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Lecture 10

HVAC

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26 views38 pages

Lecture 10

HVAC

Uploaded by

turuncusakal516
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basics of HVAC

Lecture 10

Psychrometry Of Summer Air Conditioning


Systems
Summer air conditioning systems
Generally, from the building specifications and inside and outside design
conditions, the latent and sensible cooling or heating loads on a building can
be estimated. Normally, depending on the ventilation requirements of the
building, the required outdoor air (fresh air) is specified. The topic of load
estimation will be discussed in a later lecture. From known loads on the
building and design inside and outside conditions, psychrometric calculations
are performed to find:
1. Supply air conditions (air flow rate, DBT, humidity ratio & enthalpy)
2. Coil specifications (Latent and sensible loads on coil, coil ADP & BPF)
Simple system with 100 % re-circulated air

In this simple system, there is no outside air and the same air is recirculated
as shown in Fig. 30,1. Figure 30.1 also shows the process on a
psychrometric chart. It can be seen that cold and dry air is supplied to the
room and the air that leaves the condition space is assumed to be at the
same conditions as that of the conditioned space. The supply air condition
should be such that as it flows through the conditioned space it can
counteract the sensible and latent heat transfers taking place from the
outside to the conditioned space, so that the space can be maintained at
required low temperature and humidity.
Assuming no heat gains in the supply and return ducts and no energy addition
due to fans, and applying energy balance across the room; the Room Sensible
Cooling load (Qs,r), Room Latent Cooling Load (Ql,r) and Room Total Cooling
load (Qt,r) are given by:

From cooling load calculations, the sensible, latent and total cooling loads on the
room are obtained. Hence one can find the Room Sensible Heat Factor (RSHF)
from the equation:
From the RSHF value one can calculate the slope of the process undergone by the
air as it flows through the conditioned space (process s-i) as:
Fixing of supply condition:
System with outdoor air for ventilation
In actual air conditioning systems, some amount of outdoor (fresh) air is
added to take care of the ventilation requirements. Normally, the
required outdoor air for ventilation purposes is known from the
occupancy data and the type of the building (e.g., operation theatres
require 100% outdoor air). Normally either the quantity of outdoor air
required is specified in absolute values or it is specified as a fraction of
the re-circulated air.

Fixing of supply condition:


Case i) By-pass factor of the cooling coil is zero
Case ii) By-pass factor X > 0
By-pass factor of the cooling coil is zero
Figure 30.2 shows the schematic of the summer air conditioning system with
outdoor air and the corresponding process on psychrometric chart, when the
by-pass factor X is zero. Since the sensible and latent cooling loads on the
conditioned space are assumed to be known from cooling load calculations,
similar to the earlier case, one can draw the process line s-i, from the RSHF
and state i. The intersection of this line with the saturation curve gives the
room ADP. As shown on the psychrometric chart, when the by-pass factor is
zero, the room ADP is equal to coil ADP, which in turn is equal to the
temperature of the supply air. Hence from the supply temperature one can
calculate the required supply air mass flow rate (which is the minimum
required as X is zero) using the equation:
From the supply mass flow rate, one can find the supply air humidity ratio
and enthalpy using Eqns.(30.9) and (30.10).
By-pass factor of the cooling coil, X > 0
High latent cooling load applications (low RSHF)
When the latent load on the building is high due either to high outside humidity or due to large
ventilation requirements (e.g. hospitals) or due to high internal latent loads (e.g. presence of
kitchen or laundry), then the simple system discussed above leads to very low coil ADP. A low
coil ADP indicates operation of the refrigeration system at low evaporator temperatures.
Operating the system at low evaporator temperatures decreases the COP of the refrigeration
system leading to higher costs. Hence a reheat coil is sometimes used so that the cooling coil
can be operated at relatively high ADP, and at the same time the high latent load can also be
taken care of. Figure 30.4 shows an air conditioning system with reheat coil along with the
psychrometric representation of the process. As shown in the figure, in a system with reheat
coil, air is first cooled and dehumidified from point ‘m’ to point ’c’ in the cooling coil and is then
reheated sensibly to the required supply temperature ts using the reheat coil. If the supply
temperature is specified, then the mass flow rate and state of the supply air and condition of
the air after mixing can be obtained using equations given above. Since the heating process
in the reheat coil is sensible, the process line c-s will be horizontal. Thus if the coil ADP is
known, then one can draw the coil condition line and the intersection of this line with the
horizontal line drawn from supply state ‘s’ gives the condition of the air at the exit of the
cooling coil. From this condition, one can calculate the load on the cooling coil using the
supply mass flow rate and state of air after mixing. The capacity of the reheat coil is then
obtained from energy balance across it, i.e.,
Advantages and disadvantages of reheat coil:
Guidelines for selection of supply state and cooling coil
Example 1

A 100% outdoor summer air conditioning system has a room sensible heat
load of 400 kW and a room latent heat load of 100 kW. The required inside
conditions are 24oC and 50% RH, and the outdoor design conditions are 34oC
and 40% RH. The air is supplied to the room at a dry bulb temperature of
14oC. Find a) the required mass flow rate of air b) moisture content of supply
air, c) Sensible, latent heat loads on the coil, and d) The required cooling
capacity of the coil, Coil Sensible Heat Factor and coil ADP if the by-pass
factor of the coil is 0.2. Barometric pressure = 1 atm. Comment on the results.
Example 2
A room is air conditioned by a system that maintains 25oC dry bulb and
50 % RH inside, when the outside conditions are 34oC dry bulb and
40% RH. The room sensible and latent heat gains are 60 kW and 12 kW
respectively. As shown in the figure below, The outside fresh air first
flows over a first cooler coil and is reduced to state 1 of 10oC dry bulb
and a relative humidity of 85%. It is then mixed with re-circulated air, the
mixture (state 2) being handled by a fan, passed over a second cooler
coil and sensibly cooled to 12oC dry bulb (state 3). The air is then
delivered to the room. If the outside fresh air is used for dealing with the
whole of the room latent heat gain and if the effects of fan power and
duct heat gains are ignored, find: a) mass flow rates of outside fresh air
and supply air; b) DBT and enthalpy of the air handled by the fan (state
2); and c) required cooling capacity of first cooler coil and second
sensible cooler coil.
Example 3
An air conditioned building has a sensible cooling load of 60 kW and
latent load of 40 kW. The room is maintained at 24oC (DBT) and 50%
RH, while the outside design conditions are: 34oC (DBT) and 40% RH.
To satisfy the ventilation requirement, outdoor air is mixed with re-
circulated air in the ratio of 1:3 (by mass). Since the latent load on the
building is high, a reheat coil is used along with a cooling and
dehumidifying coil. Air is supplied to the conditioned space at 14oC
(DBT). If the by-pass factor of the cooling coil is 0.15 and the
barometric pressure is 101.325 kPa, find: a) Mass flow rate of supply
air, b) Required cooling capacity of the cooling coil and heating
capacity of the reheat coil
Apparatus dew point (ADP) is the coil surface dew point temperature required
to accomplish a cooling/dehumidifying process. ADP is also known as effective
coil temperature. It is obtained on the psychrometric chart by the intersection
of the cooling and dehumidification line with the saturation curve.

Apparatus dew point (ADP) the effective coil surface temperature


when there is dehumidification. This is the temperature to which all
the supply air would be cooled if 100% of the supply air contacted the
coil.

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