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33 views14 pages

Eie512 07

Uploaded by

glory.ibitoye
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Majority Voting Redundancy

In majority voting redundancy (sometimes called


conditional active redundancy) m-out-of-n-units of
a system are required to be functioning for the
system to function.
This concept is illustrated in fig8
A1

A2 2/3

A3

Fig. 7 Majority Voting Redundancy. AUA0109


1
MVG contd.
In Fig.7, there are three processing units whose
outputs are sent to a 2-out –of -3 or 2/3 majority
voting gate (MVG), which is a decision maker.
The output of the MVG will be the same as that
recorded by the majority of the processing units.
The reliability of an m/n system where all n units
have the same reliability value ,R, is given by the
binomial expression.

m 1

 nCi R i 1  R 
ni
Rm n  1  10
i0
2
AUA0209
MVG contd.
This assumes that the reliability of the MVG is Rv = 1.
If Rv ± 1, then the system reliability is given by Rsym =
Rm/n x Rv ……………. 11
The reliability of the system can also be found via
binomial distribution approach. Consider the case
of a ¾ - system in which all four units have reliability
R. The unreliability of each units is Q with R + Q = 1.
For all four units, we have
(R + Q)4 = R4 + 4R3Q + 6R2Q2 + 4RQ3 + Q4 =1

AUA0209 3
MVG contd.
N ow
R4 = Probability that all 4 units are Reliable.
4R3Q = Probability that 3 units are reliable
and 1 unit is unreliable.
6R2Q2 = Probability that 2 units are reliable and
2 units are unreliable.
4RQ3 = Probability that 1 unit is reliable and 3 units
are unreliable.
Q4 = Probability that 4 units are unreliable.

AUA0209 4
MVG contd.
The probability that at least 3 out of 4 units are
functioning is R3/4 = R4 + 4R3Q.
For each unit, Q = 1 – R, hence
R3/4 = R4 + 4R3(1 – R)
Alternatively,
R3/4 = R4 + 4R3Q = 1 – (6R2Q2 + 4RQ3 + Q4)
= 1-[6R2(1-R)2+4R(1-R)3+(1-R)4 ]
System Reliability can also be evaluated in cases
where the units have different reliability values.
Consider a 2/3 system with units having reliabilities
R1, R2 and R3 respectively.
AUA0209 5
MVG contd.
We have
(R1 + Q1)(R2 + Q2)(R3 + Q3) = 1 Which when expanded
yields:
R1R2R3+R1R2Q3+R1R3Q2+R2R3Q1+R1Q2Q3
+R2Q1Q3+R3Q1Q2+Q1Q2Q3=1
Hence
R2/3 = R1R2R3 + R1R2Q3 + R1R3Q2 +
R2R3Q1

AUA0209 6
NOTE

Other terms in the LHS Of the expression above


containing more than one unreliability (i.e.
R1Q2Q3, R2Q1Q3 and Q1Q2Q3) are not useful in
finding R2/3 therefore they are absent in the value
of R2-3 above.

AUA0209 7
Example1

Determine the reliability of the system of fig Q1.


Assume that the 2/3 MVG is perfect.

R4
R2

R4 2/3
R1

R3

B R4
C

AUA0209 FigQ1 8
Passive or Standby Redundancy

In this case the system is provided with additional


units, which are only energized when the active
operating unit fails. Provision is also made for
detecting the state of the active unit and
switching to the passive standby unit in the event
that the active unit fails.
The reliability of a system with passive
redundancy is given by the first n terms of the
poisson distribution.

AUA0209 9
Passive or Standby Redundancy cotd.

 t  2 2
t n 1 n 1
t
R  e [1  t  
2! (n  1)!
For two units, one active and one standby, the
reliability is given by the first two terms i.e.

Rab  e   t 1  t 

AUA0209 10
Passive or Standby Redundancy cotd.

It is assumed that the device that senses failure of the


active unit and then switches over to the standby unit
is perfectly reliable. Moreover, all units are assumed to
be identical with the same failure rate, 

AUA0209 11
Example 2

A process control system has three process


computers, two of which are on standby
redundancy. Each computer has a failure rate,
 = 0.01 per hour. Calculate the system reliability
if the operating period is 50 hours and the
switch is perfect, using
i. A single computer
ii. One standby computer
iii. Two standby computers

AUA0209 12
Practice problem 1
Three temperature sensing elements X, Y, and Z,
having reliabilities of 0.9, 0.8 and 0.7 respectively
are connected to the same points of a process
control system. An alarm is designed to be given
if any two or more of these temperature sensors
record a temperature above a certain prescribed
level. Determine the reliability of the system if:
(i) The elements are connected in a 2-out-of-3
configuration,
(ii) All the elements must function for system
success.
AUA0209 13
Practice problem 2
An electric supply system has three protective devices which
are incorporated into it and installed in order to cut off
electrical supply in the event of any untoward incident.
The three protective devices are designated A, B, C, and it
has been found that the unreliability of each of these
devices is Qa = 0.005, Qb = 0.01 and Qc = 0.001. It is given
that if any two or more of the three devices fail to
operate, then the system will fail.
Determine the unreliability of the system. Assume that other
component parts of the system are perfectly reliable.
Hints: since there are three protective devices in the system,
then Ra+Qa)(Rb+Qb)(Rc+Qc) =1. On expansion of the LHS,
terms containing more than one Q are those needed.

AUA0209 14

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