration • Stay hydrated.
• Gas • Changing your diet may help
• Gastritis and gastroenteritis prevent stomach spasms
• Constipation caused by gas, gastritis,
• Menstrual Period IBS, and inflammatory bowel
• Pregnancy disorders.
• Internal Inflammation • Limit your alcohol
consumption.
First Aid/Immediate Action • Limit spicy foods, which can
irritate your stomach and
• Place a hot water bottle or make spasms worse.
heated wheat bag on your • Fatty foods can also increase
abdomen. symptoms in these
• Soak in a warm bath. Take conditions and should be
care not to scald yourself. limited.
• Drink plenty of clear fluids
such as water. Stomach spasms can sometimes
• Reduce your intake of just be normal muscle movement,
coffee, tea and alcohol as and are often caused by conditions
treatable at home.

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1.3 POISON

CONTENT:
a. Ingestion
b. Food poisoning
c. Absorbed poison
d. Inhaled

OUTCOMES:

LO2- Identify basic first

aid skills.

LO3- Discuss the skills

needed to assess the ill
or injured person.

OBJECTIVES:

Poisoning is injury or death due to swallowing,

1. Get oriented with the
different inhaling, touching or injecting various drugs,
administration of chemicals, venoms or gases. Many substances —
poison. such as drugs and carbon monoxide — are
2. Assist the victim and poisonous only in higher concentrations or
provide necessary dosages. Certain types of cleaners are only
treatment, with the harmful if ingested, while others also emit toxic
help of those around gases/fumes. Children are particularly sensitive
where necessary.
to even small amounts of certain drugs and
3. Demonstrate the
chemicals.
proper application of
the first aid technique
for the Be aware of the different ways on how to handle
aforementioned things and call for an immediate help from the
situation. authorities if the situation gets worse.

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How do these poisonous First Aid/Immediate Action

chemicals enter human
systems?

Ingestion (by mouth)

The ingestion of poison first aid

technique may vary depending on
the amount and kind of chemical
An ingested poison is considered entered the body. The best way to
any substance that's harmful to the do is to check the place where the
body when ingested, whether incident happened and look for the
intentionally or unintentionally. Any cause of poisoning, it could either
substance that's ingested can be be container, sachet or anything
poisonous if enough is consumed, that will give you an idea on what
even water. Poisons cause damage to report to the medical authorities
by altering cellular metabolism in a then call them IMMEDIATELY.
harmful or destructive way.
• Do not let the victim drink
water as it may help in fast
Signs and symptoms
circulation of poison to the
body.
If someone has swallowed a • Clean the victim’s mouth to
poison, they may have: prevent further
contamination before the
• nausea and vomiting medical help arrives.
(sometimes blood-stained) • Follow the authority’s
instruction during the
• pain or burning sensation conversation on the phone
and ask help from somebody
• cramping stomach pains
on the area to assist the
• seizures situation.
• Do not panic. Presence of
• reduced level of response. mind is the key.

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Food Poisoning Common poisonous chemicals or

Food poisoning can be caused by: contaminations that may destroy
human system includes:
• Improperly prepared or
stored foods
• lead
• Pesticides on fruits and • alcohol
vegetables • caffeine
• Poisonous mushrooms • amphetamine
• nicotine
• Viruses, bacteria and
parasites • cocaine
• methamphetamine
First Aid/Immediate Action • chlorine
• Drink plenty of clear fluids. • cyanide
• mercury
• Don’t drink alcohol or
beverages that contain • botulinum (botulism)
caffeine or sugar. Sports • tetanospasmin (tetanus)
drinks should be diluted with • Pesticides
water. • Wild mushrooms
• When nausea and vomiting
stop, begin eating small
amounts of bland foods,
such as such as rice, bread,
potatoes and milk.
• Call for an immediate
medical assistance.

The effects of poisoning range from

short-term illness to brain damage,
coma, and death. To prevent
poisoning, it is important to use
and store products exactly as their
labels say. Keep dangerous
products where children can't get
to them. Treatment for poisoning
depends on the type of poison. If
you suspect someone has been
poisoned, call the nearest medical
assistance or authorities that may
help mitigate the situation.

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Injection (skin or blood vessel) First Aid/Immediate Action

Injected poisons can be the bites

or stings of insects, spiders, ticks,
some marine life, snakes, and Absorbed Poison
other animals; or drugs or • STOP - Assess and
medications injected with a observe the scene; Has
hypodermic needle. the patient come into
contact with a poisonous
substance?
Poisons that can be absorbed • THINK - Consider your
through the skin come from many safety and form action
sources including plants, such as plan; Can the substance
poison ivy, poison oak, and poison harm me?
sumac; fertilizers; and pesticides. • ACT - Check
responsiveness and
Alert EMS

• Conduct an illness
assessment and gather
information about what,
when and how much
contact the patient had
with the poison
• Carefully remove
contaminated clothing
and brush off any poison
remaining on the skin
• Flush the area with fresh
water and wash the skin
with soap; Do not allow
contaminated water to
touch you or the patient
• For caustic chemical
substances or if the
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patient experiences severe symptoms,

• contact the local medical
assistance center for First aid/Immediate Action
further directions.
• If EMS is not called, 1. Take the victim immediately
encourage the person to away from the from the
see a doctor; A cold poisonous aerated milieu to
compress may relieve clean air, while removing
itching. any tight clothes and
untying the necktie.
Inhalation (breathe in) 2. Provide rescue breaths in
case of respiratory failure of
difficulty after removing
anything inside the mouth as
follows:
o Titling the head back
to open the airway,
while closing the nose
trills with two fingers,
taking a deep breath,
blowing air into the
victim’s lungs through
Inhaled poisoning occurs when a the mouth; then
harmful substance is breathed in. watching the victim’s
Common inhaled poisons include chest rise accordingly.
carbon monoxide from smoke or o Allow the victim to
engine exhaust, natural gas, exhale which watching
solvent fumes, and chemical his chest fall.
vapors. o Repeat same
procedure till the
A person may complain of a victim breathes
headache, nausea, dizziness, and normally.
difficulty breathing. An altered 3. Warm up victim if sign of
mental status can occur. cold or chill is found.
4. Calm down the victim if
conscious.
5. Take patient immediately to
hospital.

Providing express first aid to the

victim is meant to mitigate the
toxic substance as fast as possible,
while seeking medical assistance,
maintaining breathing, blood
circulation and other vital signs.

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1.4 ANIMAL BITE

CONTENT:
a. Infections or illness
brought by animal bites
b. Different animals or
insects that are poisonous
c. First aid techniques and
immediate actions

OUTCOMES:
LO2- Identify basic first aid
skills.

LO3- Discuss the skills

needed to assess the ill or
injured person. An animal bite is an injury caused by the mouth
and teeth of an animal (including humans).
OBJECTIVES There may be bruising, deep anatomic structure
disruption, introduction of infectious agents, and
1. Identify the different envenomation (injection of toxin by a bite or
infections caused by sting).
animal bites.
2. Differentiate the Numerous animal species have the potential to
necessary treatment
bite humans; however, the most important are
depending on the case of
those arising from snakes, dogs, cats and
the said situation.
3. Act accordingly and
monkeys.
perform the necessary
steps pertaining to the
life-threatening situation.

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Dog Bite

A dog bite is a bite upon a person 7. Tetanus - is an infection caused

or other animal by a dog, including by bacteria called Clostridium
from a rabid dog. More than one tetani. When the bacteria invade
successive bite is often called the body, they produce a poison
a dog attack, although dog attacks (toxin) that causes painful muscle
can include knock-downs and contractions. Another name for
scratches. Though some dog bites tetanus is “lockjaw”. It often
do not result in injury, they can causes a person's neck and jaw
result in infection, disfigurement, muscles to lock, making it hard to
temporary or permanent disability, open the mouth or swallow.
or death.
First aid/Immediate action
Infections that may occur when
bitten by dogs: To help prevent infection from a
dog bite, people should wash the
4. Capnocytophaga wound as soon as possible. People
Is a genus of Gram- can treat minor wounds by:
negative bacteria. Normally found
in the oropharyngeal tract of
mammals, they are involved in • washing the wound with
the pathogenesis of some animal soap and warm water,
bite wounds
making sure to clean the
and periodontal diseases.
area thoroughly
5. Sepsis - is the body's extreme • running the wound under
response to an infection. It is a lukewarm water to flush out
life-threatening medical bacteria
emergency. Sepsis happens when • applying antibiotic cream to
an infection you already have the wound and then
triggers a chain reaction wrapping a clean bandage
throughout your body. Infections around it.
that lead to sepsis most often start
in the lung, urinary tract, skin, or
People should see their doctor
gastrointestinal tract.
straight away if they have any
6. Rabies - is a deadly virus spread symptoms of infection around the
to people from the saliva of
infected animals. The rabies virus wound, such as: redness,
is usually transmitted through a worsening pain, warmth around
bite.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

• swelling and redness around the

the wound, swelling, oozing from
wounds
the wound
• pain at the bite site

If the person is at of •
risk difficulty breathing

developing an infection from a dog • vomiting and nausea

bite, a doctor may prescribe • blurred vision

antibiotics to fight the infection. In • sweating and salivating

some cases, people may need a First Aid/Immediate Action
• Call medical assistance
tetanus or rabies vaccine to
immediately.
prevent these types of infection. • Note the time of the bite.
• Keep calm and still as
Snake Bite movement can cause the
venom to travel more quickly
through the body.
• Remove constricting clothing or
jewelry because the area
surrounding the bite will likely
swell.
• Don’t allow the victim to walk.
Carry or transport them by
vehicle.
• Do not kill or handle the snake.
Take a picture if you can but
don’t waste time hunting it
Snakebite envenoming is a potentially
down.
life-threatening disease caused by
toxins in the bite of a venomous snake. First aid myths
There are also several outdated
Envenoming can also be caused by
first aid techniques that are now
having venom sprayed into the eyes by believed to be unhelpful or even
certain species of snakes that have the harmful:
ability to spit venom as a defense • Do not use a tourniquet.
• Do not cut into the snake
measure.
bite.
• Do not use a cold compress
General signs and symptoms on the bite.
• two puncture wounds • Do not give the person any
medications unless directed
by a doctor.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

• Do not raise the area of the Prevention for further illness and
bite above the victim’s infection is also the same as to dog
heart. bite.
• Do not attempt to suck the
venom out by mouth. Spider Bite
• Do not use a pump suction
device. These devices were
formerly recommended for
pumping out snake venom,
but it’s now believed that
they are more likely to do
harm than good.

Cat Bite

Not all spiders are poisonous. But

here are some species that are
seriously harmful and could lead
into severe cases.

Signs and symptoms of a

widow spider bite can include:

There are tons of dangerous bacteria • Redness, pain and

swelling. You might have
flourishing inside a cat’s mouth. Cats’ pain and swelling around the
teeth are sharp and pointy. When they bite, which can spread into
your abdomen, back or
bite you, they are essentially injecting chest.
bacteria deep into your skin’s tissue. • Cramping. You might have
severe abdominal rigidity or
The puncture hole can quickly seal
cramping, which is
over and trap bacteria from the cat’s sometimes mistaken for
appendicitis or a ruptured
mouth under your skin. The warm and
appendix.
dark inner layers of your skin are • Nausea, vomiting,
optimal for the growth of the bacteria. tremors or sweating. You
might experience nausea,
Skin infections, known as cellulitis, vomiting, tremors or
can occur quickly after a bite. sweating alone or in
combination.

First aid/Immediate Action

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

First aid/Immediate Action • Wash the area with soap and

water.
• Apply a cold washcloth or ice pack wrapped in cloth to the area.
• Take an over-the-counter pain reliever, like Tylenol.
• If the bite is on your arm or leg, elevate it to prevent swelling.
• Apply an antibiotic cream or lotion to the bite.
• Go to a medical facility at once for further treatment.

If possible, kill and capture the spider (place it in a plastic bag or jar) and take it
to your doctor. This way, they’ll know for sure that it was a black widow that bit
you and provide the exact treatment as soon as possible.

1.5 BURNS

a.
b.
4
CONTENT:
Degrees of burns
Signs and
symptoms
c. First aid treatment

OUTCOMES:
LO2- Identify basic first
aid skills.

LO3- Discuss the skills

needed to assess the ill
or injured person.

Burns are tissue damage that results from heat,

OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the different
overexposure to the sun or other radiation, or
degrees of burns. chemical or electrical contact. Burns can be
minor medical problems or life-threatening
2. Perform the necessary
emergencies. The treatment of burns depends on
action needed to aid
the situation. the location and severity of the damage.
Sunburns and small scalds can usually be treated
at home. Deep or widespread burns need
immediate medical attention. Some people need

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

treatment at centers and monthslong follow-up care.

specialized burn
First Degree Burn
compresses. Do this for
about 10 minutes or until
the pain subsides.
2. Apply petroleum jelly two
to three times daily. Do
not apply ointments,
toothpaste or butter to the
burn, as these may cause an
infection. Do not apply
topical antibiotics.
3. Cover the burn with a
First degree burns are a common
nonstick, sterile
and painful household occurrence, bandage. If blisters form,
especially among children and let them heal on their own
older adults. Many first-degree while keeping the area
burns are sunburns, but others covered. Do not pop the
result from contact with a hot blisters.
stove, a hot liquid, a chemical, or 4. Consider taking over-the-
counter pain
an electrical outlet.
medication. Acetaminophen
or ibuprofen can help relieve
What are the symptoms? the pain and reduce
• Pain inflammation.
• soreness in the burned area, 5. Protect the area from the
which usually lasts for 2–3 sun. Once the burn heals,
days protect the area from the
• skin that feels warm to the sun by seeking shade,
touch wearing protective clothing
• swelling or applying a broad-
• dry skin spectrum, water-resistant
• peeling of the top skin layer sunscreen with an SPF of 30
within 1–2 days and the rest or higher. This will help
within 3 weeks minimize scarring, as the
• itching redness from a burn
• a temporary change in skin sometimes persists for
color due to peeling weeks, especially in those
with darker skin tones.
To treat a first-degree burn,
dermatologists recommend the Most first-degree burns heal within
following tips: a week. However, some people
may find that the healed skin
1. Cool the burn. Immediately remains darker or lighter than the
immerse the burn in cool tap surrounding skin for several weeks.
water or apply cold, wet

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

At-home treatment is generally

sufficient for first degree burns,
although it is advisable for infants
and older adults with burns to First aid/Initial treatment
consult a doctor.
• Cool the burn by running it
under cool, but not cold, water.
Minimizing exposure to direct Do not apply ice to the burn.
sunlight and following standard sun
• Drink plenty of water or
safety practices can help prevent
electrolyte fluids to
further damage to the skin.
prevent dehydration.
Second-degree burn • Cover the burn with gauze or a
loose dressing. Do not wrap the
cover tightly, as this can cut off
circulation.
• Do not break open blisters.
• Avoid applying butter or other
home remedies, especially
immediately after sustaining the
burn.

Third-degree Burn

More serious burns that affect the outer

layer of skin and the next layer, the
dermis. They take longer to heal.
Second-degree burns can be relatively
minor, such as when a burn from a
stove or iron burns deeper into the
skin.

Some common causes of second-degree

burns include:
Third degree burns, or full-
• severe sunburn, such as when a person
thickness burns, are a type of burn
with very fair skin sits in the sun for an
extended period that destroys the skin and may
damage the underlying tissue.
• accidents with ovens and stoves
They are more severe than first or
• exposure to fire second degree burns and always
• contact with boiling water require skin grafts.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

Third degree burns are a serious may use a combination of natural

injury requiring immediate medical skin grafts, artificial skin products, or
help. Unlike less severe burns, laboratory-grown skin.
which can be very painful, full-
• Intravenous fluids: Some
thickness burns may not hurt. This
people may receive extra fluids
is because the burn may damage
to maintain their blood pressure
nerve endings in the skin
and prevent shock.
responsible for sensing pain.
• Medication: A person will likely
In addition, the burn site may receive several different
appear: medications, such as antibiotics
• White and pain medication, to prevent
• Grey infection and ease pain.
• Black • Tetanus
• Brown shot: As tetanus bacteria
• Yellow are more likely Trusted
• Charred Source to trigger infections
• waxy or leathery through burn wounds, a person
may receive a tetanus shot to
Third degree burns will typically result prevent this.
from contact or exposure to
the following; flames, flash from an Treatment for third degree burns
explosive blast, chemicals such as acids, continues after a person leaves the
electricity, scalding liquids, contact with hospital. While the recovery period
an extremely hot object for an extended differs for everyone,
period. people commonly report feeling
pain, fatigue, and itching.
Any third-degree burn requires
immediate hospitalization and treatment. People will still require wound care,
Individuals with this type of burn usually which involves cleansing and
receive treatment at a special burn unit. dressing the wounds. This may
require a nurse or doctor, or for
Following a third-degree burn, people the person with burns to learn how
should immediately try to arrange to clean and dress wounds. A
medical assistance. friend or family member could also
assist.
Treatment for third degree burns
Individuals may require
may include:
rehabilitation and counseling to
help with their ability to perform
• Surgery: Third degree burns daily tasks, with any potential
typically require multiple surgeries to issues communicating, and
remove burned tissue from the burn improve their mental health.
site.
• Skin graft: As third-degree burns
do not heal by themselves, a skin
graft is often necessary. A doctor
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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

if they look cold from a

Fourth-degree burn
decrease in blood pressure
▪ covering the region with a
loose cloth or bandage
▪ if possible, raising the
injured part of the body
above the victim’s heart

The actions you do not take are

just as important as those you do
take. While waiting for emergency
attention, DO NOT:

▪ peel away any blisters or

This is the deepest and most severe of pick at the skin
burns. They’re potentially life- ▪ remove clothes that might
threatening. These burns destroy all be stuck to burn
layers of your skin, as well as your bones, ▪ apply ointments
muscles, and tendons. or creams to burns
▪ apply ice
Fourth-degree burns are mainly caused At this point, you also are at a
by chemicals and flames. Some greater risk of suffering shock.
possibilities include: That’s because of the
large inflammatory reaction from
▪ chemicals the body while it deals with the
▪ injuries from building fires changes a burn has abruptly made
▪ open flames, like campfires or to the impacted region. Also, your
fireplaces major organs may become
▪ hot irons vulnerable to inflammation, which
▪ hot oven or stove includes the heart.

Treatment/Immediate Action

The exact treatment for 4th degree

burns is going to depend upon the
extent of body damage, in addition to
your general health. While you wait for
the ambulance to arrive, it is possible to
help the burn victim by:

▪ flushing the affected region

using water (only for
chemical burns)
▪ putting a light blanket or
sheet over them, particularly

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

PART II: Midterm

Emergency Action Principles,
Artificial Respiration and
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO
ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION

a. The importance of
Artificial Respiration
b. Vital sign/s location for
an immediate response
c. Process to execute
Artificial Respiration
d. Situations in need of
the First Aid action

OUTCOMES:
LO2- Identify basic first
aid skills.

LO3- Discuss the skills

needed to assess the ill or
injured person.

OBJECTIVES:
Artificial respiration, breathing induced by some
1.Explain the essence of
Artificial Respiration. manipulative technique when natural respiration
has ceased or is faltering. Such techniques, if
2. Identify the common
vital sign location to applied quickly and properly, can prevent some
assessment the needed
action for a victim. deaths from drowning, choking,
strangulation, suffocation, carbon monoxide
3. Perform or execute the
process of Artificial poisoning, and electric shock.
Respiration.

4.Assess the difficulties Resuscitation by inducing artificial respiration

during emergency
situations for further consists chiefly of two actions: (1) establishing
treatment or medical and maintaining an open air passage from the
assistance.
upper respiratory tract (mouth, throat,
and pharynx) to the lungs and (2) exchanging air
and carbon dioxide in the terminal air sacs of the

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

lungs while the heart is still functioning. To be successful such efforts must
be started as soon as possible and continued until the victim is again
breathing.
Different methods of Artificial• If not breathing, pinch victim’s nose
Respiration closed and give 2 full breaths into
victim’s mouth (use micro shield).
• If breaths won’t go in, reposition
Artificial Resuscitation Techniques
head and try again to give
breaths. If still blocked, perform
The following information could save the abdominal thrusts (Heimlich
life of one of your co-workers or a maneuver).
member of your family in the event of a
heart attack, electric shock, or an
accident in which the breathing has C – Circulation
stopped. If two rescuers are available, • Check for carotid pulse by
one should apply the closed-chest heart feeling for 5-10 seconds at
massage, the other mouth-to-mouth side of victims’ neck.
respiration, simultaneously. However,
the heart should always get first • If there is a pulse but victim is
consideration. not breathing, give Rescue
breathing at rate of 1
It Can Be As Easy As A- B- C: breath every 5
seconds or 12 breaths per
A – Airway minute.
• Place victim flat on his/her back on a • If there is no pulse, begin
hard surface. chest compressions as
follows:
• Shake victim at the shoulders and shout
• Place heel of one hand on
“are you okay?”
lower part of victim’s sternum.
• If no response, call emergency medical With your other hand directly
system on top of first hand, depress
the sternum 1.5 to 2 inches.
• After alerting emergency services
perform head tilt / chin lift. • Perform 15 compressions to
every 2 breaths. (rate: 80-
• Head-tilt/chin-lift—open victim’s 100 per minute).
airway by tilting the head back with one • Check for return of pulse
hand while lifting up the chin with your every minute.
other hand.
• Continue uninterrupted until
B – Breathing advanced life support is
available.
• Position your cheek close to victim’s nose
and mouth and look toward victim’s
Mechanical Method
chest.
• Look, listen, and feel for breathing Mechanical ventilation is a method
(5-10 seconds). to mechanically assist or replace

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

spontaneous breathing. This may nurse, physician, physician

involve a machine called assistant, respiratory
a ventilator or the breathing may therapist, paramedic, or other
be assisted by a registered suitable person compressing a
bag valve mask or set of bellows. Mechanical ventilation is termed "invasive"
if it involves any instrument penetrating through the mouth (such as an
endotracheal tube) or the skin (such as a tracheostomy tube).

The main risk of mechanical ventilation is an infection, as the artificial airway

(breathing tube) mallow germs to enter the lung. This risk of infection
increases the longer mechanical ventilation is needed and is highest around
two weeks. Another risk is lung damage caused by either over inflation or
repetitive opening and collapsing of the small air sacs Alveoli) of the lungs.

9 most commonly assessed

pulse points on the body by
nurses are:
• Brachial pulse – on the
• Temporal pulse – over the antecubital fossa
temple

• Carotid pulse – at the side of

the neck

• Radial pulse – in the wrist

below the thumb

• Apical pulse – over the 5th

intercostal space (ICS) at left
mid-clavicular line.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

• Femoral pulse – in the • Posterior tibial pulse – to

groin the side of the ankle

• Dorsalis pedis pulse – on

the front of the foot.

• Popliteal pulse – behind

the knee

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2.2 CARDIOPULMONARY
RESUSCITATION (CPR)

CONTENT:
a. Importance of
Cardiopulmonary
Resuscitation
b. Methods and other
ways to perform CPR
c. Situations needed for
CPR to be used

OUTCOMES:
LO2- Identify basic first
aid skills.

LO3- Discuss the skills

needed to assess the ill or
injured person.

OBJECTIVES:

1.Explain how important

is the CPR in terms of life-
saving
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a
2. Illustrate or perform lifesaving technique that's useful in many
the proper techniques in emergencies, such as a heart attack or near
relation to
drowning, in which someone's breathing or
Cardiopulmonary
Respiration
heartbeat has stopped.

3.Identify the emergency Without someone with proper knowledge in

situations that CPR is giving immediate medical attention or CPR, lives
being performed and could be lost. CPR helps keep oxygenated blood
executed
flowing to the brain and other crucial organs until
normal heart rhythm is restored. This is the core
reason why investing your time in CPR training is
extremely beneficial.

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METHODS ON HOW TO DO A CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION

(CPR)
Before you begin
I. HOW TO PERFORM CPR –
Before starting CPR, check: ADULTS

• Is the environment safe for the A. Chest Compression

person?
• Is the person conscious or 1. Place the patient on their back
unconscious? and kneel beside them.
• If the person appears unconscious, 2. Place the heel of your hand on
tap or shake his or her shoulder the lower half of the
and ask loudly, "Are you OK?" breastbone, in the center of
• If the person doesn't respond and the person’s chest. Place your
you're with another person who other hand on top of the first
can help, have one person call hand and interlock your
medical assistance or the local fingers.
emergency number and get 3. Position yourself above the
the AED, if one is available. Have patient’s chest.
the other person begin CPR. 4. Using your body weight (not
• If you are alone and have just your arms) and keeping
immediate access to a telephone, your arms straight, press
call medical assistance or your straight down on their chest by
local emergency number before one third of the chest depth.
beginning CPR. Get the AED if one 5. Release the pressure. Pressing
is available. down and releasing is 1
• As soon as an AED is available, compression.
deliver one shock if instructed by
the device, then begin CPR.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

B. Mouth-to-mouth:

1. Open the person’s airway by placing one hand on the forehead or top of the
head and your other hand under the chin to tilt the head back.
2. Pinch the soft part of the nose closed with your index finger and thumb.
3. Open the person’s mouth with your thumb and fingers.
4. Take a breath and place your lips over the patient's mouth, ensuring a good
seal.
5. Blow steadily into their mouth for about 1 second, watching for the chest to
rise.
6. Following the breath, look at the patient’s chest and watch for the chest to
fall. Listen and feel for signs that air is being expelled. Maintain the head tilt
and chin lift position.
7. If their chest does not rise, check the mouth again and remove any
obstructions. Make sure the head is tilted and chin lifted to open the airway.
Check that yours and the patient’s mouth are sealed together and the nose
is closed so that air cannot easily escape. Take another breath and repeat.

Give 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths, known as “30:2”. Aim for 5 sets

of 30:2 in about 2 minutes (if only doing compressions about 100 – 120
compressions per minute).

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

Keep going with 30 compressions then 2 breaths until:

• the person recovers — they start moving, breathing normally, coughing or

talking — then put them in the recovery position; or
• it is impossible for you to continue because you are exhausted; or
• the ambulance arrives and a paramedic takes over or tells you to stop

Doing CPR is very tiring so if possible, with minimal interruption, swap

between doing mouth-to-mouth and compressions so you can keep going
with effective compressions.

If you can’t give breaths, doing compressions only without stopping may still
save a life.

II. HOW TO PERFORM CPR FOR CHILDREN OVER 1 YEAR OLD

A. To carry out chest compressions on a child:

1. Place the child on their back and kneel beside them.

2. Place the heel of one hand on the lower half of breastbone, in the
centre of the child’s chest (the size of the child will determine if you do
CPR with 1 hand or 2 hands).
3. Position yourself above the child’s chest.
4. Keeping your arm or arms straight, press straight down on their chest
by one third of the chest depth.
5. Release the pressure. Pressing down and releasing is 1 compression.

B. To give mouth-to-mouth to a child:

1. Open the child’s airway by placing one hand on the forehead or top of
the head and your other hand under the chin to tilt the head back.
2. Pinch the soft part of the nose closed with your index finger and
thumb.
3. Open the child’s mouth with your thumb and fingers.
4. Take a breath and place your lips over the child's mouth, ensuring a
good seal.
5. Blow steadily into their mouth for about 1 second, watching for the
chest to rise.
6. Following the breath, look at the child’s chest and watch for the chest
to fall. Listen and feel for signs that air is being expelled. Maintain the
head tilt and chin lift position.
7. If their chest does not rise, check the mouth again and remove any
obstructions. Make sure the head is tilted and chin lifted to open the
airway. Check that yours and the child’s mouth are sealed together,

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

and the nose is closed so that air cannot easily escape. Take another
breath and repeat.

III. HOW TO PERFORM CPR – BABIES UNDER 1 YEAR OLD

To carry out chest compressions on a baby:

1. Lie the baby/infant on their back.

2. Place 2 fingers on the lower half of the breastbone in the middle of the
chest and press down by one-third of the depth of the chest (you may
need to use one hand to do CPR depending on the size of the infant).
3. Release the pressure. Pressing down and releasing is 1 compression.

To give mouth-to-mouth to a baby:

1. Tilt the baby/infant’s head back very slightly.

2. Lift the baby/infant’s chin up, be careful not to rest your hands on
their throat because this will stop the air getting to their lungs from
the mouth-to-mouth.
3. Take a breath and cover the baby/infant’s mouth and nose with your
mouth, ensuring a good seal.
4. Blow steadily for about 1 second, watching for the chest to rise.
5. Following the breath, look at the baby/infant’s chest and watch for the
chest to fall. Listen and feel for signs that air is being expelled.
6. If their chest does not rise, check their mouth and nose again and
remove any obstructions. Make sure their head is in a neutral position
to open the airway and that there is a tight seal around the mouth and
nose with no air escaping. Take another breath and repeat.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

ASSESSMENT
Activity No. 1
Challenge your mind!

Direction: Explain each item briefly. (5 points each)

1. Discuss CPR.
2. Discuss Rescue Breathing.
3. Differentiate the degrees of burns.
4. Explain your thoughts about shock.
5. Give your immediate action if a victim is suspected to be bitten
by venomous animal.

c
ASSESSMENT
Activity No. 2
Save me!

Direction: Through video presentation, demonstrate the sequence in giving

CPR. You will assess a victim in need and perform the proper intervention for
the said First Aid Technique. If you have someone to work with, avoid
applying too much compression on the chest because the victim is conscious,
you might hurt him.
You may also use mannequin/ dummy/ pillow. Submit all your videos in one
(1) flash drive.
File name should be
“Compilation of Midterm Outputs in BS___ Section _____’’.

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 Module 2 First Aid and Water Safety

ASSESSMENT
Activity No. 3
Role Play

Direction: We have already discussed the first aid for selected situations in
the start of this module. Your class will be divided into 4 - 5 groups. Through
a ROLE PLAY, demonstrate how a first aid is done in the different illnesses
given below.

• Heat Injury
• Muscle Cramps
• Poison
• Burns
• Animal Bites

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