2.

Materials

2.1. Concrete

Standard concrete cylinder

Diameter 6in = 15.24 ⋅ cm D := 15cm

Height 12in = 30.48 ⋅ cm H := 30cm

Compression concrete strength

f'c := 3000psi f'c = 20.684 ⋅ MPa

f'c := 4000psi f'c = 27.579 ⋅ MPa

f'c := 4500psi f'c = 31.026 ⋅ MPa

f'c := 5000psi f'c = 34.474 MPa

Cubic and cylinder strength of concrete

f'c
f'c := 20MPa fcube := = 23.529 ⋅ MPa
0.85
f'c
f'c := 25MPa fcube := = 29.412 ⋅ MPa
0.85

fcube := 25MPa f'c := 0.85 ⋅ fcube = 21.25 ⋅ MPa

fcube := 30MPa f'c := 0.85 ⋅ fcube = 25.5 ⋅ MPa

Modulus of rupture (tensile strength)

fr = 7.5 ⋅ f'c (in psi)

MPa
Metric coefficient 7.5psi ⋅ = 0.623 ⋅ MPa
psi

fr := 0.623 f'c (in MPa)

Page 5
 Modulus of elasticity

1.5
⎛ wc ⎞ f'c
Ec = 33psi ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅
⎝ pcf ⎠ psi

1.5
⎛ kN ⎞
⎜ 3 ⎟
33psi ⋅ ⎜ ⎟
m MPa
Metric coefficient ⋅ = 44.011 ⋅ MPa
⎝ pcf ⎠ psi

1.5
⎛ wc ⎞⎟ f'c
Ec = 44MPa ⋅ ⎜ ⋅
⎜ kN ⎟ MPa
⎜ m3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Concrete ultimate strain

ε u := 0.003

Example 2.1

Concrete compression strength f'c := 25MPa

kN
Unit weight of concrete wc := 24
3
m

Modulus of rupture

f'c
fr := 7.5psi ⋅ fr = 3.114 MPa
psi

f'c
fr := 0.623MPa ⋅ fr = 3.115 MPa
MPa

Modulus of elasticity

1.5
⎛ wc ⎞ f'c 4
Ec := 33psi ⋅ ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ Ec = 2.587 × 10 MPa
⎝ pcf ⎠ psi

1.5
⎛ wc ⎞⎟ f'c
Ec := 44MPa ⋅ ⎜
4
⋅ Ec = 2.587 × 10 MPa
⎜ kN ⎟ MPa
⎜ m3 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Page 6
2.2. Steel Reinforcements

Yield strength of deformed bar (DB) fy := 390MPa

fy := 60ksi fy = 413.685 ⋅ MPa

Yield strength of round bar (RB) fy := 235MPa

5
Steel modulus of elasticity Es := 2 ⋅ 10 MPa

5
Es := 29000000psi Es = 1.999 × 10 ⋅ MPa

Yield strain of steel with fy := 390MPa

fy
ε y := ε y = 0.00195
Es

US Steel Reinforcements:

Bar number (Bar no. or #) Bar diameter:

⎛⎜ 3 ⎞⎟ ⎛⎜ 9.5 ⎞⎟
⎜4⎟ ⎜ 12.7 ⎟
⎜5⎟ ⎜ 15.9 ⎟
⎜6⎟ ⎜ 19 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜7⎟ ⎜ 22.2 ⎟
⎜8⎟ no ⎜ 25.4 ⎟
no := ⎜ ⎟ D := in D= ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ mm
⎜9⎟ 8
⎜ 28.6 ⎟
⎜ 10 ⎟ ⎜ 31.8 ⎟
⎜ 11 ⎟ ⎜ 34.9 ⎟
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 12 ⎟ ⎜ 38.1 ⎟
⎜ 13 ⎟ ⎜ 41.3 ⎟
⎜ 14 ⎟ ⎜ 44.4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Page 7
 ⎛⎜ 71.26 ⎞⎟
⎜ 126.68 ⎟
⎜ 197.93 ⎟
⎜ 285.02 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 387.95 ⎟
π⋅D
2 ⎜ 506.71 ⎟ 2
Area of steel reinforcement A := A= ⎜ ⎟ ⋅ mm
4
⎜ 641.3 ⎟
⎜ 791.73 ⎟
ORIGIN := 1 ⎜ 957.99 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
〈n〉 ⎜ 1140.09 ⎟
n := 1 .. 9 Area := n ⋅ A
⎜ 1338.02 ⎟
⎜ 1551.79 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0.71 1.43 2.14 2.85 3.56 4.28 4.99 5.7
2 1.27 2.53 3.8 5.07 6.33 7.6 8.87 10.13
3 1.98 3.96 5.94 7.92 9.9 11.88 13.86 15.83
4 2.85 5.7 8.55 11.4 14.25 17.1 19.95 22.8
5 3.88 7.76 11.64 15.52 19.4 23.28 27.16 31.04
2
Area = 6 5.07 10.13 15.2 20.27 25.34 30.4 35.47 40.54 ⋅ cm
7 6.41 12.83 19.24 25.65 32.07 38.48 44.89 51.3
8 7.92 15.83 23.75 31.67 39.59 47.5 55.42 63.34
9 9.58 19.16 28.74 38.32 47.9 57.48 67.06 76.64
10 11.4 22.8 34.2 45.6 57 68.41 79.81 91.21
11 13.38 26.76 40.14 53.52 66.9 80.28 93.66 107.04
12 15.52 31.04 46.55 62.07 77.59 93.11 108.63 ...

kgf
Weight of steel reinforcement W := A ⋅ 7850
3
m
1
1 0.559
2 0.994
3 1.554
4 2.237
5 3.045
kgf
W= 6 3.978 ⋅
1m
7 5.034
8 6.215
9 7.52
10 8.95
11 10.503
12 12.182

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 Diameter Area of cross section (cm2) for the number of bars is equal to Weight
#
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kgf/1m

3 9.5 0.71 1.43 2.14 2.85 3.56 4.28 4.99 5.70 6.41 0.559
4 12.7 1.27 2.53 3.80 5.07 6.33 7.60 8.87 10.13 11.40 0.994
5 15.9 1.98 3.96 5.94 7.92 9.90 11.88 13.86 15.83 17.81 1.554
6 19.1 2.85 5.70 8.55 11.40 14.25 17.10 19.95 22.80 25.65 2.237
7 22.2 3.88 7.76 11.64 15.52 19.40 23.28 27.16 31.04 34.92 3.045
8 25.4 5.07 10.13 15.20 20.27 25.34 30.40 35.47 40.54 45.60 3.978
9 28.6 6.41 12.83 19.24 25.65 32.07 38.48 44.89 51.30 57.72 5.034
10 31.8 7.92 15.83 23.75 31.67 39.59 47.50 55.42 63.34 71.26 6.215
11 34.9 9.58 19.16 28.74 38.32 47.90 57.48 67.06 76.64 86.22 7.520
12 38.1 11.40 22.80 34.20 45.60 57.00 68.41 79.81 91.21 102.61 8.950
13 41.3 13.38 26.76 40.14 53.52 66.90 80.28 93.66 107.04 120.42 10.503
14 44.5 15.52 31.04 46.55 62.07 77.59 93.11 108.63 124.14 139.66 12.182

Metric Steel Reinforcements:

Diameters

T
D := ( 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28 32 36 40 ) mm

Area
2
π⋅D
A :=
4

〈n〉
n := 1 .. 9 Area := n ⋅ A

Weight

kgf
W := A ⋅ 7850
3
m

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Diameter Area of cross section (cm2) for the number of bars is equal to Weigth
(mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 kgf/1m

6 0.28 0.57 0.85 1.13 1.41 1.70 1.98 2.26 2.54 0.222
8 0.50 1.01 1.51 2.01 2.51 3.02 3.52 4.02 4.52 0.395
10 0.79 1.57 2.36 3.14 3.93 4.71 5.50 6.28 7.07 0.617
12 1.13 2.26 3.39 4.52 5.65 6.79 7.92 9.05 10.18 0.888
14 1.54 3.08 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.78 12.32 13.85 1.208
16 2.01 4.02 6.03 8.04 10.05 12.06 14.07 16.08 18.10 1.578
18 2.54 5.09 7.63 10.18 12.72 15.27 17.81 20.36 22.90 1.998
20 3.14 6.28 9.42 12.57 15.71 18.85 21.99 25.13 28.27 2.466
22 3.80 7.60 11.40 15.21 19.01 22.81 26.61 30.41 34.21 2.984
25 4.91 9.82 14.73 19.63 24.54 29.45 34.36 39.27 44.18 3.853
28 6.16 12.32 18.47 24.63 30.79 36.95 43.10 49.26 55.42 4.834
32 8.04 16.08 24.13 32.17 40.21 48.25 56.30 64.34 72.38 6.313
36 10.18 20.36 30.54 40.72 50.89 61.07 71.25 81.43 91.61 7.990
40 12.57 25.13 37.70 50.27 62.83 75.40 87.96 100.53 113.10 9.865

Page 10