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Se 2-2

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Se 2-2

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You are on page 1/ 35

UNIT-2

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
STRUCTURED ANALYSIS

▪ Structured Analysis is a development method that allows the


analyst to understand the system and its activities in a logical
way.

▪ It is a systematic approach, which uses graphical tools that


Continued.
analyze and refine the objectives of an existing system and
develop a new system specification which is easily
understandable by user. - Abhilash Chakraborty
STRUCTURED ANALYSIS TOOLS
▪ During Structured Analysis, various tools and techniques are
used for system development. They are −
▪ Data Flow Diagrams
▪ Data Dictionary
▪ Decision Trees
Continued.
▪ Decision Tables
▪ Structured English
- Abhilash Chakraborty
▪ Pseudo code
TECHNIQUES FOR REPRESENTING
COMPLEX LOGIC:
Good SRS documents sometimes may have the conditions which are
complex & which may have overlapping interactions & processing
sequences. Continued.

There are two main techniques available to analyze & represent complex
processes logic are. - Abhilash Chakraborty
A) Decision tree
B) Decision table

These two techniques are widely used in applications of information theory


& switching theory.
DECISION TREE
▪ A decision tree gives a graphic view of the processing logic
involved in decision making and the corresponding actions
taken. The edges of a decision tree represent conditions and
the leaf nodes represent the actions to be performed
depending on the outcome of testing the condition.
▪ Example: Consider Library Membership Automation
Software (LMS)Continued.
where it should support the following three
options:
-New member to join
- Abhilash Chakraborty
-Renewal books
-Cancel membership
Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty

Fig: Decision tree for LMS


▪ New member option -
a. Decision: When the 'new member' option is selected, the
software asks details about the member like the member's
name, address, phone number, id etc.
b. Action: If proper information is entered then a
membership record for the member is created and a bill
is printed for the annual membership charge plus the
security deposit payable.
Continued.

▪ Renewal option -
- Abhilash Chakraborty
a. Decision: If the 'renewal' option is chosen, the LMS asks
for the member's name and membership number to check
whether he is a valid member or not.
b. Action: If the membership is valid then membership
expiry date is updated and the annual membership bill is
printed, otherwise an error message is displayed.
▪ Cancel membership option -
a. Decision: If the 'cancel membership' option is selected,
then the software asks for member's name and his
membership number.
b. Action: The membership is cancelled, a cheque for the
balance amount due to the member is printed and finally
the membership record is deleted from the database.
Continued.

▪ Decision tree representation of the above example –


The following tree shows the graphical- representation
Abhilash Chakraborty
of
the above example. After getting information from the
user, the system makes a decision and then performs the
corresponding actions. Ask for member’s name, address,
etc.
DECISION TABLE
▪A decision table is used to represent the complex
processing logic in a tabular or a matrix form.
▪ The upper rows of the table specify the variables or
conditions to be evaluated. The lower rows specify the
actions to be taken when the corresponding conditions are
satisfied. Continued.
▪ A column in a table is called a rule. A rule implies that if a
condition is true, then the corresponding action is to be
executed. - Abhilash Chakraborty
▪ Example: Consider the previously discussed LMS example.
The following decision table shows how to represent the LMS
problem in a tabular form.
▪ Here the table is divided into two parts, the upper part shows
the conditions and the lower part shows what actions are taken.
Each column of the table is a rule.

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty

Fig: decision table for LMS


Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD)
▪ Data flow diagram (also known as bubble chart) is graphical
representation of flow of data in an information system. It is
capable of depicting incoming data flow, outgoing data flow
and stored data. The DFD does not mention anything about
how data flows through the system.
Continued.

▪ Data flow diagrams deal with the logical aspect of an activity.


They represent the functional relationship. - Abhilash Chakraborty

▪ They are used by businesses to represent the relationship


between organizations with external customers or other
organizations or businesses.
TYPES OF DFD

Data Flow Diagrams are either Logical or Physical.

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
COMPONENTS OF DFD
DFD can represent Source, destination, storage and flow of
data using the following set of components –

Continued.
▪ Entities - Entities are source and destination of information data.
Entities are represented by a rectangles with their respective
names.
- Abhilash Chakraborty
▪ Process - Activities and action taken on the data are represented
by Circle or Round-edged rectangles.
▪ Data Storage - There are two variants of data storage - it can
either be represented as a rectangle with absence of both smaller
sides or as an open-sided rectangle with only one side missing.
▪ Data Flow - Movement of data is shown by pointed arrows. Data
movement is shown from the base of arrow as its source towards
head of the arrow as destination.
CONTD.

▪ While building a data flow diagram, two things are


necessary; entities to be allocated and the main process.
▪ The allocation of entities is important as entities are the
points of entry for data in the main system.
Continued.
▪ These entities could be organizations, personal places, etc.
▪ The next thing that is important is the main process which is
the activity or process that transforms the data.
- Abhilash Chakraborty
▪A unique ID is allocated to each process.
LEVELS OF DFD
▪ Level 0 - Highest abstraction level DFD is known as Level 0
DFD, which depicts the entire information system as one
diagram concealing all the underlying details. Level 0 DFDs
are also known as context level DFDs.

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
▪ Level 1 - The Level 0 DFD is broken down into more specific, Level
1 DFD. Level 1 DFD depicts basic modules in the system and flow of
data among various
modules. Level 1 DFD also
mentions basic processes and
sources of information.

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty

▪ Level 2 - At this level, DFD shows how data flows inside the
modules mentioned in Level 1.Higher level DFDs can be
transformed into more specific lower level DFDs with deeper level
of understanding unless the desired level of specification is
achieved.
ADVANTAGES OF DFD
▪ Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a very simple formalism. It is
simple to understand and use.
▪ Starting with a set of high-level functions that a system
performs, a DFD model hierarchically represents various
sub-functions.
▪ The data flow diagramming technique follows a very simple
Continued.
set of intuitive concepts and rules.
▪ DFD is an elegant modeling technique that turns out to be
useful not only to represent the results of structured
- Abhilash analysis
Chakraborty
of a software problem but also useful for several other
applications such as showing the flow of documents or items
in an organization.
DISADVANTAGES OF DFD
▪ DFDs leave ample scope to be imprecise. In the DFD model,
the function performed by a process (or bubble) is judged
from its label. However, a short label may not capture the
entire functionality of a process.
▪ Control aspects are not defined by a DFD. For instance, the
order in which inputs are consumed and outputs are
produced by aContinued.
process is not specified. A DFD model does
not specify the order in which the different processes are
executed.
▪ Modification to a data layout in DFDs may cause theChakraborty
- Abhilash entire
layout to be changed. This is because the specific changed
data will bring different data to units that it accesses.
▪ The data flow diagramming technique does not provide any
specific guidance as to how exactly to decompose a given
function into its sub-functions and we have to use subjective
judgment to carry out decomposition.
DATA DICTIONARY
▪ A data dictionary is a structured repository of data elements
in the system. It stores the descriptions of all DFD data
elements that is, details and definitions of data flows, data
stores, data stored in data stores, and the processes.
▪ A data dictionary improves the communication between the
analyst and the user. It plays an important role in building a
database. Most DBMSs have a data dictionary as a standard
Continued.
feature. For example, refer the following table −

- Abhilash Chakraborty
STRUCTURED ENGLISH
▪ Structure English is derived from structured programming
language which gives more understandable and precise
description of process. It is based on procedural logic that
uses construction and imperative sentences designed to
perform operation for action.

Continued.
▪ It is best used when sequences and loops in a program must
be considered and the problem needs sequences of actions
with decisions. - Abhilash Chakraborty

▪ It does not have strict syntax rule. It expresses all logic in


terms of sequential decision structures and iterations.
PSEUDOCODE
▪ A pseudocode does not conform to any programming
language and expresses logic in plain English.

▪ It may specify the physical programming logic without actual


coding during and after the physical design.
Continued.
▪ It is used in conjunction with structured programming.
- Abhilash Chakraborty
▪ It replaces the flowcharts of a program.
FLOWCHART
▪ A flow chart is the graphic representation of the flow of data
through information processing systems. It represents the
processes within a system and the sequence or steps in
which the processes take place.

▪ These diagrams represent the logic for a business process,


Continued.
decisions, loops, computations, and interactions. They deal
with the flow of control between different elements; these
elements are decisions or instructions. - Abhilash Chakraborty

▪ A flow chart deals with the physical aspect of an activity. It is


a simpler representation as it includes steps which are being
followed to start and finish an activity or process. It is the
view of the system at a lower level. When used at a higher
level, it becomes a designing tool.
FLOWCHART SYMBOLS

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
DFD V FLOWCHART

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
DFD V FLOWCHART

Flow Chart DFD


• Flow of control • Flow of data
• Processes execute one at a time
Continued. • Processes can operate in parallel
• flow of data through an • flow of data through business
information processing system processes
• physical aspect of the action - Abhilash
• logical aspect of the Chakraborty
action
• view of the system at a high level • view of the system at a lower level
• Does not have any input from or • Have input from or output to
output to external source external source to internal store or
vice versa
DFD V FLOWCHART

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
DFD EXAMPLE:
▪ Level 0 DFD for SafeHome security function

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
DFD EXAMPLE:
▪ The SafeHome security function enables the homeowner to configure the
security system when it is installed, monitors all sensors connected to the
security system, and interacts with the homeowner through the Internet, a
PC, or a control panel.
Continued.
▪ During installation, the SafeHome PC is used to program and configure the
system. Each sensor is assigned a number and type, a master password is
programmed for arming and disarming the system, and telephone
number(s) are input for dialing when a sensor event occurs.
▪ When a sensor event is recognized, the software-invokes
Abhilash Chakraborty
an audible alarm
attached to the system. After a delay time that is specified by the
homeowner during system configuration activities, the software dials a
telephone number of a monitoring service, provides information about the
location, reporting the nature of the event that has been detected. The
telephone number will be redialed every 20 seconds until telephone
connection is obtained.
▪ The homeowner receives security information via a control panel, the PC,
or a browser, collectively called an interface. The interface displays
prompting messages and system status information on the control panel,
the PC, or the browser window. Homeowner interaction takes the following
form . ..
DFD EXAMPLE:
▪ Referring to the grammatical parse, verbs are SafeHome processes
and can be represented as bubbles in a subsequent DFD. Nouns
are either external entities (boxes),data or control objects
(arrows), or data stores (double lines).The processes represented
Continued.
at DFD level 1 can be further refined into lower levels.
▪ The context level process shown in level-0 DFD, has been
expanded into six processes derived from an- Abhilash Chakraborty
examination of the
grammatical parse. Similarly, the information flow between
processes at level 1 has been derived from the parse. In addition,
information flow continuity is maintained between levels 0 and 1.
▪ Therefore, by performing a grammatical parse on the processing
narrative for a bubble at any DFD level, you can generate much
useful information about how to proceed with the refinement to the
next level. Using this information, a level 1 DFD is shown:
DFD EXAMPLE:
▪ Level 1 DFD for SafeHome security function

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty
DFD EXAMPLE:
▪ The processes represented at DFD level 1 can be further
refined into lower levels.

Continued.
For example, the process monitor sensors can be refined into a level
2 DFD as shown below. Note once again that information flow
continuity has been maintained between levels.
- Abhilash Chakraborty
The refinement of DFDs continues until each bubble performs a
simple function. That is, until the process represented by the bubble
performs a function that would be easily implemented as a program
component.
DFD EXAMPLE:
▪ Level 2 DFD for SafeHome security function

Continued.

- Abhilash Chakraborty

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