GOVT.

OF NCT OF DELHI
DELHI SKILL AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP UNIVERSITY
GURU NANAK DEV ROHINI CAMPUS
SECTOR-15, ROHINI, DELHI-110089

BEE

PRACTICAL LAB FILE

NAME:
ROLL NO:
BRANCH:
SEMESTER:
 INDEX

Sr.No. Name of the experiment Page sign Remarks

no.

1 Verification of Ohm ‘laws

2 To find the equivalent value of a cell connected in

series.

To find the equivalent value of a cell connected in

3 parallel.

4 To find the equivalent value of resistors connected in

series.

5 To find the equivalent value of resistors connected in

parallel.

To find the equivalent value of capacitors connected in

6 series.

7 To find the equivalent value of capacitors connected in

parallel.

8 Verification of Kirchhoff’s Laws.

10
 EXPERIMENT NO. DATE:

Objective:

a. To study about Ohm’s Law

b. To prove Ohm’s Law

c. To verify Ohm’s Law using experimental results

Apparatus Required:

Sr.No. Apparatus Range/Type/Rating Quantity

1 DC power supply 9V DC battery 1
2 SPST TOGGLE SWITCH Single pole single throw 1
3 Potentiometer 100 M ohm rotational 1
4 multimeter Digital 2
5 Resistance 10 ohm ¼ watt 1
6 Breadboard 1
7 Connecting Wires Breadboard jumper 3
wires

THEORY:

Ohm’s law states that “The current in a circuit is directly proportional to the applied voltage and
inversely proportional to the circuit resistance” for constant temperature.Mathematically According to
Ohm’s law, current ’I’ is directly proportional to Voltage ‘V’, and inversely proportional to resistance ‘R’
of the circuit.

FORMULA: For a constant value of Temperature,

I is directly proportional to V

i.e. I 𝛼 V, which indicates, I = V/ R

So if we know two of the three quantities, we can determine the third.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURES: Before Turning ON power supply, verify your circuit

1. Measure the value of the Resistance R and input the value in Table.

2. Construct the circuit of Figure 1 in breadboard.

3. Turn on the power supply

4. Increase the values of voltage and Measure the current I and record the values in Table.

5. Calculate the values of current I by using I=V/R.

6. Calculate percent error

Results:

Sr No. Voltage in Resistance in Calculated Measured current Percent error

volt ohm Current In micro Ampere
In micro
Ampere
1 10 ohm
2 10 ohm
3 10 ohm
4 10 ohm

Plot a graph of I versus V keeping the value of resistance constant.

******** End of Experiment ********

 EXPERIMENT NO. DATE:

Objective: To find the equivalent value of a cell connected in series and parallel.

Apparatus Required:

Sr.No. Apparatus Range/Type/Rating Quantity

1 Battery 12V 4
2 Multimeter Digital 1
3 Connecting Wires 6

THEORY:

PROCEDURES:
Practical series setup:
 Battery in series voltage current
B1 3V 2.42 micro
Ampere
B1 B2 6V 2.42 micro
Ampere
B1 B2 B3 9V 2.42 micro
Ampere
B1 B2 B3 B4 12V 2.42 micro
Ampere

Parallel connection of Battery:

 Battery in Parallel voltage current
B1 3V 199 Nano
Ampere
B1 B2 3V 204 Nano
Ampere
B1 B2 B3 3V 399 Nano
Ampere

******** End of Experiment ********

 EXPERIMENT NO. USE OF MULTIMETER DATE:

Objective: To calculate the resistance of a given length of conductor (Copper, Aluminium) from its
geometrical dimension and verify with a Multimeter.

Apparatus Required:

Sr.No. Apparatus Range/Type/Rating Quantity

1 Copper wire Diameter of 0.5mm. 1km
2 Aluminium wire Diameter of 2.mm 10km
3 Multimeter Digital 1

THEORY:

Part a:

ρ= Resistivity of copper is 1.7×10−3Ωm

converting all measures into metres.
L=1km=1000m
d=0.5mm=0.5×10−3m
If r is the radius of the wire then, its area of cross-section

∴A=π×(2d)2
A=πr2

=4π(0.5×10−3)2m2
R=ρAL=0.2×10−3m21.7×10−3Ωm×(103m)=85Ω

Part b:
ρ=the resistivity of aluminium is 2.7×10−8Ωm
L= 10km =10000m
and diameter 2.0 mm

⇒ cross sectional area A=πr2=π×10−6m2

d=2.0mm⇒ radius r = 1 mm = 1×10−3 meter.

⇒R=85.98Ω
So resistance R=APl=2.7×10−8×π×10−6104Ω

Results:
Measure resistance by Multimeter

******** End of Experiment ********

 EXPERIMENT NO. DATE:

Objective:

PART A: To find the equivalent value of two resistors connected in series.

Apparatus Required:

Sr.No. Apparatus Range/Type/Rating Quantity

1 DC power supply 9V DC battery 1
2 Multimeter Digital 1
3 Resistance R1 2.2 kΩ ,¼ watt 1
4 Resistance R2 6.8 kΩ ,¼ watt 1
5 Breadboard 1
6 Connecting Wires Breadboard jumper 10
wires
7

THEORY:

How to find the value of resistance by inspection using colour coding.

Resistor Color Code Chart

Resistors connected in series are replaced by an equivalent single resistor and the current
flowing through resistance connected in series is same.

FORMULA:

R eq = R1 + R2 +R3.

Of course, this equation can be extend to any number of resistors in series, so that for N
resistors the equivalent resistance is given by

Req = Σ Ri (for i=1,2,3,...,N)

or

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + ... + RN.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURES: Before Turning ON power supply, verify your circuit

1. Take two resistors Measure the resistance of each resistor individually using the ohmmeter (i.e., the
Multimeter). Record the values in Data Table.

2. Determine the resistance of each resistor, using the Resistor Color Code Chart and Record the values
in Data Table. Calculate total equivalent resistance by using formula given above.
3. Now, connect the resistors in series, as shown in Figure in breadboard. Measure total equivalent
resistance by using Multimeter in ohmmeter mode

Now connect them to the voltage supply of 9 V, and then Turn on the power supply

4. Measured the current through series resistors, using the Multimeter as Ammeter. Calculate the
equivalent resistance by using R=V/I Record in Data Table

R1 R2 Total equivalent using Total Total

formula equivalent equivalent
measured calculated
using R=V/I
Measured
Resistance

From
colour code

Observed results:
 Objective Part B: To find the equivalent value of two resistors connected in
parallel.

Apparatus required
Sr.No. Apparatus Range/Type/Rating Quantity
1 DC power supply 9V DC battery 1
2 Multimeter as ammeter Digital 1
3 Multimeter as voltmeter Digital 1
4 Resistance R1 2.2 kΩ ,¼ watt 1
5 Resistance R2 6.8 kΩ ,¼ watt 1
6 Breadboard 1
7 Connecting Wires Breadboard jumper 10
wires
8 plug key 1
9 a piece of sand paper

Theory: When the resistors are connected in parallel with a combination of cells or battery, in
such case the total current I, is equal to the sum of the separate value of current through each
branch of the combination.

∴ By applying Ohm’s law we have

 In the above circuit let R be the equivalent resistance of the parallel combination of resistors.

I=V/Rp …(1)
 On applying Ohm’s law to each resistor we get
 When resistors are connected in parallel combination the total resistance is reciprocal sum of
the individual resistances.
i.e., 1/Rp = (1/R1) + (1/R2)
 Current is constant in series circuit. Hence, we cannot connect bulb and room heater in
series because their current requirement is different.
 Hence such devices are connected in parallel so that the current is divided through the
different electrical gadgets.
 The total current is always decreased when resistors are connected in parallel.
 When the resistors are connected in parallel then the equivalent resistance of the parallel
combination of the resistors is always low.

 Formula :
 i.e., I=I1+I2+I3+…

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure
1. Keep the key off and make all the connections as shown in the given figure I.
2. When the circuit is connected appropriately insert the key.
3. Note three readings of ammeter and voltmeter for the resistors R1 and R2 separately.
4. Now connect the circuit as shown in figure II below.
5. The resistors are connected in parallel and voltmeter is also connected in parallel.
6. Use the rheostat and record three different readings of ammeter and voltmeter.
7. Remove the key.
8. Do the calculations from the observation table.

Precautions
1. The connecting wires should be thick copper wires and the insulation of their ends should be
removed using the sand paper.
2. Connections should be tight otherwise some external resistance may introduce in the circuit.
3. Connections should be made as per the circuit.
4. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor such that the current enters at
the positive terminal and leaves at the negative terminal of the ammeter.
5. Voltmeter should always be connected in parallel to resistor.
6. Calculate the least count of voltmeter and ammeter correctly.
7. The pointers of the ammeter and voltmeter should be at zero mark when no current flows
through the circuit.
8. Current should be passed through the circuit for a short time while taking observations;
otherwise current would cause unnecessary heating in the circuit. Heating may change the
resistance of resistors.
Observed results:
Resistance Resistance Measured Calculated Ammeter Rp=V/I
 value of Rp using reading total
Rp formula
measured From
given
colour
above
code
R1 I1
R2 I2

1. The calculated value of 1/Rp = (1/R1) + (1/R2) = Ω

2. The experimental value of 1/Rp = Ω
3. The equivalent resistance (Rp) is less than the individual resistance (R1 or R2)

******** End of Experiment ********

 EXPERIMENT NO. DATE:

Objective:

PART A: To find the equivalent value of capacitors connected in series .

Apparatus Required:

Sr.No. Apparatus Range/Type/Rating Quantity

1 Multimeter Digital 1
2 CAPACITOR C1 50 MICRO FARAD 1
400V
3 CAPACITOR C2 100 MICRO FARAD 1
400V
4 CAPACITOR C3 150 MICRO FARAD 1
400V
5 Breadboard 1
6 Connecting Wires Breadboard jumper 10
wires
7

THEORY:

Capacitors in Series

The sum of the capacitor voltages must equal the source voltage (Kirchhoff's voltage
law)

The charges on all capacitors must be the same, since the capacitors are connected in
series and any charge movement in one part of the circuit must take place in all parts of
the series circuit. Solving the equation C=Q/V for voltage in terms of capacitance and
charge (V=Q/C), the following results are obtained for each of the series capacitors and
the total capacitance (Ct)

Substituting these results into the above Kirchhoff's voltage law equation
Dividing both sides of the above equation by the common factor Q

Taking the reciprocal of both sides and assuming any number of capacitors
FORMULA:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
 Procedure

How to measure capacitance

1. Use your digital multimeter (DMM) to ensure all power to the circuit is OFF. ...
2. Visually inspect the capacitor. ...
3. Turn the dial to the Capacitance Measurement mode. ...
4. For a correct measurement, the capacitor will need to be removed from the circuit. ...
5. Connect the test leads to the capacitor terminals.

A multimeter determines capacitance by charging a capacitor with a known current,

measuring the resulting voltage, then calculating the capacitance.
Warning: A good capacitor stores an electrical charge and may remain energized after
power is removed. Before touching it or taking a measurement, a) turn all power OFF,
b) use your multimeter to confirm that power is OFF and c) carefully discharge the
capacitor by connecting a resistor across the leads (as noted in the next paragraph). Be
sure to wear appropriate personal protective equipment.
 Objective Part B: To find the equivalent value of capacitors connected in parallel.

THEORY:

The total capacitance can be calculated mathematically. By applying the

equation C=Q/V to each capacitor and to the total capacitance

The total charge Qt is the sum of the charges on each capacitor

From the equation C=Q/V, it follows that Q=CV, and if the charge is written in this form
and substituted into the above equation, this equation results

Dividing both sides of the above equation by the common factor V and assuming any
number of capacitors

 Formula :

 This equation states mathematically that the total capacitance of a number of

capacitors in parallel is the sum of the individual capacitances.
 Circuit Diagram:

Procedure

How to measure capacitance

6. Use your digital multimeter (DMM) to ensure all power to the circuit is OFF. ...
7. Visually inspect the capacitor. ...
8. Turn the dial to the Capacitance Measurement mode. ...
9. For a correct measurement, the capacitor will need to be removed from the circuit. ...
10. Connect the test leads to the capacitor terminals.

Capacitance measurement overview

Troubleshooting single-phase motors is one of the most practical uses of a digital
multimeter’s Capacitance Function.
A capacitor-start, single-phase motor that fails to start is a symptom of a faulty
capacitor. Such motors will continue to run once operating, making troubleshooting
tricky. Failure of the hard-start capacitor for HVAC compressors is a good example of
this problem. The compressor motor may start, but soon overheat resulting in a breaker
trip.
Single-phase motors with such problems and noisy single-phase motors with capacitors
require a multimeter to verify properly functioning capacitors. Almost all motor
capacitors will have the microfarad value marked on the capacitor.
Three-phase power factor correction capacitors are typically fuse protected. Should one
or more of these capacitors fail, system inefficiencies will result, utility bills will most
likely increase and inadvertent equipment trips of may occur. Should a capacitor fuse
blow, the suspected faulty capacitor microfarad value must be measured and verified it
falls within the range marked on the capacitor.
Some additional factors involving capacitance are worth knowing:

 Capacitors have a limited life and are often the cause of a malfunction.
 Faulty capacitors may have a short circuit, an open circuit or may physically
deteriorate to the point of failure.
 When a capacitor short circuits, a fuse may blow or other components may be
damaged.
 When a capacitor opens or deteriorates, the circuit or circuit components may not
operate.
 Deterioration can also change the capacitance value of a capacitor, which can
cause problems.

******** End of Experiment ********

 EXPERIMENT NO. DATE:

Objective: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Law

Part A: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

Apparatus Required:
Sr.No. Apparatus Range/Type/Rating Quantity
1 DC power supply 9V DC battery 1
2 SPST TOGGLE SWITCH Single pole single throw 1
3 Potentiometer 100 M ohm rotational 1
4 Digital Multimeter as 0-100 mA 3
Ammeter
Digital Multimeter as 0-10 V 1
Voltmeter
5 Resistance 220,330,10K,22K,33K 1
ohm ¼ watt
6 Breadboard 1
7 Connecting Wires Breadboard jumper 3
wires

THEORY:
Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

♦ Sum of all currents entering a node is zero.

♦ Sum of currents entering the node is equal to sum of currents leaving the node.

FORMULA:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURES:
Let R1=220Ω; R2=330Ω

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The total current is calculated theoretically (Ith).

3. The current through each branch is measured practically (I1,I2) and added to get the value Ipr.

4. Verify KCL for each & every node presents in the given network.

5. Repeat the same procedure for different values of voltages.

Value of i1
Value of i2

Value of i3
Theoretical Calculation
Part B: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)

THEORY:
♦ Sum of voltages around any loop in a circuit is zero.

FORMULA:
First, sum the voltages about the loop. ΣV= V1+V2+……+Vn = 0.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PROCEDURES:
Let R1=10kΩ; R2=22kΩ; R3=33kΩ

1 .Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. The voltages V1,V2 and V3 across each resistance is measured for different values of input voltage V.
3. Add the voltages V1,V2 and V3 and denote it as VT.

4. Verify KVL for the loop present in the given network (VT=V).

Results of kvl
Theoretical Calculation

Results:
Using Kirchhoff’s Laws the node currents and branch voltages are theoretically calculated & practically
verified.

******** End of Experiment ********