CSC112:

APPLIED COMPUTER SCIENCE

YAOUNDE INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS SCHOOL

(YIBS)

2 CREDITS

EDITED BY

Edouard Thierry MVOGO BILEGUE

Eng. Network s and Teleco mmun icatio ns

PLETP - Fundamenta l Computer Science

Email : angeinformatique@yahoo.com

VERSION 2022
Course Delivery System: Theory 30% Practical 70%

Timing: 30 hours maximum

National program

1. Study of the Windows graphical environment

• Presentation ;
• Window management ;
• File and folder management.

2. What is a file, a folder?

• Path to a file.

3. Practical study of Microsoft Word

• Study of basic functions.

4. Practical study of Microsoft Excel

• Presentation ;
• Arithmetic operations.

5. Building a formula

• Using built-in functions:

− Definition ;
− Syntax of built-in functions;
− Some built- in functions;
− Relative reference, absolute reference and mixed reference;
− Synthesis case.

NB: Assignments will be available after every class to make sure content was
well understood
 Course outline
Week 1: Study of windows graphical environment

● Presentation

● Window management

Week 2: Handling Files and folders

● Files management

● Folder management

● Path of a file

Week 3: Practical study of Ms Word

● Presentation of Ms Office Window

● Typing and editing files

Week 4: Practical study of Ms Word

● Advanced typing and editing

● Insert Header, footer and page numbering

Week 5: Practical study of Ms Word

● Creating section break

● Insert table of content

● Save files

Week 6: Practical Assignment number 1

● Creating a document

Week 7: Practical study of Ms Excel

● Presentation of Ms Excel Window

Week 8: Practical study of Ms Excel (Practicals)

● Insert data in cells

● Creating graph in Excel

Week 9: Manipulating formula (Practicals)

● Include formula in a cell

● Solving problems with formula

Week 10: Solving concrete problem with Excel

● Case study

Week 11: Practical Assignment number 2

● Solving problems related to your study

Week 12: Building a formula

● What is excel formula

● Create your own formula

Week 13: Correction of projects

Week 14: Final CA

Study of the GRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT OF WINDOWS
Course objective :

• Presentation ;
• Window management;
• File and folder management.

Introduction
Computing has allowed humans to automate tasks, be it work, study, and even entertainment. In
order to use computers, men must be provided with a computer equipped with different programs,
so they are pushed to learn how to use the computer tool, on the hardware and software side.

I. Presentation of Windows
a. Definition
Computer: it is the physical (hardware) part of computing, it is an automatic machine allowing
the processing of information, obeying programs formed by sequences of logical arithme tic
operations.

Software: it is the virtual (immaterial) part of computing. Software is a set of programs, which
allows the computer to perform a particular task or function.

Case: on a computer, a folder is a location in which one or more files can be stored. There is no
space limit apart from the size of our hard disk. To make an analogy with real life, a file is a drawer
in which we store documents, photos
…in this case, the file represents the document or photo. Also referred to as directory and sub-
directory. Folder and directory are synonymous.

b. Microsoft Windows

It is a multitasking and multiuser operating system developed by Microsoft Corporation, which

has been on the market since 1985. It allows the use of a computer in a simple and clear way. This
kind of system starts from the moment we turn on the equipment to manage the computer hardware
from the basic levels. The Windows operating system has had many versions, the very first version
of Windows is Windows 1.0, released in 1985, and the latest is Windows 11. We can also mentio n
other versions such as Windows XP (2001), Windows 7 (2009)
The desktop appears on the screen directly after Windows starts. It has a wallpaper, various icons

II. Presentation of the office

which are the gateways to the applications installed on
the computer. The user can personalize this desktop according to his preferences (change the
wallpaper, display or hide certain icons, change the layout of the icons, etc.)

III. The graphic elements of an office

A desk is the graphical interface that serves as the home page of an operating
system. The desktop is made up of graphic elements which are:
• The taskbar which contains the buttons of the different current windows.
• The icons that constitute the shortcuts of the various installed programs.
• The wallpaper is the image displayed behind the icons on the desktop.
• screensaver: puts the computer into sleep mode when not in use; which saves
energy.
• The Start button. It brings up the main Windows menu.
• The notification area.
As desktop properties that can be modified, there is the screen saver, the background, the color of
the windows, the graphics, etc...
To change desktop properties, right-click on empty space on the desktop then click
properties to make changes.

IV. Window concept

A window is a frame which delimits a work surface on the computer screen and which contains
information (images, texts, programs). The different parts of a window are:

• The title bar bearing the name of the open document.

• The menu bar which displays the different features offered by the window.
• The toolbar which gives the list of tools that can be accessed quickly.
• Two (02) scroll bars or Scrollbar (vertical and horizontal) used to move inside the
window.
• The address bar ;
• The working area
• The navigation pane to the left of the window.
 As soon as you open a program, a command, any application, the computer opens a window.
Windows that are open appear at the bottom of the taskbar. Each window is presented in the same
way, there are three essential buttons

• << Collapse >> button ( _ )

• << Expand >> button()
• << Close >> button (X)

(Increase or decrease the size) of a window by placing the mouse pointer on his computer, the pointer
changes from to , then hold the click and move the pointer.

When working, it is possible to open several windows. So you can run multiple programs at once. For
each open window, there corresponds a type of button that will be displayed in the taskbar.
There will be as many buttons as there are open windows. So you can navigate from one window to
another by just clicking on the button of the window in question; we say that we are working in a multi-
window environment.
In the Windows operating system, there are two (02) types of windows which are:
• System windows such as My Computer window, My Documents, Control Panel, Recycle Bin.
• application windows : these are the installed software windows.
Handling files and folders
Course objective:

• Define file, folders;

• List file types;
• Give the characteristics of files and folders.

Introduction
The information on a disk is organized in a file grouped or not in folders or directories. To be
able to find the data stored in a storage device, we need to know how it is organized.
I. Concept of files and folders

a. Definition.
• A file: is an information-carrying object. It is a set of data grouped together and
stored under the same name.
• Folder: is also called directory. It is an object that can store files and even other
folders.
b. Presentation of a file
A file looks like this
A name: formed of a finite series of characters;
An extension: (or suffix) is used to identify the file type.
Example file: exercise.doc
File nameFile extension
II. The types of file
The most common file types are:
• executable files (with .exe extensions);
• image files (with the extensions .jpeg, .gif, .bmp, .png, .eps, .tif….);
• audio files (with the extensions .mp3, .wma, .wav. ….);
• video files (with extensions .mp4, .avi, .mpg, .mov….);
• text files (with extensions .doc, .txt, docx….);
• compressed files (.zip, .rar, etc.).

III. Characteristics of files and folders.

A file is characterized by:
• a name which is the name of the file;
• It’s file type;
• a path that specifies where the file is located in memory;
• a format that specifies how the data it contains is encoded;
 • the size ;
• the size on disk;
• the date: date of creation or modification;
• the author
• the right of access….

IV.The path to a file or folder

Folders can be nested one inside other forming a tree structure. The tree structure is a
hierarchical structure of data in directories and subdirectories A folder created inside another is
then called a subfolder, a subdirectory, a child folder or a child directory.

The base of the file system represented by (VS: \) is called the root of the disk. The route to
follow from the root to the file or folder sought in the tree structure is called the path.

Activity : either the tree structure below

Figure 1: File tree

1- How many folders does this have?tree structure. A: 7

2- Name the files in this tree.A: Anthem.mp3 and bozar.mp3
3- Give the access path of bozar.mp3.
Resp: C: \ Soft music \ Mbolée Camer \ Joel the flower \ bozar.mp3

4- In which disk drive this tree was created. A: or C:

 V. Compress a file.

1. Definition
Compression consists of reducing the physical size of blocks of information. A compressor
uses an algorithm that is used to optimize data using considerations specific to the type of data
to be compressed.

2. Types of compression
There are two types of compression:
Logical compression (reversible or lossless): which allows information to be replaced by
its shorter equivalent;
Physical compression (irreversible or lossy): which removes redundant data.

• Lossy compression
It only applies to perceptible data, generally sound or visual, which may undergo more or
less significant modifications. The original data is impossible to find.

• Lossless compression
A compression is said to be lossless if the data after decompression is identical to the
original data.

VI. Decompression of a file

1. Definition
Decompression consists of returning a file to its initial structure, which has meanwhile
been reduced by compression.
Exercises
1. For each type of file give an example of software
2. Identify parts of a file. What is the role of a file extension?
3. Give the procedure for decompressing a file.
File operation andfiles.(TP)
Course objective :

• Create file and folder;

• Perform operations on files and folders.
I.Creation a folder on disk
To create a folder on disk, proceed as follows:
1. Navigate to the location where you want to create a new preference folder in My
Documents.
2. Right-click on the empty area of the location where in My Documents, a pop-up
window appears;
3. Click New,
4. Then a second pop-up window will appear. On this window click on Folder.
 5. Type or type the name of the new folder and press Enter.

II.Creation and saving a file to disk

NB : These are the application software that allow us to create the files.
Creating a file can also be done in the same way as creating a folder. Or we apply the
procedure below:
1. Open or launch application software
2. On the interface of this software, seek to click on save or click on the menu
File, a pop-up window appears.
3. Find the name of the folder where you want to save the file and open it.
4. Enter the name you want to give to your file then click on the enter key on the keyboard
or on save.

III.Handling folders and files

1. File handling
The possible operations on a folder or directory are:
➢ Create :it's about making a repertoire that didn't exist. The procedure is as follows
• Right-click in its directory…. A pop-up menu appears
• Place the cursor on new…. A pop-up menu appears
• Click on folder … a directory appears
• Enter a name
• Press enter
➢ Open :it's about accessing the files and folders it contains. The procedure is as
follows:
• Right click on the folder... A pop-up menu appears
• Click on open

➢ Rename: it's about changing its name. The procedure is as follows:

• Right click on the folder... A pop-up menu appears
• Click on rename
• Enter a new name
• Press enter
➢ Copy paste: it involves copying a folder from one directory and pasting it into another.
The procedure is as follows:
• Right click on the folder... A pop-up menu appears
• Click on copy;
• Open the folder in which you want to paste the copied folder;
• Right-click in this folder;
• Click paste
 ➢ To delete :it is about erasing a folder on a storage medium. The
procedure is as follows:
• Right click on the folder to be deleted…. A pop-up menu appears
• Click on delete.
➢ Restore: it consists in recovering a file deleted in the recycle bin. The
procedure is as follows:
• Open the trash, identify the folder to recover, click on it, a pop-up window appears,
• Click on restore.
2. File manipulation
All operations on folders are the same with files.

VI. Compression and decompressing a file.

1. Compression procedures
Compressing a relatively large folder or file is useful when:
• It must be sent by e-mail;
• It must be archived;
• It must be saved on a diskette and its size exceeds the capacity of this diskette.
To effectively compress a file you need:
• Run winrar
• Select the folder to compress
• Click on Add, in the dialog box that opens, choose the format (zip or rar) and
check the archiving options;
• Click on “ok”.
2. Decompression procedures
Identify the file or folder you want to unzip
Double click on it
Choose the location where you want to send it via the extract menu to
Validate or click on OK.

Exercise
1. Create a folder in the My Documents directory and give it the name TP LEVEL 2.
2. Give two examples of operations to perform on a file or folder.
3. What are the differences between a file and a folder?
4. How should the data be in our computer?

Conclusion
Tidying up your folders and files depends only on you. However, organizing them well into
directories and sub-directories respecting a logic (most often the files that contain the familiar data
are in the same directory, the familiar directories are in the same parent directory) allows you to
quickly find them.
Practical study of microsoft word
Course objectives :

• Define: texter, word processor, formatting, typing per kilometer;

• Cite some examples of word processing software;
• Describe the procedure for launching word processing software;
• Describe the graphical interface of word processing software;
• Study of basic functions.
• Format, lay out and print structured documents of several pages such as study reports,
presentation document, poster, commercial proposals, tables, etc.
• Effectively use the new Word interface to create.

Introduction.
Before the advent of ICT, writing a document was done by hand and using typewriters.
Nowadays with the arrival of computers, writing a written document has become a very convenient
task. For this, it would be necessary to install beforehand a software which makes this task possible,
which one generally calls software of word processing or texturizer.

I. Definitions of concepts
A text editor is word processing software that allows you to enter, correct spelling and grammar
errors and print written documents such as letters, press articles, invoices, presentations, memoirs ,
etc.
word processing is the set of operations that consist of composing, formatting, and layout of texts
using a computer application.
Formatting allows you to decorate the text in several ways: modify its font, size, color, underline
it, highlight it, capitalize it, etc.
Entry per kilometer: It is the fact of entering a text without worrying about line breaks and
formatting. It allows the user to save time.

II.Examples word processing software

The most used word processors are:
Microsoft Word(available on Microsoft Windows and Apple Mac OS operating systems)
OpenOffice.org Writer, LibreOffice, WordPerfect, Wordpad, Etc…

III. Procedure for launching a texter.

You can launch Ms Word from the desktop and also from the start button.
a) From the office
Look for the Ms Word icon on the desktop, once spotted do:
 • Double left click on it;
• Where to left-click on the icon then press the Enter key on the keyboard;
• Or right-click on the Ms Word icon then in the menu that will appear, choose
" Open ".
b) From the Start button
Left-click on the Start button, then click on Ms Word if it is present in the pane that is displayed.
Otherwise, type in the search box “Word” then click on “Microsoft Word” which will appear. Or,
click on “All programs”, then on Microsoft office and finally on Ms Word

IV. Description of the interface of a word processing software Cas de Ms

1 Title Bar Document title

2 Quick Access Toolbar Quick access to commonly used commands
3 Office or File button Access to common Office features
4 Different ribbons Access to the different functions specific to Word
5 Ribbon Home Display of all basic functions
6 Entry field Page where information is entered
7 Quick visualization of the cm graduation of the
Rule page with margins, indents and tab stops
8 Selection alignment, tabulation Quickly change tab alignment
9 Indication on the entry page: position of the cursor,
Status Bar
document word count
10 Scroll strip Horizontal and vertical lifts
11 Split tabs Quickly split the sheet horizontally or vertically

12 Display management bar Changing the zoom value and mode

display
 V. Basic functions of MS Word
Word processing generally is characterized by the basic functions below:

❖ Home tab

The "Home" tab allows you to modify the fonts, paragraphs or styles of a selection. On the other
hand, this tab offers copy/paste and clipboard functions and allows you to apply formatting from
one selection to another. Thanks to the "Find and Replace" functionality, it is very easy to replace
a word or a phrase.

❖ Insertion tab

With the "Insert" tab, you place important elements in a document in order to complete the text.
For example, tables are used to organize data. The possibilities are diverse: images, clipart, shapes,
SmartArt and graphics. This tab facilitates the manageme nt of symbols. Also leverage the
QuickPart feature to organize your building blocks. Finally, easily insert symbols, equations or
other objects into your document.

❖ Creation or Design

The "Create or Design" tab lets you improve the overall look of a page or an entire document by
applying a theme, background color, or page border. You will also find the watermark option.
 ❖ Layout

Thanks to the “Layout” tab, it is easy to define options for margins, page breaks, columns,
indentation and spacing between lines. Finally, it is possible to align, group and manage the layers
of inserted objects and graphics and put them in the foreground or in the background.

❖ References

The "Reference" tab allows you to createprofessional documents with organized sections, tables of
contents or an index. Also consider managing sources, citations and a bibliography. If you have
inserted images, use the features of the table of illustrations and captions to manage these images
efficiently. Also add footnotes and endnotes as desired.

❖ Mailling

With the "Mailings" tab, you efficiently create your documents, labels and envelopes by merging
them with a data source, such as an address book or a database. Also, before you start printing,
you can preview results, filter and sort merged documents, or add, update, and correct fields.

❖ Revision

The "Revision" tab hosts the grammar and spelling command, as well as many search functio ns.
It also deals with proofreaders' marks of revision. Finally, we
uses the "Compare" feature to compare different versions of a document and combine them into
a final version.

❖ Display

The "View" tab includes the five main display modes, as well as ruler, grid, document explorer
and thumbnails. To view multiple open documents at the same time, alternate between differe nt
windows or display them on the same screen.

Conclusion
We can learn from this lesson that the appearance of ICT has facilitated the production of text
documents through the use of appropriate software. Thanks to its software, it is possible to perform
a large number of operations which we will discuss in a little more detail.
PRACTICAL STUDY OF MICROSOFT EXCEL

Course objective :

• Introducing the Ms Excel interface;

• Perform some arithmetic operations.
PREAMBLE

Microsoft Excel is an electronic spreadsheet. You can use it to organize your datainto rows and
columns. You can also use it to perform mathematical calculations quickly. This course teaches
Microsoft Excel basics as a prelude to the use of Statistical Analysis System (SAS) software in carrying
out more complex statistical analysis. Although knowledge of how to navigate in a Windows
environment is helpful, this manual is created for the computer novice.

At the end of the course, participants are expected to know how to use Microsoft Excel to:

✓ Enter text and numbers in a spreadsheet

✓ Enter Excel formulas
✓ Format data
✓ Create Excel functions
✓ Fill cells automatically
✓ Print results
✓ Create Charts, and
✓ Enter advanced Excel formulas
Accordingly, the course is divided into the following five (5) sections.
Section 1: Entering Text and Numbers
Section 2: Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data
Section 3: Creating Excel Functions, Filling Cells, and Printing
Section 4: Creating Charts
Section 5: More on Entering Excel Formulas

Section 1: Entering Text and Numbers

1.1 The Microsoft Excel Window

This Section will introduce you to the Excel window. To begin this Section, startMicrosoft Excel
2007 as follows:

1. Click on Microsoft Start Button

2. Point the mouse on All Programs
3. Click on Microsoft Office
4. Click on Microsoft Excel 2007
The Microsoft Excel window appears and your screen looks similar to the one shown here.

1.2 The Microsoft Office Button

In the upper-left corner of the Excel 2007 window is the Microsoft Office button. When you click the
button, a menu appears. You can use the menu to create a new file, open an existing file, save a file,
print and perform many other tasks.
1.3 The Quick Access Toolbar

Next to the Microsoft Office button is the Quick Access toolbar. The Quick Access toolbar gives you
quick access to commands you frequently use.
1.4 The Title Bar

Next to the Quick Access toolbar is the Title bar. On the Title bar, Microsoft Excel displays the name
of the workbook you are currently using. At the top of the Excel window, you should see "Book 1 -
Microsoft Excel" or a similar name.
1.5 The Ribbon
In Microsoft Excel 2007, you use the Ribbon to issue commands. The Ribbon is located near the top of
the Excel window, below the Quick Access toolbar.
1.6 Worksheets

Microsoft Excel consists of worksheets. Each worksheet contains columns and rows. The columns are
lettered A to Z and then continuing with AA, AB, AC and so on; the rows are numbered 1 to 1,048,576.
The combination of a column coordinate and a row coordinate make up a cell address. For example,
the cell located in the upper-left corner of the worksheet is cell A1, meaning column A, row 1. Cell
E10 is located under column E on row 10. You enter your data into the cells on the worksheet.
1.7 The Formula Bar

If the Formula bar is turned on, the cell address of the cell you are in displays in the Name box which
is located on the left side of the Formula bar. Cell entries display on the right side of the Formula
bar.
1.8 The Status Bar

The Status bar appears at the very bottom of the Excel window and provides such information as the
sum, average, minimum, and maximum value of selected numbers.

1.9 Move Around a Worksheet

By using the arrow keys, you can move around your worksheet. You can use the down arrow key to
move downward one cell at a time. You can use the up arrowkey to move upward one cell at a time.
You can use the Tab key to move across the page to the right, one cell at a time. You can hold down the
Shift key and then press the Tab key to move to the left, one cell at a time. You can use the right and
left arrow keys to move right or left one cell at a time. The Page Up and Page Down keys move up and
down one page at a time. If you hold down the Ctrl key and then press the Home key, you move to the
beginning of the worksheet.

1.10 EXERCISE 1
Move around the Worksheet using the Down and Up Arrow Keys, the Right and LeftArrow Keys, the
Tab Key, the Page Up and Page Down Keys and the (Ctrl) Home Key.

1.11 Go To Cells Quickly

The following are shortcuts for moving quickly from one cell in a worksheet to a cellin a different
part of the worksheet.

1.12 EXERCISE 2 Go to -- F5

1. Press F5. The Go To dialog box opens.

 2. Type J3 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell J3.
Go to -- Ctrl+G
1. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press "g" (Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box opens.
2. Type C4 in the Reference field.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C4.
Go To -- The Name Box
You can also use the Name box to go to a specific cell. Just type the cell you want togo to in the
Name box and then press Enter.

1. Type B10 in the Name box.

2. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell B10.

1.13 Select Cells

If you wish to perform a function on a group of cells, you must first select those cellsby highlighting
them. The exercises that follow teach you how to select.
1.14 EXERCISE 3: Select Cells – F8
To select cells A1 to E7:
1. Go to cell A1.
2. Press the F8 key. This anchors the cursor.
3. Note that "Extend Selection" appears on the Status bar in the lower-leftcorner
of the window. You are in the Extend mode.
4. Click in cell E7. Excel highlights cells A1 to E7.
5. Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to clear the highlighting.
Alternative Method: Select Cells by Dragging

1. Go to cell A1.
2. Press the left mouse button.
3. While holding down the left mouse button, use the mouse to move from cell
A1 to C5.
4. Release the left mouse button.
5. Hold down the Ctrl key until step 9.
6. Using the mouse, place the cursor in cell D7.
7. Press the left mouse button.
8. While holding down the left mouse button, move to cell F10. Release the left
mouse button.
9. Release the Ctrl key. Cells A1 to C5 and cells D7 to F10 are selected.
10.Press Esc and click anywhere on the worksheet to remove the highlighting.
1.15 Enter Data
In this section, you will learn how to enter data into your worksheet. First, place the cursor in
the cell in which you want to start entering data. Type some data, and then press Enter. If
you need to delete, press the Backspace key to delete one character at a time.
1.16 EXERCISE 4: Enter Data

1. Place the cursor in cell A1.

2. Type John Jordan. Do not press Enter at this time.
1.17 Edit a Cell – F2
After you enter data into a cell, you can edit the data by pressing F2 while you are in the cell
you wish to edit.
1.18 EXERCISE 5
Change "John" to "Jones."
1. Move to cell A1.
2. Press F2.
3. Use the Arrow and Backspace keys to change John to Jones
4. Press Enter.

Alternate Method: Editing a Cell by Using the Formula Bar

You can also edit the cell by using the Formula bar. You change "Jones" to "Joker" in the
following exercise.

1. Move the cursor to cell A1.

2. Click in the formula or entries area of the Formula bar, and change Jones to
Joker.
3. Press Enter.
Alternate Method: Edit a Cell by Double-Clicking in the Cell
You can change "Joker" to "Johnson" as follows:

1. Move to cell A1.

2. Double-click in cell A1.
3. Use the Arrow and Backspace keys to change Joker to Johnson.
4. Press Enter.
Change a Cell Entry
Typing in a cell replaces the old cell entry with the new information you type.
1. Move the cursor to cell A1.
2. Type Cathy.
3. Press Enter. The name "Cathy" replaces "Johnson Jordan"

1.19 Wrap Text

When you type text that is too long to fit in the cell, the text overlaps the next cell. If you
do not want it to overlap the next cell, you can wrap the text.
1.20 EXERCISE 6
 1. Move to cell A2.
2. Type Text too long to fit.
3. Press Enter.

4. Return to cell A2.

5. Choose the Home tab.

6. Click the Wrap Text button . Excel wraps the text in the cell.
1.2 Delete a Cell Entry
To delete an entry in a cell or a group of cells, you place the cursor in the cell or
select the group of cells and press Delete.
1.3 EXERCISE
7 Delete a Cell
Entry
1. Select cells A1 to A2.
2. Press the Delete key.
1.4 Save a File
This is the end of Section 1. To save your file:
1. Click the Office button. A menu appears.
2. Click Save. The Save As dialog box appears.
3. Go to the directory in which you want to save your file.
4. Type Section1 in the File Name field.
5. Click Save. Excel saves your file.
1.5 Close Excel
Close Microsoft Excel.
1. Click the Office button. A menu appears.
2. Click Close. Excel closes.
Section 2: Entering Excel Formulas and Formatting Data
Section 1 familiarized you with the Excel 2007 window, taught you how to move around
the window, and how to enter data. A major strength of Excel is that you can perform
mathematical calculations and format your data. In this Section, you will learn how to
perform basic mathematical calculations and how to format textand numerical data. To
start this Section, open Excel.
2.1 Perform Mathematical Calculations
In Microsoft Excel, you can enter numbers and mathematical formulas into cells. Whether
you enter a number or a formula, you can reference the cell when you perform
mathematical calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. When
entering a mathematical formula, precede the formula with an equal (=) sign. Use the
following to indicate the type of calculation you wish to perform:
+ Addition
– Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
^ Exponential
In the following exercises, you practice some of the methods you can use to perform
mathematical calculations.
2.2 EXERCISE 1
2.2.1 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of Numbers

1. Type: Add, Subtract, Multiply, and Divide in cells A1, B1, C1, and D1
respectively
2. Type: 12, 25, 11 and 75 in cells A2, B2, C2 and D2 respectively
3. Type: 8, 13, 6 and 5 in cells A3, B3, C3 and D3 respectively
4. Type: = A2 + A3 in cell A5 and press Enter
5. Type: = B2 + B3 in cell A5 and press Enter
6. Type: = C2 + C3 in cell A5 and press Enter
7. Type: = D2 + D3 in cell A5 and press Enter
When creating formulas, you can reference cells and include numbers. All of the
following formulas are valid:
(a) =A2/B2; (b) =A2+12-B3; (c) =A2*B2+12; (d) =24+53/B2

2.2.2 Perform Advanced Mathematical Calculations

When you perform mathematical calculations in Excel, be careful of precedence.
Calculations are performed from left to right, with multiplication and division performed
before addition and subtraction.
2.3 EXERCISE 2
Advanced
Calculations
1. Move to cell A7.
2. Type =3+3+12/2*4.
3. Press Enter.
Note: Microsoft Excel divides 12 by 2, multiplies the answer by 4, adds 3, and then
adds another 3. The answer, 30, displays in cell A7.

To change the order of calculation, use parentheses. Microsoft Excel calculates the
information in parentheses first.
1. Double-click in cell A7.
2. Edit the cell to read =(3+3+12)/2*4.
3. Press Enter.
Note: Microsoft Excel adds 3 plus 3 plus 12, divides the answer by 2, and then
multiplies the result by 4. The answer, 36, displays in cell A7.

2.4 AutoSum

You can use the AutoSum button on the Home tab to automatically add a column or
row of numbers. When you press the AutoSum button , Excel selects the numbers it
thinks you want to add. If you then click the check mark on the Formula bar or press the
Enter key, Excel adds the numbers. If Excel's guess as to which numbers you want to add
is wrong, you can select the cells you want.
 2.5 EXERCIS
E 3AutoSum
The following illustrates AutoSum:

1. Go to cell F1.
2. Type 3.
3. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
4. Type 3.
5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.
6. Type 3.
7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell to cell F4.
8. Choose the Home tab.
9. Click the AutoSum button in the Editing group. Excel selects cells F1
through F3 and enters a formula in cell F4.

10. Press Enter. Excel adds cells F1 through F3 and displays the result in cell F4.

Note that you can click on the arrow next to AutoSum to access other automatic
calculations like average, minimum and maximum values, count numbers, etc.
 2.6 Align Cell Entries
When you type text into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the left side of the cell.
When you type numbers into a cell, by default your entry aligns with the right side of the
cell. You can change the cell alignment. You can center, left-align, or right-align any cell
entry. Look at cells A1 to D1. Note that they are aligned with the left side of the cell.
2.7 EXERCISE 4

To center cells A1 to D1:

1. Select cells A1 to D1.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the Center button in the Alignment group. Excel centers each cell's
content.
Note that left and right alignment can be carried out in a similar manner.

2.8 Copy, Cut and Paste

You can copy or cut data from one area of a worksheet to another.

1. Select cells D9 to D12

2. Choose the Home tab.
 3. Click the Cut button.
4. Move to cell G1.

5. Click the Paste button . Excel moves the contents of cells D9 to D12 to
cells G1 to G4.
2.9 Insert and Delete Columns and Rows
You can insert and delete columns and rows. When you delete a column, you delete
everything in the column from the top of the worksheet to the bottom of the worksheet.
When you delete a row, you delete the entire row from left to right. Inserting a column or
row inserts a completely new column or row.
2.10 EXERCISE 5
Insert and Delete Columns and Rows
To delete columns F and G:

1. Click the column F indicator and drag to column G.

2. Click the down arrow next to Delete in the Cells group. A menu appears.
3. Click Delete Sheet Columns. Excel deletes the columns you selected.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.
To delete rows 7 through 12:

1. Click the row 7 indicator and drag to row 12.

2. Click the down arrow next to Delete in the Cells group. A menu appears.
3. Click Delete Sheet Rows. Excel deletes the rows you selected.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.
To insert a column:
1. Click on A to select column A.
2. Click the down arrow next to Insert in the Cells group. A menu appears.
3. Click Insert Sheet Columns. Excel inserts a new column.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.
To insert rows:
1. Click on 1 and then drag down to 2 to select rows 1 and 2.
2. Click the down arrow next to Insert in the Cells group. A menu appears.
3. Click Insert Sheet Rows. Excel inserts two new rows.
4. Click anywhere on the worksheet to remove your selection.
2.11 Work with Long Text
Whenever you type text that is too long to fit into a cell, Microsoft Excel attempts to
display all the text. It left-aligns the text regardless of the alignment you have assigned to
it, and it borrows space from the blank cells to the right. However, a long text entry will
never write over cells that already contain entries—instead, the cells that contain entries
cut off the long text. The following exercise illustrates this.
2.12 EXERCISE 6
Work with Long
Text
 1. Move to cell A6.
2. Type Now is the time for all good men to go to the aid of their army.
3. Press Enter. Everything that does not fit into cell A6 spills over into the
adjacent cell.

4. Move to cell B6.

5. Type Test.
6. Press Enter. Excel cuts off the entry in cell A6.

7. Move to cell A6.

8. Look at the Formula bar. The text is still in the cell.
2.13 Change A Column's Width
You can increase column widths. Increasing the column width enables you to seethe
long text.
2.14 EXERCISE 7
Change Column
Width

1. Make sure you are in any cell under column A.

2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the down arrow next to Format in the Cells group.
4. Click Column Width. The Column Width dialog box appears.
5. Type 55 in the Column Width field.
6. Click OK. Column A is set to a width of 55. You should now be able to see
all of the text.
Change a Column Width by Dragging
You can also change the column width with the cursor.
1. Place the mouse pointer on the line between the B and C column headings. The
mouse pointer should look like the one displayed here , with two arrows.
2. Move your mouse to the right while holding down the left mouse button. The
width indicator appears on the screen.
3. Release the left mouse button when the width indicator shows approximately
20. Excel increases the column width to 20.
Change a Column Width by AutoFit Column Width
1. Select the column or column you want to change the column width.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the down arrow next to Format in the Cells group.
4. Click on AutoFit Column Width. You should now be able to see all of the text.
2.15 Format Numbers
You can format the numbers you enter into Microsoft Excel. For example, you can add
commas to separate thousands, specify the number of decimal places, place a dollar sign
in front of a number, or display a number as a percent.
2.16 EXERCISE 8

1. Move to cell B8. 2.

Type 1234567.
3. Click the check mark [ √ ] on the Formula bar.

4. Choose the Home tab.

5. Click the down arrow next to the Number Format box. A menu appears.
6. Click Number. Excel adds two decimal places to the number you typed.
 7. Click the Comma Style button . Excel separates thousands with a comma.
8. Click the Accounting Number Format button . Excel adds a dollar sign
toyour number.
9. Click twice on the Increase Decimal button to change the number format
to four decimal places.
10. Click the Decrease Decimal button , if you wish to decrease the number of
decimal places.
Change a decimal to a percent.

1. Move to cell B9.

2. Type 0.35 (note the decimal point).
3. Click the check mark [ √ ] on the formula bar.

4. Choose the Home tab.

5. Click the Percent Style button . Excel turns the decimal to a percent.

This is the end of Section 2. You can save and close your file. See Section 1
(Subsections 1.23 and 1.24) to learn how to save and close a file.
Section 3: Creating Excel Functions, Filling Cells, and Printing
By using functions, you can quickly and easily make many useful calculations, such as
finding an average, the highest number, the lowest number, and a count of the number of
items in a list. Microsoft Excel has many functions that you can use.
3.1 Using Reference Operators
To use functions, you need to understand reference operators. Reference operators refer
to a cell or a group of cells. There are two types of reference operators: range and union.
A range reference refers to all the cells between and including the reference. A range
reference consists of two cell addresses separated by a colon. The reference A1:A3
includes cells A1, A2, and A3. The reference A1:C3 includes cells A1, A2, A3, B1, B2,
B3, C1, C2, and C3.
A union reference includes two or more references. A union reference consists of two or
more numbers, range references, or cell addresses separated by a comma. The reference
A7,B8:B10,C9,10 refers to cells A7, B8 to B10, C9 and the number 10.
3.2 Understanding Functions
Functions are prewritten formulas. Functions differ from regular formulas in that you
supply the value but not the operators, such as +, -, *, or /. For example, you can use the
SUM function to add. When using a function, remember the following:
1. Use an equal sign to begin a formula.
2. Specify the function name.
3. Enclose arguments within parentheses. Arguments are values on which you
want to perform the calculation. For example, arguments specify the numbers
or cells you want to add.
4. Use a comma to separate arguments.
Here is an example of a function:
=SUM(2,13,A1,B2:C7)
In this function, known as the SUM function:
1. The equal sign begins the function.
2. SUM is the name of the function.
3. 2, 13, A1, and B2:C7 are the arguments. Parentheses enclose the arguments.
4. Commas separate the arguments.
After you type the first letter of a function name, the AutoComplete list appears. You
can double-click on an item in the AutoComplete list to complete your entry quickly.
Excel will complete the function name and enter the first parenthesis.
 3.3 EXERCIS
E 1 Functions
The SUM function adds argument values.

1. Open Microsoft Excel.

2. Type 12 in cell B1.
3. Press Enter.
4. Type 27 in cell B2.
5. Press Enter.
6. Type 24 in cell B3.
7. Press Enter.
8. Type =SUM(B1:B3) in cell A4.
9. Press Enter. The sum of cells B1 to B3, which is 63, appears.
Alternate Method: Enter a Function with the Ribbon

1. Type 150 in cell C1.

2. Press Enter.
3. Type 85 in cell C2.
4. Press Enter.
5. Type 65 in cell C3, and Press Enter
6. Choose the Formulas tab.
7. Click the Insert Function button. The Insert Function dialog box appears.
8. Choose Math & Trig in the Or Select A Category box.
9. Click Sum in the Select A Function
box. 10.Click OK.
11. The Function Arguments dialog box appears with C1:C3 displayed in the
Number1 field.
 12. Type C1:C3 in the Number1 field, if it does not automatically
appear. 13.Click OK. The sum of cells C1 to C3, which is 300, appears.

3.4 Calculate an Average

You can use the AVERAGE function to calculate the average of a series of numbers.

1. Move to cell A6.

2. Type Average. Press the right arrow key to move to cell B6.
3. Type =AVERAGE(B1:B3).
4. Press Enter. The average of cells B1 to B3, which is 21, appears.

3.5 Find the Lowest Number

You can use the MIN function to find the lowest number in a series of numbers.

1. Move to cell A7.

2. Type Min. Press the right arrow key to move to cell B7.
3. Type =MIN(B1:B3).
4. Press Enter. The lowest number in the series, which is 12, appears.
 3.6 Find the Highest Number

You can use the MAX function to find the highest number in a series of numbers.

1. Move to cell A8.

2. Type Max. Press the right arrow key to move to cell B8.
3. Type =MAX(B1:B3).
4. Press Enter. The highest number in the series, which is 27, appears.

3.7 Count the Numbers in a Series of Numbers

You can use the count function to count the number of numbers in a series.

1. Move to cell A9.

2. Type Count. Press the right arrow key to move to cell B9.
3. Type =COUNT(B1:B3).
4. Press Enter. The number of items in the series, which is 3, appears.
 3.8 Fill Cells Automatically
You can use Microsoft Excel to fill cells automatically with a series. For example, you
can have Excel automatically fill your worksheet with days of the week, months ofthe
year, years, or other types of series.

3.9 EXERCISE 2
(a) Fill Cells Automatically
The following demonstrates filling the days of the week:

1. Click the Sheet2 tab. Excel moves to Sheet2.

2. Move to cell A1.
3. Type Sun.
4. Move to cell B1.
5. Type Sunday.
6. Select cells A1 to B1.
7. Choose the Home tab.
8. Click the Bold button . Excel bolds cells A1 to B1.
9. Find the small black square in the lower-right corner of the selected area. The
small black square is called the fill handle.
10. Grab the fill handle and drag with your mouse to fill cells A1 to B14. Note how
the days of the week fill the cells in a series. Also, note that the Auto Fill
Options button appears.
 (b) Fill Times
The following demonstrates filling time:
1. Type 1:00 into cell C1.
2. Grab the fill handle and drag with your mouse to highlight cells C1 to
C14. Note that each cell fills, using military time.
3. Press Esc and then click anywhere on the worksheet to remove the
highlighting.
To change the format of the time:
1. Select cells C1 to C14.
2. Choose the Home tab.
3. Click the down arrow next to the number format box . A menu
appears.
4. Click Time. Excel changes the format of the time.

(c) Fill Numbers

You can also fill numbers.

1. Type a 1 in cell D1.

2. Type a 2 in cell D2.
3. Select cells D1:D2
4. Grab the fill handle and drag with your mouse to highlight cells D1 to D14.
5. The cells fill as a series, starting with 1, 2,

3. Here is another interesting fill feature.

1. Go to cell E1.
2. Type Section 1.
3. Grab the fill handle and drag with your mouse to highlight cells E1 to E14.
The cells fill in as a series: Section 1, Section 2, Section 3, and so on.

3.10 Set Print Options

There are many print options. You set print options on the Page Layout tab. Among other
things, you can set your margins, set your page orientation, and select your paper size.
Margins define the amount of white space that appears on the top, bottom, left,and
right edges of your document. The Margin option on the Page Layout tab provides several
standard margin sizes from which you can choose.
Paper comes in a variety of sizes. Most business correspondence uses 8 ½ by 11 paper,
which is the default page size in Excel. If you are not using 8 ½ by 11 paper, you can use
the Size option on the Page Layout tab to change the Size setting.
 3.11 EXERCISE 3
Set the Page Layout (Margins)

1. Choose the Page Layout tab.

2. Click Margins in the Page Setup group. A menu appears.
3. Click Wide. Excel sets your margins to the Wide settings.
Set the Page Orientation

1. Choose the Page Layout tab.

2. Click Orientation in the Page Setup group. A menu appears.
3. Click Landscape. Excel sets your page orientation to landscape.

Set the Paper Size

1. Choose the Page Layout tab.

2. Click Size in the Page Setup group. A menu appears.
3. Click the paper size you are using. Excel sets your page size.
 3.12 Print
The simplest way to print is to click the Office button, highlight Print on the menu
that appears, and then click Quick Print in the Preview and Print the Document pane.
Dotted lines appear on your screen, and your document prints. The dottedlines
indicate the right, left, top, and bottom edges of your printed pages. To print from
Microsoft Excel, you can proceed as follows:
1. Click on Microsoft Office Button
2. Highlight or point the mouse on Print.
3. Click on Print.
4. In the Name box, under Printer option, choose an appropriate printer.
5. Under the Print Range option, choose appropriate range of pages to be
printed.
6. Under Copies option, choose appropriate number of copies of each page
to be printed.
7. Click on OK when ready.

3.13 EXERCISE 4
Print Preview

1. Click the Office button. A menu appears.

2. Highlight Print. The Preview and Print The Document pane appears.
3. Click Print Preview. The Print Preview window appears, with your document
in the center.
 3.14 EXERCISE 5
Print

1 Click on Microsoft Office Button

2 Highlight or point the mouse on Print.
3 Click on Print. The Print dialog box appears

4. In the Name box, under Printer option, choose an appropriate printer.

5. Under the Print Range option, choose appropriate range of pages to be
printed.
6. Under Copies option, choose appropriate number of copies of each page
to be printed.
7. Click on OK when ready.
This is the end of Section 3. You can save and close your file.
Section 4: Creating Charts
In Microsoft Excel, you can represent numbers in a chart. On the Insert tab, you can
choose from a variety of chart types, including column, line, pie, bar, area, and scatter.
The basic procedure for creating a chart is the same no matter what type of chart you
choose. As you change your data, your chart will automatically update.
You select a chart type by choosing an option from the Insert tab's Chart group.
After you choose a chart type, such as column, line, or bar, you choose a chart sub- type.
For example, after you choose Column Chart, you can choose to have yourchart
represented as a two-dimensional chart, a three-dimensional chart, a cylinder chart, a
cone chart, or a pyramid chart. There are further sub-types within each of these
categories. As you roll your mouse pointer over each option, Excel supplies a brief
description of each chart sub-type.

4.1 Create a Chart

To create the column chart shown above, start by creating the worksheet below exactly
as shown.

After you have created the worksheet, you are ready to create your chart.
 4.2 EXERCISE 1
Create a Column Chart

.
1. Select cells A3 to D6. You must select all the cells containing the data you
want in your chart. You should also include the data labels.
2. Choose the Insert tab.
3. Click the Column button in the Charts group. A list of column chart sub-types
types appears.
4. Click the Clustered Column chart sub-type. Excel creates a Clustered Column
chart and the Chart Tools context tabs appear.
4.3 Apply a Chart Layout
Context tabs are tabs that only appear when you need them. Called Chart Tools, there
are three chart context tabs: Design, Layout, and Format. The tabs become available
when you create a new chart or when you click on a chart. You can use these tabs to
customize your chart.

4.4 EXERCISE 2
Apply a Chart Layout

1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.

2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click the Quick Layout button in the Chart Layout group. A list of chart layouts
appears.
4. Click Layout 5. Excel applies the layout to your chart.
 4.5 Change the Style of a Chart
A style is a set of formatting options. You can use a style to change the color and format
of your chart. Excel 2007 has several predefined styles that you can use. They are
numbered from left to right, starting with 1, which is located in the upper- left corner.
4.6 EXERCISE 3
Change the Style of a Chart

1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.

2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click the More button in the Chart Styles group. The chart styles appear.

4. Click Style 42. Excel applies the style to your chart.

 4.7 Change the Size and Position of a Chart
When you click a chart, handles appear on the right and left sides, the top and bottom,
and the corners of the chart. You can drag the handles on the top and bottom of the
chart to increase or decrease the height of the chart. You can drag the handles on
the left and right sides to increase or decrease the width of thechart. You can drag
the handles on the corners to increase or decrease the size ofthe chart proportionally.
You can change the position of a chart by clicking on an unused area of the chart and
dragging.

4.8 EXERCISE 4
Change the Size and Position of a Chart

1. Use the handles to adjust the size of your chart.

2. Click an unused portion of the chart and drag to position the chart beside the
data.

4.9 Move a Chart to a Chart Sheet

By default, when you create a chart, Excel embeds the chart in the active worksheet.
However, you can move a chart to another worksheet or to a chart sheet. A chart sheet
is a sheet dedicated to a particular chart. By default Excel names each chart sheet
sequentially, starting with Chart1. You can change the name.
 4.10 EXERCISE 5
Move a Chart to a Chart Sheet

1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.

2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click the Move Chart button in the Location group. The Move Chart dialog
box appears.

4. Click the New Sheet radio button.

5. Type Toy Sales to name the chart sheet. Excel creates a chart sheet named
Toy Sales and places your chart on it.

4.11 Change the Chart Type

Any change you can make to a chart that is embedded in a worksheet, you can also make
to a chart sheet. For example, you can change the chart type from a column chart to a
bar chart.
 4.12 EXERCISE 6
Change the Chart Type

1. Click your chart. The Chart Tools become available.

2. Choose the Design tab.
3. Click Change Chart Type in the Type group. The Chart Type dialog box
appears.
4. Click Bar.
5. Click Clustered Horizontal Cylinder.
6. Click OK. Excel changes your chart type.

You have reached the end of Section 4. You can save and close your file.
Section 5: More on Entering Excel Formulas
This Section looks at more examples of how to enter and execute Excel Formulas.
5.1 The SUMIF Function
Syntax
SUMIF(range,criteria,sum_range)
Range is the range of cells where Excel searches for the criteria that you want evaluated.
Cells in each range must be numbers or names, arrays, or references that contain
numbers. Blank and text values are ignored.
Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, or text that defines which
cells will be added. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32", ">32", or
"apples".
Sum_range are the actual cells to add if their corresponding cells in range match criteria.
If sum_range is omitted, the cells in range are both evaluated by criteria and added if
they match criteria.

Note: The SUMIF function can be read as:

“Sum or add up sum_range if range meets criteria.”

Example

Property Value Commission

100,000 7,000

200,000 14,000
300,000 21,000
400,000 28,000
Formula Description
Sum of the (Result)
commissions for
property values over 160,000
(63,000)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,">160000") Sum of the property values over
160,000 (900,000)
=SUMIF(A2:A5,"=300000",B2:B3) Sum of the commissions for
property values equal to 300,000 (21,000)
 5.2 The AVERAGEIF Function

Returns the average (arithmetic mean) of all the cells in a range that meet a given
criteria.

Syntax AVERAGEIF(range,criteria,average_range)

Range is one or more cells to average, including numbers or names, arrays, or

references that contain numbers.

Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text
that defines which cells are averaged. For example, criteria can be expressed as 32, "32",
">32", "apples", or B4.

Average_range is the actual set of cells to average. If omitted, range is used.

Note: The AVERAGEIF function can be read as: “Average

average_range if range meets criteria.”

Example: Averaging profits from regional offices

Region Profits (Thousands)

East 45,678
West 23,789
North -4,789

South (New Office)

MidWest 9,678
Formula Description (result)
=AVERAGEIF(A2:A6,"=*West",B2:B6) Average of all profits for the
West and MidWest regions
(16,733.5)
Average of all profits for all
regions excluding new
=AVERAGEIF(A2:A6,"<>*(New offices (18,589)
 5.3 The COUNTIF Function

Counts the number of cells within a range that meet the given criteria.

Syntax: COUNTIF(range,criteria)

Range is one or more cells to count, including numbers or names, arrays, or references
that contain numbers. Blank and text values are ignored.

Criteria is the criteria in the form of a number, expression, cell reference, or text
that defines which cells will be counted. For example, criteria can be expressed as32,
"32", ">32", "apples", or B4.

Note: The COUNTIF function can be read as:

“Count frequency or number of times or cells if range contains criteria.”

Remark
You can use the wildcard characters, question mark (?) and asterisk (*), in criteria.
A question mark matches any single character; an asterisk matches any sequence of
characters. If you want to find an actual question mark or asterisk, type a tilde (~)
before the character.

Example 1: Common COUNTIF formulas

=COUNTIF(A2:A5,A3)+COUNTIF(A2:A5,A2)
Example 2: COUNTIF formulas using wildcard characters and handling blank values

A B
1 Data Data
2 apples Yes
3 oranges NO
4 peaches No
5
apples YeS
6
Formula Description (result)
7
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"*es") Number of cells ending with
the letters "es" in the firstcolumn above (4)
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"?????es") Number of cells ending with
the letters "es" and having exactly 7 letters in the first column above (2)
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"*") Number of cells containing
text in the first column above (4)
=COUNTIF(A2:A7,"<>"&"*") Number of cells not containing
text in the first column above (2)
=COUNTIF(B2:B7,"No")/ROWS(B2:B7) The average number of No
votes including blank cells in the second column above formatted as a percentage with
no decimal places (33%)
=COUNTIF(B2:B7,"Yes")/(ROWS(B2:B7)- The average number of Yes votes
COUNTIF(B2:B7,"<>"&"*")) excluding blank cells in the second
column above formatted as a
percentage with no decimal places
(50%)

You can view the number as a percentage. Select the cell, and then on the
NOTE
Sheet tab in the Number group, click Percentage Style .

5.4 The IF Function

Returns one value if a condition you specify evaluates to TRUE and another value if it
evaluates to FALSE.
Syntax
IF(logical_test,value_if_true,value_if_false)

Logical_test is any value or expression that can be evaluated to TRUE or FALSE. For
example, A10=100 is a logical expression; if the value in cell A10 is equal to 100, the
expression evaluates to TRUE. Otherwise, the expression evaluates to FALSE.

Value_if_true is the value that is returned if logical_test is TRUE.

Value_if_false is the value that is returned if logical_test is FALSE.

Remarks: Up to 64 IF functions can be nested as value_if_true and value_if_false

arguments to construct more elaborate tests.

Note: The IF function can be read as:

“If Logical_test then Value_if_true otherwise Value_if_false” Example

Score
45
90

78
Formula Description (Result)
Assigns either a pass or fail
=IF(A2<50,"FAIL","PASS")
remark to the first score (FAIL)

=IF(A2>89,"A",IF(A2>79,"B",
Assigns a letter grade to the
IF(A2>69,"C",IF(A2>59,"D","F"))))
first score (F)

=IF(A3>89,"A",IF(A3>79,"B",
Assigns a letter grade to the
IF(A3>69,"C",IF(A3>59,"D","F"))))
second score (A)
=IF(A4>89,"A",IF(A4>79,"B", Assigns a letter grade to the
IF(A4>69,"C",IF(A4>59,"D","F")))) third score (C)
 5.5 The AND Function

Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE; returns FALSE if one or more argument is
FALSE.

Syntax
AND(logical1,logical2, ...)

Logical1, logical2, ... are 1 to 255 conditions you want to test that can be either
TRUE or FALSE.

Example 1

Formula Description (Result)

=AND(TRUE, TRUE) All arguments are TRUE (TRUE)

=AND(TRUE, FALSE) One argument is FALSE (FALSE)

Example 2

Data
50
104
Description (Result)
Formula
Because 50 is between 1 and 100
=AND(1<A2,A2<100) (TRUE)
"The Displays the second number above,
if it is between and 100,
otherwise displays a message (The
=IF(AND(1<A3,A3<100),A3,
value is out of range.)
=IF(AND(1<A2,A2<100),A2, "The Displays the first number above, if it
value is out of range.") is between 1 and 100, otherwise
displays a message (50)
 5.6 The FREQUENCY Function

Calculates how often values occur within a range of values, and then returns a vertical
array of numbers. For example, use FREQUENCY to count the number of test scores
that fall within ranges of scores. Because FREQUENCY returns an array, it must be
entered as an array formula.
Syntax: FREQUENCY(data_array,bins_array)
Data_array is an array of or reference to a set of values for which you want to count
frequencies. If data_array contains no values, FREQUENCY returns an array of zeros.
Bins_array is an array of or reference to intervals into which you want to group the
values in data_array. If bins_array contains no values, FREQUENCY returns the number
of elements in data_array.
Remarks
FREQUENCY is entered as an array formula after you select a range ofadjacent
cells into which you want the returned distribution to appear.
The number of elements in the returned array is one more than the number of
elements in bins_array.
Example
A B
1 Scores Bins
2 79 70
3 85 79
4 78 89
5 85
6 50
7 81
8 95
9 88
10 97
Formula Description (Result)
=FREQUENCY(A2:A10,B2:B4) Number of scores less than or equal to 70 (1)
Number of scores in the bin 71-79 (2)
Number of scores in the bin 80-89 (4)
Number of scores greater than or equal to 90 (2)
NOTE
The formula in the example must be entered as an array formula. After copying the
example to a blank worksheet, select the range A12:A15, press F2, and then press
CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER. If the formula is not entered as an array formula, there will be only
one result in cell A12 (1).
 5.7 The TREND Function

Returns values along a linear trend. Fits a straight line (using the method of least squares)
to the arrays known_y's and known_x's. Returns the y-values along thatline for the
array of new_x's that you specify.

Syntax : TREND(known_y's, known_x's, new_x's, const)

Known_y's is the set of y-values you already know in the relationship y = mx + b.

If the array known_y's is in a single column, then each column of known_x's is
interpreted as a separate variable.
If the array known_y's is in a single row, then each row of known_x's isinterpreted as a
separate variable.

Known_x's is an optional set of x-values that you may already know in the relationship
y = mx + b.
The array known_x's can include one or more sets of variables. If only one variable is
used, known_y's and known_x's can be ranges of any shape, as long as they have
equal dimensions. If more than one variable is used, known_y's must be a vector (that
is, a range with a height of one row or a width of one column).
If known_x's is omitted, it is assumed to be the array {1,2,3,...} that is thesame size
as known_y's.

New_x's are new x-values for which you want TREND to return corresponding y-
values.
New_x's must include a column (or row) for each independent variable, just as
known_x's does. So, if known_y's is in a single column, known_x's and new_x's must
have the same number of columns. If known_y's is in a single row, known_x's and
new_x's must have the same number of rows.
If you omit new_x's, it is assumed to be the same as known_x's.
If you omit both known_x's and new_x's, they are assumed to be the array
{1,2,3,...} that is the same size as known_y's.

Const is a logical value specifying whether to force the constant b to equal 0.

If const is TRUE or omitted, b is calculated normally.
If const is FALSE, b is set equal to 0 (zero), and the m-values are adjusted sothat y =
mx.
Remarks
You can use TREND for polynomial curve fitting by regressing against the same
variable raised to different powers. For example, suppose column A contains y-values
and column B contains x-values. You can enter x^2 in column C, x^3 in column D,
and so on, and then regress columns B through D against column A.
Formulas that return arrays must be entered as array formulas.
When entering an array constant for an argument such as known_x's, use commas
to separate values in the same row and semicolons to separate rows.
Example
A B C
1 Month Cost Formula (Corresponding Cost)
2 1 $133,890 =TREND(B2:B13,A2:A13)
3 2 $135,000
4 3 $135,790
5 4 $137,300
6 5 $138,130
7 6 $139,100
8 7 $139,900
9 8 $141,120
10 9 $141,890
11 10 $143,230
12 11 $144,000
13 12 $145,290
Month Formula (Predicted Cost)
13 =TREND(B2:B13,A2:A13,A15:A19)
14
15
16
17

NOTE
The formula in the example must be entered as an array formula. After copying the
example to a blank worksheet, select the range C2:C13 or B15:B19 starting with the
formula cell. Press F2, and then press CTRL+SHIFT+ENTER. If the formula is not entered
as an array formula, the single results are 133953.3333 and 146171.5152.
 5.8 The ZTEST Function

Returns the one-tailed probability-value of a z-test. For a given hypothesized population

mean, μ0, ZTEST returns the probability that the sample mean would be greater than the
average of observations in the data set (array) — that is, the observed sample mean.
To see how ZTEST can be used in a formula to compute a two-tailed probability
value, see "Remarks" below.
Syntax : ZTEST(array,μ0,sigma)
Array is the array or range of data against which to test μ0
μ0 is the value to test.
Sigma is the population (known) standard deviation. If omitted, the sample standard
deviation is used.
Remarks
If array is empty, ZTEST returns the #N/A error value. ZTEST
is calculated as follows when sigma is not omitted:

or when sigma is omitted:

where x is the sample mean AVERAGE(array); s is the sample standard deviation

STDEV(array); and n is the number of observations in the sample COUNT(array).
ZTEST represents the probability that the sample mean would be greater than the
observed value AVERAGE(array), when the underlying population mean is μ0. From
the symmetry of the Normal distribution, if AVERAGE(array) < μ 0, ZTEST will return
a value greater than 0.5.
The following Excel formula can be used to calculate the two-tailed probability that
the sample mean would be further from μ0 (in either direction) than AVERAGE(array),
when the underlying population mean is μ0 :
=2 * MIN(ZTEST(array,μ0,sigma), 1 - ZTEST(array,μ0 ,sigma)).
Example
A
1
Data
2
3
3
6
4
7
5
8
6
6
7
5
8
4
9
2
10
1
11
9
Formula Description (Result)
=ZTEST(A2:A11,4) One-tailed probability-value of a z-test for the data set
above, at the hypothesized population mean of 4
(0.090574)

=2 * MIN(ZTEST(A2:A11,4), 1 - Two-tailed probability-value of a z-test for the data set

ZTEST(A2:A11,4)) above, at the hypothesized population mean of 4
(0.181148)

=ZTEST(A2:A11,6) One-tailed probability-value of a z-test for the data set

above, at the hypothesized population mean of 6
(0.863043)

=2 * MIN(ZTEST(A2:A11,6), 1 - Two-tailed probability-value of a z-test for the data set

ZTEST(A2:A11,6)) above, at the hypothesized population mean of 6
(0.273913)

You have reached the end of Section 5. You can save and close your file.

NOTE: The Excel Functions discussed in Section 5 are only a few of the numerous Excel
Functions available in Microsoft Office 2007. More assistance and exposure can be obtained
through the Microsoft Excel Help (F1)
BUILDING A FORMULA

I. The functions
Course objective
• Use built-in functions:

a. Definition
A function is a predefined formula allowing you to perform more or less complex calculatio ns.
A function is usually composed of a name and a couple of parentheses surrounding the arguments
which can be cell references or constants.
When several arguments are necessary for the calculation of a function, these are separated by
the sign [;] (semicolon).
Excel offers more than 400 functions divided into different categories: financial, mathematics
and trigonometric, statistics, logic, texts, date/time, etc.
Example of function:
In the function = SUM(C5;A1 : A8;24): Sum is the name of the function and C5,A1:A8,24 are
the arguments.

II. Syntax of functions

Functions ALWAYS look like this:
= NAME_OF_THE_FUNCTION (argument1; argument2; … )
The number of arguments is variable according to the functions, they are separated by
semicolons. Some functions do not need an argument, in this case we still put the parentheses, but
without anything inside.

Among the simple functions, we have among others:

• the PRODUCT function, syntax: = PRODUCT ( )
• the SUM function, syntax: = SUM ( )
• the AVERAGE function, syntax: =AVERAGE()
• the RANK function syntax:=RANK() etc…

1- Statistical & mathematical functions

• MAX Function:(Extracts the highest value from a range of cells)
=MAX (Select Cells)
• The MINIMUM Function (Extracts the lowest value from a range of cells)
=MIN (Select Cells)
• The AVERAGE Function(Averages numeric cells)
= AVERAGE (Select Cells)
 • The NB Function(COUNT the number of nonblank cells on numeric values) =
COUNT (Cell selection)
• The NBSI Function (Counts the number of non-empty cells (text or number)
meeting a criterion. = COUNTIF (Range of cells to count; “CRITERIA”)
• The COUNTA function (counts the number of non-empty cells (text or number)
This function is to be used to count cells containing text
= NBVAL (Selection of cells)
2- Logical functions
− Simple conditions
It is a question of setting a condition with the IF function. The IF function returns one value if the
condition you specify is TRUE and another value if that value is FALSE. The syntax of the IF
function is: = IF (CONDITION; VALUE_IF_TRUE; VALUE_IF_FALSE)

− Nested Conditions
It is possible to nest IS inside each other. Up to seven IF functions can be nested as value_if_true
and value_if_false arguments to build more complex tests.
= IF (CONDITION, VALUE_IF_TRUE, IF (CONDITION, VALUE_IF_TRUE, IF
(CONDITION, VALUE_IF_TRUE, VALUE_IF_FALSE)))
− The SUM IF function
Conditional sum is used to sum a range of cells based on a criterio n that must be verified in another
range that matches it.
• The first argument is the range of cells that contains the values to compare against the criterion.
• The second argument is the criterion that will make the element located in the third
argument participate or not in the summation.
The third argument is the range of numbers that can be part of the summation.

IV. References relative / absolute

To represent the address of a cell in a formula, there are three types of references:
• Relative reference
• Absolute reference
• Mixed reference
a) Definition
1) Related references
The relative reference designates a cell address calculated with respect to the cell containing the
formula, as opposed to the absolute reference which designates a fixed address regardless of the
cell containing the formula.
By default, Excel reasons according to the position of the cell references used:
For him, B6 is the cell that is on the same row and in the left column of cell C6 where you built
the formula. The reference used will therefore be for Excel: “same line – 1 column to the left”.
Similarly, for Excel cell C2 is the "same column - 4 rows above" reference.
Excel is said to work on relative references.
If you copy this formula on cells C7 and C8, you will therefore get errors. Indeed, if you place
yourself in cell C8, you will be able to read the following calculation in the formula bar: =B8*C4
B8 is the cell containing the desired unit price, but C4 does not contain the discount rate. This
happened because the copied formula used as a reference the cell placed 4 rows above, but the
discount rate is still in C2.

2) Absolute references
If you want the reference to cell C2 to remain when copying the formula, you must neutralize this
principle of relative reference. For this, when constructing the formula
=B6*C2, the reference C2 must be made absolute.
• Click cell C6 to edit the formula
• In the formula bar, select C2
• Press the F4 key on the keyboard
Note the result: we get =B6*$C$2. The C2 cell has become an absolute reference. The $ (dollars)
symbols will freeze the reference.
Now, if you copy the formula down to C7 and C8, you will get:
• In C7: =B7*$C$2
• In C8: =B8*$C$2
Dollar symbols can also be added to the keyboard.
SYNTHESIS CASE.
TP 01
Mrs. Sali's triplet children, returning from school, gave copies of the sequence to their mother.
Sequence where they had respectively:

• Kamga: French 13, English 11, History 18, IT 14 and Mathematics 12;
• Eva: French 7, English 17, History 19, IT 12 and Mathematics 16;
• Aymrick: French 17, English 15, History 15, IT 18 and Mathematics 18.

NB : French has a coefficient of 3, English 3, History 2, Computer Science 2 and Mathematics 4.

Using your computer knowledge and documentation, help Mrs. Sali to calculate:

• The average of his children;

• The rank of each child.

TP 02
Covid 19 is a pandemic that has been raging in the world since 2019, and Cameroon is not
spared. Following recent cases due to the mutation of this virus, the Minister of Health asked
the population to be tested. After the tests were done, he then did a statistical study on the
population tested positive by age group and gender. The data studied and taken from the Ms
Excel software are recorded in the table below:
 According to the Minister of Health, the first 3 regions which will present the number of most
infected people will be given priority for the distribution of vaccines.
Order :Using your knowledge of computers and documentation, help the Minister of Health
to use the table above by:
Part I
1) Reproducing the statistical table of people tested positive for Covid 19 in MS Excel.
2) Introducing into cell J3, the formula = SUM(B3:I3)to calculate the total of positive cases in
the North region, then obtain for the other regions by copying.
3) Introducing in cell K3, the formula =RANG(J3;J$3:J$12;0) allowing to calculate the rank
of the North region, then to obtain for the other regions by copying.
Part II
1) Applying the sort function to sort the region names in alphabetical order.
2) Using the filter function on the rank, display only the 3 regions most affected by Covid 19.
3) Representing the histogram and the pie chart to visualize the regions, the total positive cases
per region and the rank of the most affected regions.

TP 03
1- Launch Excel 2007 and create a new document
2- Name your document: “transcript”
3- In the first line: Merge cell A1:I1 and type the title RELEVE DE NOTES
4- In the second line: Merge cell A2:I2 and type CLASS OF 3M2 5- From the third line to
the twelfth line enter the information in the table
6- Use the borders for the grid: for this select the range A1:I10 and then choose all the borders then
select the range A10:F12 and choose all the borders

Calculation programming
1) In cell E4 use the Sum function to calculate the total of the student SIMALEU and copy it to
calculate the total of the other students: =Sum (E4:D4)
2) In the cell F4 use the Average function to calculate the average of the student SIMALEU and
copy it to calculate the total of the other students: =AVERAGE (E4:D4)
3) In cell G4 use the SI function for the mention of the student SIMALEU and make there copy
for lamenting waves others students
=IF(F4<7;"Weak";IF(F4<8.99;"Insufficient";IF(F4<10;"Poor";IF(F4<12;"Passable";IF(F4<
14; "Fairly Good";IF(F4<16;"Good";"Very Good"))))))
4) In cell G4 use the IF function for student SIMALEU's decision and copy it for the other
students' decision: =IF(F4<10;"Fail";"Pass")
5) In cell I4, use the rank function for the rank of the student SIMALEU and copy it for the rank
of the other students: =RANG(F4;$F$4:$F$10;)
 6) In cell B11 use the Min function for the minimum math mark and do the copy for the other
marks, total and average
7) In cell B12 use the Max function for the maximum math mark and do the copy for the other
marks, total and average
8) Save your work and close Excel

TP 04
1- Reproduce the table below in sheet 3 and program the calculations

NB: Total = Quantity*Unit price (use the copy formula to calculate the other designations)
• Total Gross =Sum of totals
• Discount = Total Gross * Discount rate
• Net Commercial= Total Gross – discount
• Discount = Net Commercial * Discount Rate
• Net Financial = Net Commercial - Discount
• VAT= Net Financial * VAT rate
• Net to Pay = Financial Net + VAT